Tour 110 Notes - Mandy.pdf

Module 1: What is Tourism? Philippine Tourism Performance ○ Follows the same trend as international tourism Part 1: Overview of the Tourism I...

Module 1: What is Tourism? Philippine Tourism Performance ○ Follows the same trend as international tourism Part 1: Overview of the Tourism Industry ○ 2023 has not yet surpassed 2019 levels, but 2024 would surpass Tourism Statistics Pre-Pandemic already ○ +5% total international tourist ○ More domestic spending than arrivals (1.4 billion, 2019) international spending ○ +4% total international tourism 2023 has less domestic exports (USD 1.7 trillion, 2019) spending (82.2%) than Exports - products of a 2019 (84.2%) country being traded ○ Same for GDP contribution and outside it total travel and tourism jobs ○ 2009 - The Great Recession; affected all industries When there are global Part 2: Defining Tourism crises, tourism is one of the industries affected. Tourism by UNWTO An activity undertaken by a visitor Tourism is the world’s third largest There is mobility export category. Visitor - traveler taking a trip to a destination outside their usual environment ○ Less than a year ○ Any purpose (business, leisure, or other personal purpose) other than to be employed There were more domestic trips than For Business: MICE - international trips in 2019, declined in Meetings, Incentives, 2020, then surpassed domestic levels Conferences, Events in 2023. ○ Visitor is a tourist if their trip ○ International trips still increased, includes an overnight stay but have not yet surpassed the (overnight visitor), or as a 2019 levels. same-day visitor (excursionist) Tourism is steadily recovering and expected to increase in further years. Tourism by Sharpley, 2015 2023 - recovery of pre-pandemic Serves as a catalyst for political tourism direct gross domestic product change: “...accounts for the single largest peaceful movement of people 67% or tourism professionals have across cultural boundaries in the positive outlook on 2024 history of the world.”  It is a leisure activity and at the same Supply side aspects incorporate time a political activity (mobility of visitor’s impact (economic, social, people involves political processes i.e. cultural, and environmental) on the international agreements) destination Not only a social phenomenon; it is Sum of the phenomena and also a big business relationships arising from the Diverse, fragmented, multisectoral interaction, in generating and host Consumption is influenced by tourists’ regions, of tourists, business suppliers, socio-cultural background government, communities, and environments Interdisciplinary Tourism Suggest an open-minded approach to tourism that acknowledges the contribution of different subjects and disciplines to explaining tourism Study how diverse components interact, adapt and come together as a tourism system which is forever evolving as a construct and in the provision of the tourist experience Part 3: Tourism Movement Tourism as a Concept United Nations World Tourism Wide range of perspectives from a Organization (UNWTO) - 217 countries variety of disciplines and near World Travel and Tourism Council relationship to other social sciences. (WTTC) - 185 countries About human behavior, consists of Tourism System Model many sundry aspects and What are Models? uncertainties Representation of reality, used to guide Social, cultural, and economic thoughts and often action in relation to phenomenon related to the movement some ideal or actual phenomena of people outside their usual place Provide a technique for viewing Pleasure is the usual motivation complex and perhaps abstract entities Need for so many goods and services Enable us to see and understand vital No clear boundary due to the components of a process or expansive spread of activities it covers phenomena and how they are connected What are Systems? Are tourism industries really necessary for Set of parts, of elements, that are tourism to occur? connected to one another by at least one distinguishing principle DIY or INDEPENDENT TOURISM — when tourists normally want to avoid: What are Systemic Models? ○ Being with dependent tourists show elementary components ○ Using services on offer from necessary for a system to exist tourism related businesses not all models are systemic Tourism industries are factors shaping all tourism, to some extent and in different ways — dependence or avoidance Connection of tourists with places that makes a place a tourist destination A place becomes a tourist destination only if a tourist visits What is necessary for tourism to occur? Visitors A person who becomes a tourist Technical definitions identify different types of tourists and different tourism Geographical activities for statistical and legislative ○ Departs from a tourist purposes generating place Professional understanding of the Trips begin and end consumer is at the core of the ○ Travels along a transit route successful business practice in the Traveling is the major tourism industry activity Wants and needs of tourists are ○ Visits a tourist destination place regarded as travel motivators Attractive attribute Travel Motivation Using services of a tourism industry Crompton’s Push and Pull Model (service providers) Stimulated interest, causes actions ○ Collection of at least three organizations, with Strategies for targeting tourists Industrial strategies for cooperating with one another to some extent Forms of Tourism ○ Conquest of overseas territories Domestic - within the same country and their administration Inbound - travel of visitors (or Created demand for residents) towards a country business-related travel Outbound - travel of residents (or Related to territorial visitors) away from a country management and control National - travel by residents; New territories, trade, roads linking to domestic or outbound seaside resorts, summer villas, Internal - travel within a country; historical sites domestic or inbound Visited for health, pleasure, spiritual International - crossing international reasons borders; inbound or outbound Capital city function – inns, bars, tour guides, souvenir sellers developed Political stability and provision of infrastructure and facilities Module 2: Evolution and Growth The Middle Ages of Tourism Fall of the Roman Empire – civilization and progress of the Romans declined Classical Times Rise of Christianity and development Ancient civilization of Greece - of monastic orders – evolving on focused on concept of leisure (on landed estates and feudal systems which tourism is based) Tourism in festival and event-based by Olympic Games after 776 BC - vital activities of nobility and knights stimulus for tourism based on a major Pilgrimage - oldest form of sporting event non-economic travel motivated by ○ Greeks traveled to the site and religious fervor. were housed in tented ○ Challenged by Protestant encampments reformation International travel was limited due to ○ Problems such as unmade the Greek wars roads, threat by bandits, limited accommodation, disease, time Rise of Roman Empire - military Exploration and subsequent conquest and administration colonization – developed business State and private created leisure tourism based upon trade and facilities (spas, baths, resorts) increased flows of international trade Construction of colosseums for events and spectator sports – created supply The Renaissance and Reformation for tourism facilities Rise of traveling theaters and 2 elements of tourism in Romans: patronage of the arts ○ Domestic tourism - urban Reformation - ideas of Luther and places where facilities are Calvin with their religious zeal  ○ Protestant work ethic ○ Brochure promoted company ○ Turning point of leisure and products and services tourism – questioned value of Introduction of holiday time leisure (idleness) ○ Workers had the opportunity to Seen more clearly in the rise of the engage in coastal tourism industrial society ○ Accessible to working class, ○ Leisure was denigrated by middle class capitalists Tourism in Edwardian and Interwar Years The European Grand Tour International holiday options to the Aristocratic form of tourism elite in the Western society Pursuit of culture, education, pleasure Demand for business travel and ○ More on men limited volumes of recreational travel ○ Three years travel World War I - interrupted continued ○ Knowledge and interest in the growth of leisure travel classics, art, architecture, ○ Aftermath: intellectual thought Coastal holidays Scenic tourism - drawn to landscapes Number of cars rose Growth of Spas as a form of tourism Coach travel - military ○ Only 12 spas existed in Europe vehicles converted ○ Pursuit of health remedies Air travel gradually led to the growth of Interwar changed tourism as affluence pleasure travel to such spas and poverty offered different ○ Spa resorts emerged as inland experiences for consumers tourism destinations Depression in industrial economies Tourism and the Coast: Transition from suppressed demand for international Spas to the Seaside Resort and domestic tourism Coastal areas emerged Mechanization in post-war gradually Poets and romanticists led to the removed but also added tourism beach and coastline being a site for opportunities pleasure and tourism Early patronage of the upper class led War broke down international barriers, to growing access to coastal tourism resulting in ideal, optimistic, and ○ Transport technology made peaceful internationalism for tourism resorts accessible Countries recognized the economic ○ Example: Paddle steamers importance of tourism Railway era also facilitated growth of tourism World War II impeded the growth of Thomas Cook – arranged travel for international tourism, but 165000 excursionists (1841) ○ Car owners had risen  ○ Embryonic passenger airline Philippine Tourism services challenging dominant passenger liners Pre-Marcos Era Proletarian Tourism - the state Before 1952, tourism grew in a laissez determined collective good by faire fashion. providing holidays that benefited Philippine Tourist and Travel productive capacity Association (PTTA) by Elpidio Quirino New road-based forms of transport ○ Promotional machinery New forms of domestic tourism, cruise ○ Tourist arrivals increased liners, air travel ○ Foreign exchange receipts grew ○ Lobbied for the formation of an Post-War Tourism: Towards International “adequately funded Mass Tourism government tourist office which Use of marketing and promotion would set tourism policies and Rise of mass tourism promotion programs” Military aircraft converted to Board of Travel and Tourist Industry by passenger services Ramon Magsaysay (1956) ○ Introduction to jet airliners ○ Attached to the Department of Rise of package holiday Commerce and Industry ○ Growth of Mediterranean resorts ○ Funding from 50% of travel tax Increasing proliferation of tourism PTTA became promotional arm of BTTI products and experiences ○ Lasted until early 1970s Global reach for travel Philippine Tourist Commission Changes in supply and demand: replaced the BTTI-PTTA set-up ○ Changes in demand for Government’s interest in tourism was domestic and international almost purely economic in nature ○ Transportation improvements ○ New forms of holiday The Marcos Years, 1973-1986: Era of accommodation Boosterism ○ Innovations by tour operators Marcos transformed tourism into a ○ Information availability priority industry ○ Increased promotion of ○ Created Department of Tourism destinations (1973) with Jose Aspiras as the first secretary The Future of Tourism Philippine Tourism Authority was also Aging of society created to be the development arm Growth in single households The Philippine Convention Bureau was Information technology established to supervise the holding of Environmental consciousness the IMF-World Bank Conference Greater convenience and access ○ Promote the Philippines as a Technology to access opportunities convention destination Hit the one million visitor mark in 1980  Political unrest led to decreased ○ Construction of facilities in areas arrivals until the departure of the with insufficient tourism Marcoses in the People Power demand, leading to white elephants Aspiras – promotional campaigns ○ Sex tourism ○ Where Asia Wears a Smile ○ Facilities that catered mainly to ○ Philippines, An Island to foreign travelers, creating the Remember impression that tourism is a ○ The Philippines: A Nation Reborn neocolonial, elitist activity ○ A Nation in Motion Balikbayan program was also initiated The Aquino Years, 1986-1992: Era of during those years Economic Planning Miss Universe Beauty Pageant (1974) Aquino appointed technocrats and IMF-World Bank Conference (1976) seasoned businessmen as heads of Ali-Frazier “Thrilla in Manila” the DOT Adopted a coherent and consistent Major Accomplishments: marketing tact with Fiesta Islands as ○ Identification of tourism investment priority areas the banner campaign ○ Foreign investments in tourism Restructuring with the staff through incentives compliment ○ Upgrading Manila International PCB was renamed Philippine Airport Convention and Visitors Corporation ○ Provision of international ○ International marketing standard accommodations and Completion of 20-year Philippine conference facilities ○ Technology transfer through Tourism Master Plan expatriate managers and ○ Consolidates all plans for tourism experts tourism development ○ Institutionalization of Balikbayan ○ Sensitive, economically Program justifiable, contribute to ○ Establishment of college-level livelihood creation educational programs in tourism (UP AIT) ○ Help Philippines earn and generate jobs Government criticisms: ○ Core strategies: ○ Absence of coherent development and marketing plan for the Philippines ○ Neglect of domestic sector ○ Concentration in Metro Manila