Nutrition in Pregnancy & Lactation PDF - NCM 105

Nutrition in Pregnancy & Lactation Subject/s NCM 105 Semester 1st Semester Quarter Finals Status Done Last edited time @December 3, 202...

Nutrition in Pregnancy & Lactation Subject/s NCM 105 Semester 1st Semester Quarter Finals Status Done Last edited time @December 3, 2024 9:11 AM −Table of Contents Adequate & Poor Nutrition Adequate & Poor Nutrition Effect of Pregnancy on Weight −Importance of Adequate Nutrition −Impact of Poor Nutrition Nutritional Recommendations During Nutrition, Prior & Throughout, has a GREAT Impact; Not only Poor Nutrition (Underweight or Over Weight Pregnancy on the Mother’s Health, but also on the Growth, Development, of the Mother) Presents as Medical Risks of Protein Intake & Health of her Child AFTER Birth. Pregnancy & Childbirth. Energy Requirements For Pregnant Teens In Addition to Heredity & Socio-Economic Environment, Monitoring Fetal Health & Intelligence can be Determined by the Effect of Pregnancy on Adequacy of Intake Mother’s Nutrition. Weight Monitoring of Body Weight Carbohydrate Intake 1. Good Pregnancy Outcome is 2. Infant Birthweight STRONGLY Links to Pregnancy Weight → Blood Sugar & ENSURED when the Mother enters MOST Powerful Predictor of the Child’s Future Health & Survival. Pregnancy Pregnancy with a Healthy Body Vitamin & Mineral a. Low Birthweight → Likely to have an Illness & to Die in Early Weight, Good Nutrient Stores, & Needs Months of Life. Sound Eating Habits. Folate & Vitamin B12 Vitamin D, Ca, P, F, & Mg Iron & Vitamin C Intake Nutritional Recommendations During Pregnancy Zinc Intake Caffeine Intake −Include Sources of Essential Fatty Acids (Corn Oil, Soy Oil, Sunflower Oil, etc.) in the Diet. Other Dietary Recommendations Managing Protein Intake Heartburn Alleviating Morning The Normal Requirements based on Age & Sex, WITH an Additional 9-10g/Day throughout the Pregnancy. Sickness / Nausea Emphasize High-Quality, Complete Protein Foods → Cheese, Meat, Fish, Eggs, etc. Easing Constipation Lactose Intolerance PICA Energy Requirements Water Retention Who are in Need of −Adjust the Calorie Intake Depending on Physical Activity, Current Weight, & if it is a Teenage Pregnancy. Nutritional Counseling? Nutritional 📖 Recommendations During Calorie Recommendation Lactation The Normal Requirements based on Age & Rationale for Increase Importance of Correct Nutrition Activity, WITH an Additional 300 kcal for Additional Energy is Needed to Support the Growth of the Importance of Healthy the 2nd-3rd Trimester. Eating Uterus, Breast, Fetus, Increase Blood Volume, & for the Calorie Requirement Buildup of Storage Fat. Protein Requirement Fat Intake PUFA-Rich Foods Vitamin-Mineral For Pregnant Teens Supplementation Water & Fluids Evaluate Individually according Teens (13-16 Years Old) should Strive for a Pregnancy Weight Gain to Age & Pre-Pregnancy between 30-35 Pounds to Reduce the Risk of Delivering a Low- Weight. Birthweight Infant. Monitoring Adequacy of Intake Monitoring of Body Weight The Best Indicator of kcal Adequacy is a A Sudden, Sharp INCREASE in Maternal Body Weight AFTER the CONSTANT Weight Gain of, approximately, 20th Week of Pregnancy may Indicate Water Retention & the Nutrition in Pregnancy & Lactation 1  0.4 kg/Week AFTER the 1st Trimester. Possible Onset of Complication (Pre-Eclampsia). Added Energy is BEST Obtained Excess Weight Gain during Pregnancy should be AVOIDED, as it from Carbohydrate Foods → Bread, has been Associated with Complications (Cesarean Delivery) & Rice, etc. Later Obesity. Carbohydrate Intake Blood Sugar & Pregnancy Pregnancy may Precipitate the Onset of 📖 Emphasize Minimally Processed Diabetes in some Women due to Placental Foods (Unified Carbo) so that Other Hormones altering the Way Insulin Works Rationale Nutrients are also Supplied. → Blood Sugar is Abnormally High. Generous Amount of Carbohydrate is critical Best Sources: Unified Rice (Red / For Women with Gestational Diabetes, to Spare Protein & to Supply Energy Needs Brown), Whole-Wheat Breads, Root Select Foods Rich in Complex → Higher Basal Energy Expenditure & for Crops, Fruits, Legumes, & Other Carbohydrates & LIMIT their Consumption Tissue Building. Vegetables. of Concentrated Sweets. Vitamin & Mineral Needs When Recommended a Multivitamin-Mineral, they are Supplements for Women who are Nutritionally at Risk: 1.) Carrying Multiple Fetuses, 2.) Underweight / Overweight at the Beginning of the Pregnancy, 3.) Gain of Insufficient / Excessive Weight During the Pregnancy, 4.) Adolescents, 5.) Consumes Inadequate Diets (Avoiding All Animal-Derived Foods), 6.) Lacking of Nutritional Knowledge / Limited Financial Means to Buy enough Foods, & 7.) Lactose Intolerant. −How to Meet Needs via Food Folate & Vitamin B12 1. Eat 5 Servings of Fruits & Vegetables Daily. 📖 −For the Prevention of 2. Take Folate Supplements. Neural Tube Defects / Spina Rationale Bifida → Occurs when the 3. Folate is Found in Green-Leafy Vegetables, A High Folate (400-600 mg/Day) & Vertebrae of the Spine FAILS Legumes, Liver, Orange Juice, Melons, & Vitamin B12 (2.6 mg/Day) Intake is critical to Close around the Spinal Whole-Wheat Products. for Rapid Cell Mutation of Tissues & for an Cord, Leaving it Unprotected. 4. Vitamin B12 may be Obtained by Consuming Increase of the Mother’s RBC. Modest Amounts of Fish, Eggs, or Milk Products. a. Strict Vegetarians may Need Daily Supplements. Vitamin D, Ca, P, F, & Mg 📖 −Adequate Intakes Rationale Calcium Phosphorus Fluoride Magnesium Needed to 1,300 mg/Day for 14-18 1,259 mg/Day for 14-18 400 mg/Day for 14-18 2.9 mg/Day for 14-18 Years. Build the Years. Years. Years. Skeleton of the 1,000 mg/Day for 19-50 700 mg/Day for 19-30 350 mg/Day for 19-30 3.1 mg/Day for 19-50 Years. Fetus. Years. Years. Years. Supplementation is NOT 360 mg/Day for 31-50 Recommended for Fluoridated Water Years. −Fluoride: Important in Drinkers. the Mineralization of the Fetus’ Bone & Teeth. Iron & Vitamin C Intake Rationale: 1.) Iron Deficiency Anemia is Common, 2.) Iron is Needed in Red Blood Cell Production, & 3.) Vitamin C Enhances Absorption of Iron from Food. −Vitamin C Deficiency (as Well −Recommended Iron Intake −Recommended Vitamin C Intake as Lack of Vitamin E & Magnesium) is Linked with a 27-38 mg/Day, Depending on the Pregnancy 80 mg/Day. Higher Risk of Pre-Eclampsia Stage. Food Sources: Fresh Fruits (Citrus Fruits, Melons, Strawberries), Vegetables (Potatoes), & Organ Nutrition in Pregnancy & Lactation 2  (Pregnancy Induced Food Sources: Liver, Oyster, Red Meat, Fish, Meats (Liver, Kidneys). Hypertension). Other Meats, Dried Fruits (Mango, Raisins, Prunes), Legumes (Mongo Beans, Peas, Lima Beans), & Dark Green Vegetables. Zinc Intake Caffeine Intake Rationale: 1.) Required for DNA & RNA Synthesis, & Iron Interferes with the Body’s Absorption & −The Harmful Dose & Extent of 2.) Low Zinc → Low Birthweight. Use of Zinc, thus Taking Iron Supplements of Caffeine is STILL being MORE than 30 mg/Day may ALSO Need Zinc Investigated; However, there is a Food Sources: Protein-Rich Foods (e.g., Meat, Supplements of 15 mg/Day. Risk of Miscarriage & Low- Shellfish, Nuts). Birthweight. Other Dietary Recommendations −Vegans − Excessive Weight Gain Needs Vitamin B12, Calcium, Iron, & Zinc Supplements, as well as The Goal should be to RESTORE Eating Patterns to match a Vitamin D if NOT Exposed to Sunlight. Normal Growth Curve. Consumption of Calcium-Fortified Soy Milk / Orange Juice may Dieting (Low Calorie Intake) is NOT Advisable during Pregnancy. be Required, as Calcium Content of a Regular Prenatal Supplement is NOT Enough. −Rice & Equivalents 1 Cup of Rice. 1 Cup of Corn. 4 Slices of 2 Cups of Bread. Noodles. 2 Slices of Puto. 1 Cup of Cooked Yellow 5 Pieces of Camote Small Pandesal. −Sugar / Sweets −Fats & Oils (1 Serving) 1 tsp. of Sugar = 1 tsp. of Honey, 1 tsp. (Powder) 1 tsp. of Coconut Oil (5 g) = 1 tbsp. of of Fruit-Flavored Drink, 2 tsp. of Jam / Jellies / Coconut Cream, 1 tsp. of Mayonnaise, 1 Preservatives, 1/5 Glass of Soft Drink / Flavored tsp. of Margarine / Butter, 1 tsp. of Peanut Drink, 1 Piece of Hard Candy. Butter. −Fish / Shellfish, Meat, Poultry, Dried Beans, Nuts, & Eggs (1 −Other Body-Building Foods (1 −Milk & Milk Products (1 Serving) Serving) Serving) 1 Piece of Medium-Sized Fish. 1/3 Cup of Cooked Dried Beans / 1 Glass of Whole Milk = 4 tbsp. of Nuts. Powdered Whole Milk or 1/2 Cup 1/3 Cup of Shellfish, Shelled. of Evaporated Milk, Diluted with 1/2 Cup of Tofu. 3 cm Cub of Cooked Pork / Beef / Chicken. 1/2 Glass of Water. 1 Piece of Tokwa. 1 Piece of Chicken Egg. 1 Slice of Cheese. −Vegetables (1 Serving) −Fruits (1 Serving) −Water Intake 1 Cup of Raw or 1/2 Cup of Cooked Leafy 1 Medium-Sized / 1 Slice of a Big 6-8 Glasses. Vegetables. Fruit. 1/2 Cup of Raw / Cooked Other Vegetables. Use Iodized Salt, BUT Avoid Excess. Heavy Drinking throughout Pregnancy can Result in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). Include Iodine-Rich Foods / an Additional Allowance of 25 mcg is Recommended. Pregnant Women with High Blood Sugar, including Pre- Eclampsia, should Limit Salty Food Products (e.g., Processed OMIT Alcohol, as it is a known Teratogen & is Associated with Meats, Canned Goods, Snack Chips). Birth Defects that are Dose-Dependent. Nutrition in Pregnancy & Lactation 3  Managing Heartburn 1. Consume Small Meals at Frequent Intervals. 3. AVOID Spicy / Fatty Foods. 2. Drink Fluids between Meals, BUT Stay Away from Orange / 4. Wait 1 Hour AFTER Meals before Lying Down. Grapefruit Juice, Soft Drinks, Chocolate, & Coffee. 5. Wait 2 Hours AFTER Eating before Exercising. Alleviating Morning Sickness / Nausea 1. Eat Dry Toast or Dry Cereals / Crackers before 3. Take Small Meals at Frequent Intervals. 5. OMIT Citrus Juice, Milk, Coffee, or Getting Out of Bed in the Morning. Tea. 4. AVOID Greasy Foods & Foods with 2. Try Chewing Gum / Hard Candies from Time to Offensive Odors. 6. DON’T Drink Liquids WITH Food. Time. Easing Constipation Lactose Intolerance Substitute Soy Milk if the Regular Lactose- 1. Drink at least 8 Glasses of 3. Enjoy Dried Fruits during Snacks, Containing Milk is NOT Tolerated. Water / Other Non-Caffeine & especially Prunes. Non-Alcoholic Fluids. If Milk is TOTALLY Omitted for Medical 4. Select more often Whole Grain Cereals & Reasons, Try to Obtain Calcium & Phosphorus 2. Include Fruits & Vegetables Breads. from Other Foods. Daily. PICA Water Retention Edema of Pregnancy Does NOT Correct Calcium Deficiency / Iron Seek Advice from a Healthcare Deficiency Anemia via Supplementation & Professional regarding the Unfavorable Require Dietary Intervention. Emphasizing a Balanced Diet. Effect of this Behavior on Nutritional Leg Cramps during Pregnancy may be Status, as well as on the Fetus. Relieved by Magnesium / Calcium PICA has been Linked to These Supplementation. Deficiencies. Who are in Need of Nutritional Counseling? LESS than 18 Years of Age at Onset of Multigravida Teenagers. Women with Limited Income Pregnancy. &/or Food Sources. Women who are Pregnant within a Year of the Underweight (> 10% below the DBW) or LAST Pregnancy. Vegetarians / those with Overweight (>20% above the DBW) Prior Unusual Food Habits Women who have the following Medical Problems: to Pregnancy. (Faddism, PICA, etc.). Drug / Alcohol Abuse / Addiction, Diabetes, Insufficient Weight Gain (< 1 kg/Month in Multiple Fetuses. Kidney / Heart Disease, Anemia, Seizure the 2nd-3rd Trimester). Disorders, Multiple Food Allergies, Lactose Excessive Weight Gain (3 kg or Intolerance, & GI Disease (Malabsorption more/Month). Syndrome). Nutritional Recommendations During Lactation Importance of Correct Nutrition The Physiologic Needs of Lactation are Adequate Nutrition = By continuing to Eat Nutritious Foods & Fluids with the GREATER than of Pregnancy. Successful Right Amount throughout Lactation, the Mother will be Lactation. Prepared to Provide Breast Milk. Importance of Healthy Eating The Quality of Milk is maintained at the Expense of Maternal Due to the various Benefits of Breastfeeding, Mother’s are Stores. Encouraged to Breast Feed their babies at least for the 1st 12 Months of Life. The Nutrients in the Breast Milk most likely to Decline due to Insufficient Intake are Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, & Vitamin D. Nutrition in Pregnancy & Lactation 4  Its Unique Nutrient Composition & Protective Factors Promote optimal Infant Health & Development. Calorie Requirement 📖 An additional 500 kcal Energy Intake ABOVE Normal Needs for Age & Activity is Recommended. Rationale (Based on 3 Factors) The Period of Lactation is the Natural Time to LOSE the Extra Fat she gained during 1.) To Fortify Milk with Enough Calorie the Pregnancy. Content. YET, an Intake of < 1,200 kcal/Day is NOT Advised, as it will Hold Back Milk 2.) To Support Milk Production. Production. 3.) For Maternal Adipose Tissue Storage. Weight Loss can be achieved by Eating Nutritious Foods that are Modest in Calorie Content. Protein Requirement Fat Intake Increases by 16 g (1st 6 Mo.) & 12 g (7 Mo. Onwards) /Day Over the Normal Fat should Provide 20-35% of Total Calories. Recommended for Age. Eating Protein Foods of High Quality is Suggested. E.X.: Milk & Milk Products, Eggs, Meats, Poultry, & Seafoods. PUFA-Rich Foods Sources of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids must be Emphasized due to their Crucial Role in Fetal & Infant Retina & Brain Development. Regular consumption of Fatty Fish rich in Omega-3 Fatty Acids is Encouraged. Vitamin-Mineral Supplementation Only Lactating Women with Poor Diets / Inadequate in One or More Nutrients may need to take Supplements. Adequate Vitamin D will be Necessary if Intake is Poor / the Infant receives Little Sunshine Exposure. Water & Fluids Fluid Intake is HIGHER during Breastfeeding, about 8 Cups or More to Prevent Dehydration. AVOID Alcohol, Caffeine, & MOST Drugs as they can be Transmitted via Breast Milk to Infants. Nutrition in Pregnancy & Lactation 5