Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics Review (Grade 12)

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1ST QUARTER | GRADE 12 - DARWIN INTRODUCTION TO UCSP Branch of social science that deals with human interactions, social groups, and UNDERSTANDING...

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1ST QUARTER | GRADE 12 - DARWIN INTRODUCTION TO UCSP Branch of social science that deals with human interactions, social groups, and UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND institutions, whole societies, and the human POLITICS world as seen. Uses insights of Anthropology, Political AUGUSTE COMTE: Science, and Sociology to develop students’ ○ Father of sociology awareness of cultural, social, and political ○ Studied society that explained the dynamics, and sensitivity to cultural diversity. different behavior of different groups. Provides understanding of how culture, human agency, society, and politics work. CULTURE (KULTURA) Encourages students to examine the country's current human developmental The set of beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, course. norms, laws, and behavior of a group of people in a society SOCIAL SCIENCE Makes a society complete and its values form uniqueness and distinctiveness. (E.B. Tyler, Branch of science about human behavior, 1920 ) specifically about how people behave, develop as a culture, and influence the world. SOCIETY (LIPUNAN) Study of human society and social sciences. Pioneers of social science are: Socialization between individuals that share ○ Socrates the same culture. ○ Plato They a have distinct reputation or identity ○ Aristotle. INDIVIDUALS Society - a grouping of individuals, which is ○ the most important part of society characterized by common interest and may have distinctive culture and institutions CULTURE BRANCHES OF SOCIAL SCIENCE is primarily composed of material and 1. ANTHROPOLOGY non-material elements Greek word: Anthropos (humans) Logos (the study Material culture includes all visible parts and of) tangible objects Non-material culture has intangible objects The study of humans and all aspects of its or invisible parts beings including its origin. These manifestations are always present in Anthropologists are concerned with all any given society humans, both in the past and the present, the patterns, the systems, and material TYPES OF CULTURE possessions. HENRY OTLEY BETER: 1. MATERIAL CULTURE ○ American anthropologist. Tangible, can be held. ○ Studied about filipinos; Spent most ○ Food of his adult life in the Philippines ○ Clothing and Fashion teaching Philippine indigenous ○ Buildings and Properties culture. ○ Arts and Technology ○ He is also an Ethnologist (1905) who documented the study of Ifugao 2. NON-MATERIAL CULTURE traditions. Can't be touched 2. POLITICAL SCIENCE ○ Ideas and Knowledge Greek word: Polis (city state) which concerns the ○ Beliefs and Traditions state. ○ Symbols and Language ○ Behavior Part of social science that deals with the ○ Religion study of politics, government, and power. Political science that studies how even most ELEMENTS OF CULTURE private and personal decisions of individuals are influenced by collective decisions of a To fully comprehend the concept of culture, it is community. essential to understand the different elements that COLLECTIVE DECISIONS: comprise it. The University of Minnesota (2010) ○ Bad decisions that the government enumerated these elements: makes that negatively impacts the 1. NORMS citizens These are the standard and expected Ex. Education systems. behavior within a society. 3. SOCIOLOGY It is divided into two Latin word: Socius (companion) Logos (the study of) |1  ○ formal norms and informal norms It is a product of behavior—where culture happens between interactions of individuals. Formal Norms Its people interact, cultures continue to develop or change. Mores - they are norms that have a firm control to moral and ethical behavior. 2. Culture VARIES FROM SOCIETY TO SOCIETY ○ Pre-marital sex Culture originates from a certain society and ○ Homosexual relationships is different from every type of society or Laws - they are ordinance of reason enacted individual it belongs to. to protect the people from the bad effects of outdated mores 3. Culture is SHARED ❖ 1987 Constitution, laws promulgated when an individual interacts and shares his by the Philippine Government or her ideas, customs, and wisdoms as well 4. Culture is LEARNED Informal Norms culture isn't acquired when an individual was Folkways or Customs - they are behaviors of born, but learned as he grows, less importance yet still influence our communicates, and socializes behavior. 5. Culture is TRANSMITTED AMONG MEMBERS OF ○ Doing "Mano Po" THE SOCIETY ○ Practicing "Bayanihan" Being passed onto each member of the society through generations 2. SYMBOLS 6. Culture is CONTINUOUS AND CUMULATIVE Endless and continuing process and is These are anything that carry a meaning different for every type of society recognized by people who share a culture. ○ A symbol of cross refers to Christianity while crescent shape is 7. Culture is GRATIFYING AND IDEALISTIC for Islam Gives right chances of satisfying goals and 3. VALUES demands of an individual allows individuals to make appropriate These are culturally defined standards by actions throughout his life which people assess desirability, goodness, and beauty and that serve as broad ASPECTS OF CULTURE guidelines for social living. ○ Filipino hospitality 1. DYNAMIC ○ Resiliency 2. FLEXIBLE ○ close-family ties ○ positive outlook in life and optimism 3. ADAPTIVE CULTURE FOLLOWS A CERTAIN PERIOD OF TIME 4. BELIEFS It adapts and adjust depending on the needs It refers to a form of communication using of situations words either spoken or gestured with the when there are changes, the type of culture hands and structured with grammar, often a society has will adjust and create a with a writing system. development so that people can fit to the ○ The crossing of fingers may refer present time that someone is hoping for good luck but in Vietnam it represents the CULTURAL RELATIVISM genitals of a female. 5. LANGUAGE 1. NATIONALITY AND ETHNICITY Their concepts are not interchangeable It refers to a form of communication using words either spoken or gestured with the hands and structured with grammar, often 2. NATIONALITY with a writing system. It is the identity that is tied to being part of a ○ The crossing of fingers may indicate nation or country that someone is hoping for good It is the “group” of people who share the luck but in Vietnam it represents the same history, traditions, and language and genitals of a female. who inhabit a particular territory delineated by the process of legal applications called 6. TABOOS naturalization. These are norms that are crucial to a society's moral center, involving behaviors that are 3. GENDER always negatively sanctioned Socially constructed roles, behaviors, ○ Incest, cannibalism activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men & women. CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE 4. SEX 1. Culture is SOCIAL 2  Biological characteristics of humans: male or 1. ANG LADLAD female gender categories are more varied, A political party that negotiates for the accommodating identities. welfare of the LGBTI community 2. KABATAAN TYPES OF GENDER A political party that promotes youth empowerment 1. HETEROSEXUAL Inclined to be sexually attracted to a person 3. RELIGION of the opposite sex Can also offer political identity to its followers ○ INC – promoted the practice of 2. HOMOSEXUAL block-voting Attracted to a person of the same sex (gay/lesbian) RELIGION The belief of supernatural had been one of 3. BISEXUAL the universal pre-occupations of humans as Attracted to both sexes early as 60,000 years ago RELIGIOUS BELIEFS: 4. ASEXUAL ○ Extreme weather conditions Not being attracted to any sex ○ Natural and man-made calamities 5. POLYSEXUAL ○ Sickness Attracted to multiple types of gender ○ Death ○ Early human art exuded ancient 6. PANSEXUAL forms of superstitious that included Accommodates all types of gender beliefs in the after life and that of superhuman capabilities 7. TRANSGENDER SORCERER OF LES GABILLOU Do not match their biological identity as ○ An example of a Paleolithic artwork male of female ○ depicts the supernatural ability of a religious practitioner to become 8. TRANSEXUAL half-man and half-animal Not related to their genitalia, which allows then to identify with any other type of CULTURAL VARIATION gender such as heterosexual, pansexual, The variation in human conditions promotes bisexual, and sexual diversity and plurality in cultural traditions SOCIO-ECONOMIC CLASS ETHNOCENTRISM Promotes an individual’s own culture as the A concept between societies most efficient and superior Ideas associated with being poor or rich Feels that his or her culture is the most differ based on the collective experiences of appropriate as compared with other cultures individuals People falling into different social classes are CULTURAL RELATIVISM bound to experience life differently such as in the form of transportation and the type and Promotes the perspective that cultures must amount of food that they can afford and be understood in the context of their locality consume daily This makes you tolerant of the differing Our indicators of social class are different, attitudes and practices of others given the economic and political context in XENOCENTRISM which our country is in: Prefers the culture of others than their own. ○ MAHIRAP ○ MEDYO MAYAMAN PROCESS OF LEARNING CULTURE ○ SAKTO LANG ○ MAYAMAN 1. ENCULTURATION Common Socio-Economic Class: People learn the requirements of their ○ Low-income class surrounding culture and acquire values and ○ Middle-income class behaviors appropriate or necessary. ○ High-income class The lifelong process of learning one’s native culture POLITICAL IDENTITY 2. ACCULTURATION To take on the culture and norms of a society As a social group, it refers to the set of attitudes and that is not your own or is not native to you. practices that an individual adheres to in relation to Involves adapting to a new culture when the political systems and actors within his or her exposed to it. society Occurs consciously when individuals interact with a different culture. EXAMPLES 3. INCULTURATION 3  The adaptation of teaching and practices to 2. Structural Definition - It is the total socia cultures. heritage of folkways, mores, and institution: Nwabeke (1995): of habits, sentiments, and ideals. ○ 'Inculturation' means insertion of the church into a given cultural milieu. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY ○ Ex. Process of engagement between the Christian Gospel and a particular culture. SYMBOLS AND SYMBOLISM CULTURAL RELATIVELY APPROACH OF FERRARO AND ANDRETTA Symbol - it is an object, word, or action that “One can build emotional resilience by stands for something else, without natural understanding that others do not necessarily offend, relationship, that is culturally defined. but that their actions are guided by their own Symbolism - is when something represents cultural norms.” abstract ideas or concepts. RACE TYPES OF SYMBOLS Ways of discrimination 1. Cultural Symbols - manifestation that Problematic forms of classification for signifies the ideology of a particular culture human groups that has meaning within that culture. Based on observable human traits and 2. Social Symbols - relating to human societies characteristics and its models of organization. These categories merely reflect the 3. Political Symbols - used to represent a differences in: political standpoint; seen in various media & 1. Skin color forms, (banners, flags, mottos, etc.) 2. Size of skull 4. Economic Symbols - used in production, 3. Height distribution, and consumption of goods and 4. Body frame service. (currency, market, labor, demands 5. Other physical characteristics and other economic activities). Types/Categories of Race: 1. MONGOLOID - East-asian origin FUNCTIONS OF SYMBOLS AND SYMBOLISM 2. CAUCASOID - European origin 3. AUSTRALOID - Aboriginal Australian Social symbols are used to transfer culture, division of humankind ideologies, or beliefs from a group to another 4. NEGROID - Dark skin color group of people, or from our elders to the new generations of people. Symbols are also used to preserve traditions 2013 STUDY OF THE PEW RESEARCH CENTER or beliefs of a certain group of people. It was noted that “all black men were six ○ Create movements times as likely as all white men to be ○ Spread ideas incarcerated” ○ Share advocates They are more likely to experience: ○ Lower household income ★ CULTURAL SYMBOLS AND PRACTICES ○ Lesser access to good education ○ Poor housing conditions Examples are objects, figures, sounds and ○ Lesser to no access to health care colors. system ○ Facial expressions ○ Word interpretations THE CONCEPT OF SOCIETY ○ Gestures (handshakes and hand signal) such as victory sign and Society derived from the Latin words peace “societas” from socius, which means companion or associate. Some Cultural Symbols in the Philippines It is a group of people with common territory, Create Filipino identity and to promote interaction, and culture. solidarity and unity. It refers to the group of people but to the ○ National Anthem complex patterns of the norm or interaction ○ Philippine Flag or relationship that arise among them. ○ Philippine Eagle ○ Jeepney TWO TYPES OF DEFINITION OF SOCIETY Some Religious Practices in the Philippines 1. Functional Definition - It is defined as a Obando Festival in Bulacan for fertility complex groups in reciprocal relationships, Panaad sa Camiguin as act of penance and interacting upon one another, enabling pilgrim human organisms to carry (example is family and school). Some Culinary Practices in the Philippines Famous Filipino foods 4  ○ Adobo Value the significance of socialization and ○ Sinigang enculturation to the development of oneself. Famous Filipino snacks ○ Cultural relativism ○ Balut ○ Ethnocentrism ○ Street foods ○ Xenocentrism ○ Rice Cakes ○ Enculturation ○ Socialization and the agents of Child-rearing Practices in the Philippines socialization Pagmamano Ninong/ninang AGENTS/AGENCIES OF SOCIALIZATION Family meal time Use of belt Socialization Simply means the process of learning one's ★ SOCIAL SYMBOLS AND PRACTICES society and its culture. It is moreover the same as interacting, mingling and being Status symbol is generally an object meant with other people or groups within/outside of to signify its owner’s high social and your society. economic standing. ○ Clothing and possessions Agents of Socialization ○ Societal recognition These are people or groups of people that ○ Material possessions teach knowledge and experiences to an individual to become a productive person in Common Political Symbols (Colors) his society. Black, blue, brown, gold, green, lavender, ○ Family orange, and pink. ○ Church ○ Government Political Symbols in the Philippines ○ Friends or social media ○ Community ★ FAMILY This is considered as the most essential unit or agent in the socialization process which educates an individual from the day he was born to the time he experiences social and political engagement. Common Political Practices in the Philippines Political dynasties ★ SCHOOLS Palakasan system Celebrity politicians Serve a dynamic and serious role in Traditional politicians (TRAPO) socialization because it educates the child Catholic Church academically, socially, and personally, and Power Revolts influences his values and beliefs through classroom discussions and interactions. Common Economic Symbols They represent economic standpoints which ★ PEERS may be seen in various media such as stock exchange, money and currency. Gold and Strengthen behaviors and values learned petroleum, life insurance, banking, etc. from the family and school, gives a person freedom to identify and improve himself, SIGNIFICANCE OF SYMBOLS AND SYMBOLISM learn independence and participation. As rational thinkers, we have been making and giving meaning to symbols for a long ★ MASS MEDIA time. Symbols have been a part of our lives and An influential agent commonly used by growth as humankind. institutions or organizations to transform and The usage of symbols and symbolism has leave impact to an individual’s point of view, given mankind an avenue to communicate values, and beliefs. with different groups of people, influence others of different ideologies, and observe ★ RELIGION AND STATE values that were transferred from generations to generations. These are both considered as the ultimate agent of socialization which gives a strong influence on a person’s values and beliefs UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND through its rules and premises. POLITICS AND SOCIALIZATION FUNCTIONS OF SOCIALIZATION 5 1. It enables a person to recognize self-concept, social system; hence it is a reaction from belongingness, and identity. society, leading to boundaries and rules for 2. It enables a person to identify his roles. the society. 3. It enables a person to act properly and responsibly. ★ HERBERT SPENCER (1820-1903) 4. It enables a person to learn and share culture. A british scholar, played a leading role in the 5. It enables a person to learn and share values. intellectual movement in social sciences. Herbert Spencer almost a decade before DEVIANCE Darwin published on the origin of the species, Spencer coined the phrase “survival of the fittest.” Spencer had used the phrase earlier It refers to the process of choosing an action when writing articles for newspapers (Turner, or behavior that is not generally acceptable 1998:80). to a certain group or society. His main works are Social Statics, The Study of Sociology, The Principles of Sociology, Man PIONEERS IN SOCIOLOGY AND KEY Versus the State, etc. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SOCIAL SCIENCES He viewed society as organismic, a living organism with specific organs or parts. each ★ AUGUSTE COMTE performing specific aspects. Founder of sociology ★ MAX WEBER (1864-1920) Prominent French philosopher comte coined his important works include positive A German philosopher and sociologist philosophy, systems of positive polity, and contributed significantly to the evolution of religion of humanity sociology as a scientific discipline. For him, Introduced the important relationship the individual is the basic unit of society. between theory, practice, and human Verstehen i.e. interpretative understanding is understanding of the world. the method which is more effective in Once sociology discovers the laws governing understanding the dynamics of society and social evolution, we can use this knowledge to culture which cannot be reduced to mere make a better world. observable objects. His major intention was to create a science of The task before the social scientist is to society. In other words, the positivist observe the inner meaning of a social philosophy assumes that answers can be phenomenon. found by carefully measuring and analyzing For him, sociology is the interpretative data, particularly numerical data. understanding of social action. His main works are the Protestant Ethics and the Spirit ★ HARRIET MARTINEAU (1802-1876) of Capitalism, Economics and Society, Methodology of Social Sciences. He believed The first woman sociologist who agreed with that society was split between owners and Comte. laborers. Scrutinized american religion, politics, child reading, and immigration emphasis on race, ★ KARL MARX (1818-1883) status, and gender. Advocate women's liberation. Marx has helped through his ideas in understanding the nature of society, ★ EMILE DURKHEIM (1858-1917) particularly how conflicts occur. His main work was Communist Manifesto, Another French sociologist Durkheim which urged the masses (proletariat) to unite April 15, 1858 to November 15, 1917 and overthrow capitalist (bourgeoisie) For him, sociology is the study of social facts. societies. Social life must be analyzed in terms of social facts. He considers social facts to be external Social Conflicts to individuals. Marx wrote in 1848 that all history is a history Father of modern sociology of classes and class struggles. He devoted himself to understanding the The society gets divided between the stability of society and the importance of oppressors and the oppressed (masters and social participation for individual happiness. slaves, lords and serfs and in the modern Examples of social facts include social roles, times, capitalists and workers). norms, laws, values, beliefs, rituals, and customs. Social groups are the central object Conflict Theory of sociological study. States that tensions and conflicts arise when Violating social facts confirms their existence resources, status, and power are unevenly because people who act against social facts distributed between groups in the society, are typically sanctioned. and these conflicts become engines for social He viewed crimes and delinquent behavior as change. normal and necessary occurrences in the 6  ★ TALCOTT PARSONS (1902-1982) Parsons is a leading American sociologist. He views sociology as the analysis of social relationships and cultural products. His important books are "The Structure of Social Action" and "The Social System.” The core of a social system is the patterned normative order through which the life of a population is collectively organized. Most of Talcott Parsons’ writings focused on structural functionalism, the theory that the structure of society is shaped by its function and that social roles that individuals adopt are shaped by how these roles support the society as a whole. 7  THE NACIREMA TRIBE - Beneath the charm-box is a small font filled with holy water from the Water Temple. ANTHROPOLOGIST’S PERSPECTIVE - Each family member performs a daily ritual involving a brief ablution with the holy water. ★ ANTHROPOLOGISTS - accustomed to diverse behaviors among different HOLY-MOUTH-MEN AND ORAL RITUALS cultures and are rarely surprised by unusual customs. ★ THE NACIREMA TRIBE - They have an intense focus on the mouth, believing - presents such extreme customs that they warrant its condition influences social relationships and description as an example of the farthest extent of moral character. human behavior. - Daily mouth-rites involve using a small bundle of hog hairs and magical powders in a series of formalized gestures. INTRODUCTION TO THE NACIREMA TRIBE - People visit holy-mouth-men for more elaborate and painful procedures involving tools like augers and ★ THE NACIREMA probes. - are a North American group living between the Canadian Cree, the Yaqui and Tarahumare of MASOCHISTIC TENDENCIES Mexico, and the Carib and Arawak of the Antilles. - The origin is unclear ★ NOTGNIHSAW - There are indications that Nacirema society may - Their mythology credits this culture hero with have masochistic (loves pain) tendencies, founding their nation. particularly evident in their acceptance of painful - Known for two legendary feats: throwing wampum rituals. across the river Pa-To-Mac and chopping down a ★ MEN scrape and lacerate their faces daily cherry tree housing the Spirit of Truth. ★ WOMEN bake their heads in small ovens during lunar rites. ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL BACKGROUND LATIPSO TEMPLES - Possess a highly developed market economy, thriving in a rich natural environment. - Where medicine men perform elaborate and painful - Despite their economic pursuits, much of their time rituals on seriously ill patients. is devoted to ritual activities focused on the human - Vestal maidens assist in these ceremonies, which body. often involve ritual purification and bodily exposure. - Despite the harshness and risk of death, the Nacirema people willingly undergo these BELIEFS ABOUT THE HUMAN BODY treatments. - The human body is inherently ugly and prone to LISTENER PRACTITIONERS debility and disease. - They rely on ritual and ceremony to combat these natural tendencies. - Exorcises devils believed to reside in people's heads, often placed there by parents, especially mothers. HOUSEHOLD SHRINES - Their method involves patients recounting their life troubles, displaying remarkable memory during - Every household has one or more shrines these sessions. dedicated to body rituals; wealthier individuals have multiple shrines, often in stone-walled rooms. CULTURAL AESTHETIC AND BODY MODIFICATION - Rituals performed in these shrines are private and secret, typically only discussed with children during their initiation. - The Nacirema engage in various rituals to alter their bodies, including fasting, feasting, and procedures to change breast size. CHARM-BOXES AND RITUALS - Extreme dissatisfaction with natural body forms leads to the idolization of women with unusual - The focal point of each shrine is a charm-box, physical traits, who profit by being displayed to the containing various charms and magical potions public. deemed essential for survival. ★ CHARMS REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS - prescribed by medicine men and prepared by herbalists, both of whom require substantial gifts for their services. ★ Reproductive functions: ritualized - are never discarded and accumulate in the ★ Intercourse: taboo as a topic and carefully charm-box over time, though their specific purposes scheduled. are often forgotten. ★ Pregnancy: hidden ★ Childbirth: occurs in secret, without support of friends or family DAILY RITUALS 8 9