Dietary Intake Across Lifespan PDF

RECOMMENDED DIETARY INTAKE ACROSS THE LIFESPAN DR SABARIDAH BINTI ISMAIL SENIOR LECTURER COMMUNITY BASED DEPARTMENT UNIKL RCMP  What do you need to know about this topic oWhat is lifespan? oWhat is diet ? oWhat is recommended/ requirement? Lif...

RECOMMENDED DIETARY INTAKE ACROSS THE LIFESPAN DR SABARIDAH BINTI ISMAIL SENIOR LECTURER COMMUNITY BASED DEPARTMENT UNIKL RCMP  What do you need to know about this topic oWhat is lifespan? oWhat is diet ? oWhat is recommended/ requirement? Lifespan = the length of time that someone is likely to live Human life stage - Birth - Neonate - ages 0–1 month - Infant - 0 – 1 year old - Toddler - ages 1–3 years old - Pre-schoolar - ages 4–6 years old - School-aged - child - ages 6 < 13 years - Adolescent - ages 13 < 18 years old - Adult => 18 NEWBORN INFANT TODDLER PRESCHOOLER School children ADOLESCENT Things happen during lifespan which related to specific diet requirement or diet modification Birth Development Pregnancy/post partum Sickness Activity:sport/work/exposure/vegetarian etc  Dietary recommendation or requirement involves: 1. RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCE (RDA) 2. TYPE OF NUTRIENT 3. ENERGY REQUIREMENT 4. DAILY ACTIVITY (adult) RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCE (RDA) The levels of intake of essential nutrients considered to be adequate to meet the needs of healthy people. TYPE OF NUTRIENT Macronutrient Micronutrient (Vitamins/Mineral) MACRONUTRIENTS Carbohydrate Protein Fat  Carbohydrate Recommended nutrient intake for adults 19 – 59 years: 50 – 60% of total energy of daily intake Each gram of CHO = 4 kcal  Protein Recommended nutrient intake for adults 19 – 59 years: 15to 20 % of daily/total energy requirement 62g/day for men (61-64 kg) and 55g/day for women (52-57 kg). Each gram of protein = 4 kcal  Fat Recommended fat intake for adults 19 – 59 years 25 – 30% of calories intake Men (61- 64 kg) : 54 – 82 g/day Women (52-57 kg) : 46 – 70 g/day Each gram of fat = 9 kcal  MICRONUTRIENTS Water soluble vitamins thiamine (vitamin B1) riboflavin (vitamin B2) niacin (vitamin B3) Folate (vitamin B9) ascorbic acid (vitamin C) MICRONUTRIENTS Fat Soluble Vitamins vitamin A vitamin D vitamin E vitamin K  Mineral Requirements  Minerals are found in plants and animals.  These elements promote chemical reactions and may form part of many tissues.  Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, iron, sodium, sulphur, chlorine, and magnesium are important for health.  Some mineral elements are required in very tiny amounts in human diets for metabolic purposes; these are termed "essential trace elements". Among the many trace elements, iodine and zinc receive highest priority in public health interventions Food Pyramid Food Pyramid  MALAYSIAN FOOD PYRAMID Food Groups Serving Energy CHO Protein Fat size Kcal g g g Cereal & Products 1 150 30 4 1 Fruits 1 60 15 0 0 Leafy vegetables 1 0 0 0 0 Fish & products 1 130 0 14 1 Meat/chicken/egg 1 70 0 14 4 Skim milk 1 90 15 8 0 Low fat milk 1 125 12 8 5 Full cream milk 1 150 10 8 9 Oil 1 45 0 0 5 Sugar 1 20 5 0 0  MEAL DISTRIBUTION % Kcal Weight Serving size g Calorie 1200 CHO 55 660 165 4 Protein 15 180 45 2 Fat 30 360 25 5 ENERGY REQUIREMENT and ACTIVITY LEVEL  Activity Level Sedentary Spend most time sitting, if more stands only carry light loads E.g. office worker, teacher, nurses, housewives with mechanical appliance, hawker, machine operator, driver Moderate Jobs involve some lifting and carrying at least several time a day E.g. carpenter, fisherman, gardener, farmer, cleaner Active Jobs consistently require them to carry/lift heavy loads and move vigorously E.g. labourer, construction worker, cadet army, sport person Body Mass Index(BMI) Weight(kg) --------------------------- Height(m) x height(m) ENERGY REQUIREMENT Weight Overweight & Normal weight status/Physical Obese BMI 18.5 – 22.9 kg/m2 activity level or BMI > 23 kg/m2 Sedentary 20 – 25 kcal/kg 30 kcal/kg Moderate activity 25 – 30 kcal/kg 35 kcal/kg Marked activity 30 – 35 kcal/kg 40 kcal/kg  Using ideal weight for BMI for over weight/underweight Weight for calculation : use current weight for all except for obese (BMI > 27.5 kg/m2) and underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) ; calculate using acceptable body weight at the of BMI = 22 kg/m2 Cole,1970 CPG Obesity 2004  MEAL DISTRIBUTION % Kcal Weight Serving size g Calorie 1200 CHO 55 660 165 4 Protein 15 180 45 2 Fat 30 360 25 5  CALCULATION OF CALORIES USING FOOD COMPOSITION TABLE BREAKFAST: Food Household Weight Kcal/ Kcal measure g 100 g 1. Rice 1 cup 128 130 166 2. Chicken breast ½ piece 66 99 65 3. French beans ½ cup 58 36 21 4. Oil 1 tsp 5 45 45 5. Low fat milk 1/3 cup 85 31 43 6. Total 340 CALCULATION OF CALORIES USING FOOD COMPOSITION TABLE am tea or pm tea : Food Household Weight Kcal/ Kcal measure g 100g 1. Starfruit 1 small 101 24 24 2. Low fat milk 1/3 cup 85 51 43 3. Total 67 CALCULATION OF CALORIES USING FOOD COMPOSITION TABLE LUNCH: Food Household Weight Kcal/ Kcal measure g 100 g 1. Rice 2 cups 256 130 332 2. Fish 1 medium 65 122 79 3. Kangkung ½ cup 39 22 11 4. Oil 2 tsp 10 900 90 6. Total 512 CALCULATION OF CALORIES USING FOOD COMPOSITION TABLE DINNER: Food Household Weight Kcal/ Kcal measure g 100 g 1. Rice 1 cup 128 130 166 2. Chicken breast ½ piece 66 99 65 3. Spinach ½ cup 32 21 6 4. Oil 2 tsp 10 900 90 6. Total 337 24 hour recall 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Time Menu Food House- Weight Kcal/ Kcal hold E.P. 100 g measure g  Recommended Nutrient Intake For Malaysia Age Energy Pro Calciu Iron Thiami Riboflavi Niacin Vitam Vitami (kcal) tein m (mg) (mg) n n (mg) (mg) in C n A (µg) (mg) (µg) Men 19-29 yrs 2440 62 800 14 1.2 1.3 16 70 600 30-50 yrs 2460 62 800 14 1.2 1.3 16 70 600 51-59 yrs 2460 62 800 14 1.2 1.3 16 70 600 60-65 yrs 2010 59 800 14 1.2 1.3 16 70 600 >65 yrs 2010 59 1000 14 1.2 1.3 16 70 600 Women 19-29 yrs 2000 55 800 29 1.1 1.1 14 70 500 30-50 yrs 2180 55 800 29 1.1 1.1 14 70 500 51-59 yrs 2180 55 1000 11 1.1 1.1 14 70 500 60-65 yrs 1780 51 1000 11 1.1 1.1 14 70 500 >65 yrs 1780 51 1000 11 1.1 1.1 14 70 600 Sumber : RNI 2005 Dietary requirement according to life stage and and event  NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR INFANTS First 6 months - breast-feeding Second 6 months – infant formula and introduction to foods. Energy First 6 months 115kcal/kg or (23 kcal/kg) Second 6 months 105 kcal/kg or (22 kcal/kg). NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS Protein Each day the infant adds from 3.0 to 3.5 g protein to his body, for a total of about 1200 g during the first year. At birth, the protein content of the body is about 11%, by the end of the first year this has risen to 14.6%. first 6 months 2.2 g protein/kg second 6 months 1.8 g/kg for NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS Carbohydrate and Fat No recommended allowances have been set for carbohydrate and fat. Almost half of the calories from human milk are supplied by fat. Also, human milk has about 6 – 9% linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid. Nonfat and low-fat milks are not recommended for the first year. Water About 150 ml/100 kcal is the recommended fluid intake. Breast milk supplies the fluid requirement  NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS Minerals Iron Full-term infants are born with adequate iron stores for the first 4 – 6 months. Human milk is low in iron but about 50% of iron in breast milk is absorbed. After 4 – 6 months, the daily iron need of about 1.5 mg/kg is supplied by an iron-fortified formula or iron-fortified cereal. Human milk or formulas supply the recommended allowances for calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS Vitamins Human milk supplies the vitamins needed by the infant, except possibly vitamin D. A vitamin D supplement is usually recommended. Commercial formulas provide the recommended levels of all vitamins.  Infant Toddlers Breast feeding from They will eat birth When they are hungry Iron fortified cereal They eat in small with breast milk(4-6m) amount but frequently Introduction to fruits They learn to eat through and vege. (6-8m) observation Introduction to protein foods (8- 10m) They try new food Intro. to table food (10-12m) Childhood nutrition  NUTRITION FOR CHILDREN AND TEENAGERS PRESCHOOL AND SCHOOL CHILDREN Meeting Nutritional Needs Based on body weight, the nutrient requirements of children are higher than those for adults. energy requirements for 1- 3 year old children range from 900 to 1800 kcal, Protein allowances are for 1 to 3 year old - 1.8 g/kg 4 to 6 year olds-1.5 g/kg 7 to 10 year -1.2 g/kg  NUTRITION FOR CHILDREN AND TEENAGERS PREADOLESCENT AND ADOLESCENT YOUTH Nutritional Needs The caloric needs of boys and girls are somewhat higher than those for men and women with corresponding higher allowances for thiamin, riboflavin and niacin. The protein allowances do not differ significantly from those for adults, but the calcium allowance is 1200 mg, which is 50% greater than that for adults. Elderly nutritional requirement is depent on : Body Composition Lean Body Mass and Fat Bone Loss Collagen Sensory Changes Gastrointestinal Function Metabolic Changes Disease/health problems need diet modification Chronic non communicable disease Acne Psychological problem Thank you for your attention