Biology Class: Microorganisms and Cells

Communication Between Microorganisms

• Quorum-sensing molecules are responsible for communication between microorganisms.

Virulence Factors

• Invasion, interaction between cells, intracellular survival, and adherence are not general virulence factors.

Bacterial Structure

• Bacteria do not have a branched shape.
• Biofilm is a three-dimensional structure covered by an extracellular matrix.

Cell Differentiation

• Unipotent cells can differentiate into only one cell type.
• Differentiation is often coordinated in multicellular organisms.

Nervous Tissue Transmission

• Neurotransmitters mediate signal transmission in nervous tissue.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

• The endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for enzymatic degradation and is particularly well-developed in neurons.

Sodium-Potassium Pump

• Sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions are transported across the cell membrane by the sodium-potassium pump, which is dependent on ATP transport.

Cell Differentiation Effects

• During differentiation, a cell's morphology, physiology, and biochemistry change.
• Gene expression also changes during differentiation.

Red Blood Cell Function

• Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Apical Complex Plastid

• Apicoplasts are nonphotosynthetic plastids found in some apicomplexan parasites.

Microtubules

• The microtubule system surrounding the nucleus and connected to the basal body of the flagellum in Archamoebae is called the karyomastigont.
• The nuclear remnant in a complex plastid is called a nucleomorph.

Cytoskeleton Components

• Polarized cytoskeleton components include actin microfilaments and microtubules.

Chloroplasts in Slugs

• Stolen chloroplasts from the algae Vaucheria are called kleptoplasts.

Apicomplexa Plastids

• Apicomplexa plastids have three membranes.

Cellulose Synthase

• Cellulose synthase is the enzyme complex responsible for synthesizing cellulose in plant cells.
• Intussusception ensures the growth of the primary cell wall.

Cellular Motors

• Myosins and kinesins are cellular motors that move along actin microfilaments.

Lipid Conversion

• Glyoxysomes participate in the conversion of fatty acids into glucose precursors.

Microbodies

• Peroxisomes are microbodies containing functional catalase.

Membrane Permeability

• Membranes are selectively permeable.

Vesicle Fusion

• Vesicle fusion occurs at the cis pole of the Golgi apparatus.

Cell Properties

• Membrane phospholipids are amphipathic.
• t-SNARE and v-SNARE proteins are involved in correct vesicle fusion.
• COPII proteins transport vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.

Classification of Cells

• Muscle cells contain sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Cell Cycle Phase Characteristics

• The G1 phase of the cell cycle lasts the longest.
• Totipotent cells can differentiate into any cell type.

Cell Function

• The function of red blood cells is to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Cellular Structure

• Red blood cells are biconcave disc shaped.

Plant Cells/Growth

• Intussusception is the method of cell wall material deposition in plant cells during their volumetric growth.

Cell Biology

• Unipotent cells differentiate into only one cell type.
• Myosins and kinesins are examples of cellular motors that move along actin microfilaments.

Cell Structure/Classification

• Apicoplasts have three membranes.
• Elaioplasts are storage plastids containing lipids.

Organelle Activity

• Protein synthesis occurs in mitochondria and plastids.
• Cellulose polymers are synthesized by cellulose synthase.

Photosynthesis

• Etioplasts form when thylakoid membranes lack light.

This quiz covers various topics in biology, including communication between microorganisms, virulence factors, and bacterial structure. Additionally, it explores cell differentiation, nervous tissue transmission, and the role of the endoplasmic reticulum. Test your understanding of these fundamental biological concepts.