Translated Questions with Answers PDF

Translated Questions with Answers 1. Which molecules are responsible for communication between cells of microorganisms? Answer: Quorum-sensing molecules. 2. Which of the following is not a general virulence factor? a. Invasion b. Interaction between cells c. Intracellular survival mecha...

Translated Questions with Answers 1. Which molecules are responsible for communication between cells of microorganisms? Answer: Quorum-sensing molecules. 2. Which of the following is not a general virulence factor? a. Invasion b. Interaction between cells c. Intracellular survival mechanism d. Adherence 3. What is the name of the three-dimensional structure covered with extracellular matrix? Answer: Biofilm. 4. Bacteria do not have the following shape: a. Round b. Spiral c. Branched d. Rod-shaped 5. What does it mean if a cell is unipotent? a. It is dying b. It can differentiate into only one cell type c. It can differentiate into any cell type d. It can differentiate into an erythrocyte or muscle cell 6. Must differentiation be coordinated with other cells in a multicellular organism? a. Yes, cells are sensitive to signals from other cells b. No, each tissue develops independently c. Yes, but only during embryogenesis d. No, because a cell knows when to act on its own 7. What is the name of the chemical substance that mediates signal transmission in nervous tissue and is released from the synapse? Answer: Neurotransmitter. 8. The endoplasmic reticulum: a. Is responsible for enzymatic degradation b. Is particularly well developed in neurons c. Is absent in neurons d. Is not present in any differentiated cell 9. What does the sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+ pump) dependent on ATP transport across the cell structure? Answer: Sodium (Na⁺) and Potassium (K⁺) ions across the cell membrane. 10. What happens to a cell during differentiation? a. It changes its morphological, physiological, and biochemical properties b. Only its morphology changes c. Only gene expression changes d. Its DNA changes 11. What is the function of red blood cells? Answer: To transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. 12. Which cells in the human body have a very short lifespan and are highly metabolically active? a. Keratinocytes b. Enterocytes c. Neurons d. Erythrocytes 13. What is the name of the non-photosynthetic plastid found in some apicomplexan parasites? Answer: Apicoplast. 14. The ventral adhesive disk: a. Participates in the encystation of flagellated stages of amoebae b. Is formed mainly by idiosomes, with a small proportion of xenosomes c. Aids in the penetration of extracellular stages of free-living unicellular organisms into host cells d. Is an attachment organelle in parasitic flagellates (e.g., Giardia intestinalis) 15. The plasma membrane flap between the flagellum and the cell, characteristic of some parasitic flagellates (Trypanosoma spp.), is called: Answer: Undulating membrane.  16. The microtubule system surrounding the nucleus and connected to the basal body of the flagellum in Archamoebae is called: a. Karyomastigont b. Axostyle c. Microtubular corset d. Cortex 17. In complex plastids of certain algae, a remnant of the nucleus of the engulfed alga from which such a plastid evolved is found. What is this nuclear remnant called? Answer: Nucleomorph. 18. Among the components of the cytoskeleton, which are polarized? a. Actin microfilaments and intermediate filaments b. Intermediate filaments and microtubules c. Actin microfilaments and microtubules d. Intermediate filaments 19. In the cells of adult Elysia chlorotica slugs, there are stolen chloroplasts from the algae genus Vaucheria, which young slugs feed on. What are these plastids called? Answer: Kleptoplasts. 20. How many membranes do plastids of the Apicomplexa group have? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 21. What is the name of the enzyme complex responsible for synthesizing cellulose in plant cells? Answer: Cellulose synthase. 22. The growth of the primary cell wall by deposition of material among the existing wall material during cell enlargement is ensured by: a. Apposition b. Glyoxysomes c. Intussusception d. Peroxisomes 23. What are the cellular motors that move along actin microfilaments called? Answer: Myosins. 24. Glyoxysomes: a. Participate in the conversion of fatty acids into glucose precursors b. Do not contain enzymes for beta-oxidation of fatty acids c. Are double-membrane organelles d. Are found in animal cells 25. What are microbodies containing functional catalase called? Answer: Peroxisomes. 26. Membranes are: a. Impermeable b. Permeable c. Selectively permeable d. Uniform in chemical composition 27. At which pole of the Golgi apparatus does fusion of vesicles originating from the endoplasmic reticulum occur? Answer: Cis pole. 28. In cells, the proteins t-SNARE and v-SNARE are involved in: a. Organization of cortical cytoskeleton in interphase cells b. Regulation of the cell cycle c. Correct vesicle fusion d. Import of proteins into the nucleus 29. Are membrane phospholipids amphipathic? Answer: Yes. 30. What is the function of the preprophase band of microtubules? a. Chromosome spiraling after the breakdown of the nuclear membrane during mitosis b. Control of organelle movement in the cytoplasm c. Regulation of centriole dynamics d. Determination of the division plane of the cell 31. Write the names of at least two types of cytoskeleton! Answer: Actin microfilaments and microtubules. 32. Which of the following cells retains its nucleus throughout its life? a. Tracheal elements of plants b. Erythrocyte of an adult human c. All cells have nuclei d. Neuron 33. What is the plastid differentiating in the leaves of angiosperms growing in darkness called? Answer: Etioplast. 34. Sarcoplasmic reticulum is mainly found in which cells? a. Muscle cells b. Sex cells c. Nervous system cells d. Erythrocytes 35. What are the dynamic extensions of plastids called? Answer: Stromules. 36. The transport of vesicles from the Golgi apparatus is not random but targeted. This is primarily ensured by: a. Microtubules and microfilaments b. Protein interactions c. ATP d. Cytoplasmic factors 37. The binding of one ligand molecule in cellular signaling pathways leads to the production of several dozen to hundreds of low-molecular-weight molecules, known as second messengers. This phenomenon illustrates one universal property of cell signaling pathways. Which one? Answer: Amplification. 38. The effect of acetylcholine on cardiomyocytes results in decreased rate and intensity of their contraction. Skeletal muscle cells respond to acetylcholine with increased contraction. This qualitative difference is due to: a. A different type of acetylcholine receptor on the surface of myocytes compared to cardiomyocytes b. Absence of acetylcholine receptors on cardiomyocytes c. Absence of acetylcholine receptors on myocytes d. All the above options are incorrect  39. One of the most direct forms of communication between neighboring cells is the exchange of low-molecular-weight (