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CONCEPT OF CULTURE (LESSON 1) CONCEPTS OF CULTURE CULTURE - Learned and acquired - English word 'Culture' is gotten from - Shared by a group of people the Latin expression 'clique or...

CONCEPT OF CULTURE (LESSON 1) CONCEPTS OF CULTURE CULTURE - Learned and acquired - English word 'Culture' is gotten from - Shared by a group of people the Latin expression 'clique or - Cumulative cultus' - Changes - characteristic of human groups - Dynamic that shapes our perceptions, - Gives scope of passable standards behaviors, and relationships. of conduct - Culture is a lifestyle. - Diverse - a human-made environment - ideational includes all the material and nonmaterial products of group life CONCEPT OF SOCIETY that are transmitted from one - General public in which we live generation to the next. decides everything from the food - could be seen in our writing, in strict we eat to the decisions we make practices, in amusement and - from the latin root socius, signifying happiness. "buddy" or "being with others." - comprises of individuals who share a TYPES OF CULTURE region, who communicate with one another, and who share a culture MATERIAL CULTURE - gathering of individuals whose - material part of our life individuals associate, dwell in a like our dress, food, and family quantifiable region, and offer a products. culture. Non- material culture - to thoughts, standards, musings and CONCEPT OF POLITICS conviction. - 'politics‟, is gotten from the Greek - Norms, language, values, symbols word 'Polis‟, which implies the city state ASPECTS OF CULTURE ( LIVESHA ) - a subject which managed all the LANGUAGE exercises and undertakings of the - Mother tongue, dialect, lingo city state. IDENTITY - an all-out investigation of man, - Self consciousness, self esteem culture, state, ethical quality VALIDITY - activity of control inside the - Values, opinions, laws, metaphors, society through the settling on and meanings authorization of aggregate choices EXPERIENCE USE OF THREAT OF USE OF LEGAL - Rituals, customs, practices FORCE SPACE - allows the legal authority to use - Spatial experience, functional force. If David Easton speaks of spaces, living space “authoritative allocation of values”, HISTORY Dahl of “Power, “rule” and authority”. - Time experience, milestone, myths All these definitions imply that legal ACTIONS authority can use force to compel - Regime, actions, organizations, anybody to obey its orders work, religion, techniques, science, art IMPORTANCE OF CULTURAL THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CULTURAL, RELATIVISM IN ATTAINING CULTURAL SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND ECONOMIC UNDERSTANDING ( LESSON 2 ) SYMBOLS AND PRACTICES (LESSON 3) SYMBOLS CULTURAL RELATIVISM - is an object, word, or action that - requires an open mind and a stands for something else, without willingness to consider, and even natural relationship, that is adapt to, new values and norms culturally defined. - at the basis of contemporary policies - such as gestures, signs, objects, of multiculturalism signals, and words, help people - multiculturalism refers to both the understand the world. fact of the existence of a diversity of - provides clues to understanding cultures within one territory and to a experiences way of conceptualizing and - recognizable meanings that are managing cultural diversity shared by societies ETHNOCENTRISM SYMBOLISM - William Graham Sumner - is when something represents (1840-1910) described the term, abstract ideas or concepts; it involves a belief or attitude that assigns names, denominations, and one’s own culture is better than defines relations between various all others (1906) elements (actors, actions, goals, - can be so strong that when means, objects, values, etc.) confronted with all the differences of articulated within a narrative. a new culture, one may experience disorientation and frustration. FUNCTIONS OF SYMBOLS AND - culture shock SYMBOLISM - social symbols are used to transfer ETHNOCENTRISM culture, ideologies, or beliefs from - Uses of one’s own culture to judge group to another group of people others in their society - symbols are also used to preserve - one ‘s group is at the center traditions or beliefs of a certain “everything, and all the others are group of people. scaled and rated with it” - William - contain the “face” and “hidden” Sumner values, the hidden value, in a functional perspective, holds greater CULTURAL RELATIVISM meaning and importance than the - Not judging a culture but trying to face value. understand it on its own terms - have been used to create - Putting self in their shoes, eyes, movements, spread ideas, and perspective. share advocacies that surpasses time and distance TYPES OF SYMBOLS TYPES OF SOCIALIZATION - CULTURAL SYMBOLS PRIMARY SOCIALIZATION manifestation that signifies ideology - occurs early in a child’s lifestyle of a particular culture that has and is primarily due to have an meaning within that culture. impact directly from the family and close friends; a baby learns basic - SOCIAL SYMBOLS societal norms and customs relating to human societies and its (pagmamano, honoring gestures to modes of organization (i.e., social the elders) classes, social problems, social issues, etc.) SECONDARY SOCIALIZATION - occurs when a person learn on - POLITICAL SYMBOLS appropriate behavior to be used to represent a political displayed within a smaller group standpoint; seen in various media which still part of a larger society and forms such as banners, flag, (joining club or organization) motto, etc. ANTICIPATORY SOCIALIZATION - ECONOMIC SYMBOLS - adolescence is initiated between the used in production, distribution, and ages of childhood and adulthood. consumption of goods and services During this stage, children start to like currency, market, labor, participate in Anticipatory demands and other economic activities. Socialization. They also learn about their group culture and what they should expect in the future. CONTEXT, CONTENT, PROCESSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIALIZATION PROFESSIONAL OR (LESSON 4) DEVELOPMENTAL SOCIALIZATION SOCIALIZATION - Process of learning to believe in a - occurs during the early years of an way that acceptable like the values individual's life. It develops his and customs of our society or skills and attitudes for the future social group and prepares him for the various - Refers to the coaching of novices roles and responsibilities that he to end up contributors will assume as an adult. - Central process of social life - Learning on how our society and specific communities or group works RE-SOCIALIZATION so we can be part of them - when an individual moves to a - Working together in developing new group, he has to learn the responsibility in our community new values and beliefs of the new group. This process of SOCIALIZATION FOCUSES: re-socialization helps him to get Acquisition of knowledge Language used to the new ways of life. Values Habits Skill in the society THREE PARTS OF SOCIALIZATION ENCULTURATION AND SOCIALIZATION PROCESS RESULTS TO: CONTEXT - Denotes culture, language, social IDENTITY FORMATION structures, and an individual’s rank - An individual’s identity is formed within them. Includes the history through his interaction with other and roles played by the people people. A person’s socialization with and institutions in the past. individuals or groups allows him or CONTENT AND PROCESS her to imbibe certain - refers to the details of what passed characteristics and interests that from a member to a new member. contribute to his/her identity while process means the interactions and ways these norms, NORMS AND VALUES values and customs are thought to a - norms are culturally determined novice. rules that guide people regarding RESULTS AND OUTCOMES what is right, wrong, proper, or - refers to what happens to an improper. individual after being exposed to a particular contents and process STATUS - position that an individual can occupy in society (Newman, 2012). CONTEXT OF SOCIALIZATION It is not a ranked position, but simply a label that implies certain BIOLOGICAL CONTEXT roles that must be performed. - Sociobiologists suggest that some human capacities may be "wired 2 TYPES OF STATUS into" our biological makeup. Some hormones (i.e. vasopressin and ACHIEVED STATUS oxytocin) encourage humans to - Is one that a person has earned or interact and socialize with other chosen based on his/her abilities people. and hard work; signified by a certain profession, such as a ENCULTURATION professional athlete. - occurs when cultural knowledge is passed on to the next bearer ASCRIBED STATUS which will perpetuate and ensure - not earned, and it is not something the continuance of their traditions that people have control over; it and practices can be described to a person’s race or sex. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION (LESSON 5) BASIC CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOCIAL GROUP GROUP - composed of two or more persons PRIMARY GROUPS interacting with each other and - marked by concern for one another, guided by a set of norms shared activities and culture, and - also defined as a specified number long periods of time spent of individuals where each together. recognizes members as distinct from non-members. SECONDARY GROUPS - based on usual or habitual GROUP REQUIREMENTS interests or affairs. It includes - two or more people groups in which one exchanges - there must be interaction explicit commodities - members must be together physically SAMPLE GROUPS - Family, play group, GROUP CHARACTERIZED AS: village/neighborhood, work-team - Has identity - Nation, Church Hierarchy, - Has social structure Professional Association, - Has roles to play Corporation, University classes, - Mutual reciprocity Athletic teams, and groups of coworkers. SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIETY GROUP BOUNDARIES STRUCTIONAL FUNCTIONALISM IN GROUP - the way each part of the society - Belonging to the same group as functions together to contribute to others who share the same common the whole bond and interests who are more likely to understand each other CONFLICT THEORY refers to an in- group. - the way inequalities contribute to social differences and perpetuate OUT GROUP differences in power - those who do not belong to the in-group are part of the out-group, SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM which exist in the perceptions of the - one to one interaction and in group members and take on communication social reality as a result of behavior by in-group members who use the out group as a negative point of reference. REFERENCE GROUP - is a collection of people that we use as a standard of comparison for ourselves regardless of whether we are part of that group - to understand social norms, which then shape our values, ideas, behavior, and appearance POSITIVE REFERENCE GROUPS - are composed of people we want to emulate NEGATIVE REFERENCE GROUPS - provide a model we do not wish to follow TYPES OF REFERENCE GROUPS NORMATIVE - influences your norms, attitudes, and values through direct interaction COMPARATIVE - a group of individuals whom you compare yourself against and may strive to be like NETWORK - a collection of people tied together by a specific pattern of connections. - boomed since the beginning of the 21st century.