Dietary Intake Across the Lifespan

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following trace elements is prioritized in public health interventions?

  • Selenium
  • Iodine (correct)
  • Copper
  • Iron

Leafy vegetables contain energy value as indicated in the Malaysian Food Pyramid.

False (B)

List one example of a sedentary activity.

Office work

The serving size of fish & products in the Malaysian Food Pyramid is _____.

<p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the activity level with the description:

<p>Sedentary = Spends most time sitting, light loads Moderate = Involves some lifting and carrying Active = Requires carrying/lifting heavy loads</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated caloric intake of a serving of chicken breast, as shown in the table?

<p>99 kcal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Nutritional Requirements for Infants chart, the recommended energy intake for a 6-month-old infant is 105 kcal/kg.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily protein intake for a woman between the ages of 30 and 50?

<p>55g</p> Signup and view all the answers

The recommended daily iron intake for men aged 19-29 years old is ______mg.

<p>14</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the food item with the recommended daily intake for a Malaysian adult:

A. Chicken Breast
B. Spinach
C. Oil

<p>A = ½ piece B = ½ cup C = 2 tsp</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) for Malaysia was published in 2005.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much protein does an infant add to their body each day?

<p>3.0 to 3.5 grams</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided nutritional information, which food item has the highest caloric density per 100g?

<p>Oil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical age range for toddlers?

<p>1-3 years old (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Macronutrients include vitamins and minerals.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does RDA stand for?

<p>Recommended Dietary Allowance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each gram of fat provides _____ kcal.

<p>9</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following macronutrients with their recommended percentage of total daily energy intake for adults aged 19-59:

<p>Carbohydrates = 50-60% Proteins = 15-20% Fats = 25-30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral is NOT mentioned as important for health?

<p>Zinc (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pregnancy can affect dietary requirements.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy requirement in grams for protein intake for an average man weighing 61-64 kg?

<p>62</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended protein intake for infants in the first six months?

<p>2.2 g/kg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Human milk is high in iron content.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What vitamin is commonly recommended as a supplement for infants who are breastfed?

<p>Vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

The caloric needs of preschool children (ages 1-3) range from _____ to _____ kcal.

<p>900; 1800</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the age group with their corresponding protein allowance:

<p>1-3 years = 1.8 g/kg 4-6 years = 1.5 g/kg 7-10 years = 1.2 g/kg Infants (0-6 months) = 2.2 g/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended calcium allowance for adolescents?

<p>1200 mg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nonfat and low-fat milks are recommended for infants during their first year.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What food is recommended to be introduced to infants between 6-8 months?

<p>Fruits and vegetables</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the BMI range for normal weight?

<p>18.5 – 22.9 kg/m2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sedentary individuals with normal weight have an energy requirement of 30 kcal/kg.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal BMI for calculating weight in underweight individuals?

<p>22 kg/m2</p> Signup and view all the answers

The total calories for breakfast are _____ kcal.

<p>340</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following foods has the highest kcal per 100g?

<p>Oil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following food items with their calorie content:

<p>Rice = 130 kcal Chicken breast = 99 kcal Starfruit = 24 kcal Kangkung = 22 kcal</p> Signup and view all the answers

To calculate calories for an obese individual, use the current weight for computation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For marked activity level, the energy requirement for normal weight is _____ kcal/kg.

<p>30-35</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is lifespan?

The length of time that someone is likely to live.

What is diet?

A planned way of eating that includes different types of foods.

What is recommended dietary intake?

The amount of nutrients and energy needed to stay healthy.

What is RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance)?

The suggested levels of essential nutrients for healthy individuals.

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What are macronutrients?

Big nutrients that provide energy: carbohydrates, protein, fat.

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What are micronutrients?

Nutrients needed in small amounts but important for growth and development.

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What is energy requirement?

The total amount of energy your body needs each day.

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What is daily activity (adult)?

The amount of energy you use in your daily activities like work and exercise.

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Essential Trace Elements

Essential trace elements are mineral elements that are needed in very small amounts for metabolic purposes, but are crucial for human health.

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Iodine and Zinc in Public Health

Iodine and zinc are two essential trace elements that are given high priority in public health interventions due to their importance for various bodily functions.

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Malaysian Food Pyramid

The Malaysian Food Pyramid is a visual guide to healthy eating, showing recommended daily servings from different food groups to ensure balanced nutrition.

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Meal Distribution and Activity Level

The recommended daily calorie distribution for maintaining health varies depending on activity level.

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Energy Requirement and Activity Level

Energy requirement for an individual is influenced by their activity level.

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Energy Requirement (kcal)

The amount of energy your body needs each day based on your age, gender, and activity level.

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Kcal/ 100g

The total amount of energy a specific food provides per 100 grams.

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Macronutrients

Protein, fat, and carbohydrates are the primary sources of energy.

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Micronutrients

Vitamins and minerals are essential for various bodily functions but are needed in smaller amounts.

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24-Hour Dietary Recall

Describes the food intake for a specific time period, usually 24 hours, to assess dietary habits.

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Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI)

Recommended daily intake of nutrients for different age groups and genders to maintain health.

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Daily Activity

The amount of energy required by the body to perform daily activities.

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Energy Needs for Infants

The energy needs of infants vary based on their age and growth.

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Protein needs for infants (first 6 months)

Infants need about 2.2 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight for the first six months.

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Protein needs for infants (6 months onwards)

After six months, infants need about 1.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight.

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Fat needs for infants

Although there's no set recommendation, breast milk provides about half of its energy from fat.

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Fluid intake needs for infants

Infants need about 150 ml of fluid for every 100 kcal of energy they consume.

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Iron stores in full-term infants

Full-term infants have enough iron stored for the first 4-6 months.

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Iron needs for infants (after 4-6 months)

After 4-6 months, infants need about 1.5 mg of iron per kilogram of body weight per day.

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Nutritional needs of children vs. adults

Children have higher nutrient requirements than adults, especially for energy and protein.

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Energy needs for children (1-3 years)

Children aged 1-3 years need 900-1800 kcal per day.

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What is BMI?

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measurement that calculates your weight in relation to your height.

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What constitutes an overweight or obese BMI?

A person is considered overweight if their BMI is between 23.0 and 27.4 kg/m2 or greater, while obese is a BMI greater than 27.4 kg/m2.

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How does activity level affect energy requirement?

Sedentary individuals need 20-25 kcal per kg of body weight, while those with moderate activity require 25-30 kcal/kg. For people with marked activity, the requirement is 30-35 kcal/kg.

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What is ideal body weight in relation to BMI?

Ideal body weight is the weight that aligns with a healthy BMI of 22.0 kg/m2. It's used to calculate energy requirements for individuals who are underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) or obese (BMI > 27.5 kg/m2).

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What is meal distribution?

It's the breakdown of your daily caloric intake across three main meals. It suggests a distribution of 55% carbohydrates, 15% protein, and 30% fats for a 1200-calorie diet.

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What is a food composition table?

A food composition table lists the caloric content per 100g of different food items. Using this table, you can calculate the total calories in a meal by summing the individual contributions of each food.

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How can you calculate calories using a food composition table?

Using the food composition table, you can break down a meal into its components, such as rice, chicken breast, vegetables, oil, and milk, and calculate the total calories by adding up each ingredient's calorie count.

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Study Notes

  • Lifespan is the length of time a person is likely to live.
  • Human life stages include newborn, infant, toddler, pre-school, school-aged, adolescent, and adult.
  • Dietary requirements vary across life stages.

Factors Affecting Dietary Requirements

  • Birth
  • Development
  • Pregnancy/postpartum
  • Sickness
  • Activity level (e.g., sport, work, exposure)
  • Vegetarianism
  • Other factors

Dietary Recommendations

  • Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): Levels of essential nutrients considered sufficient for healthy individuals.
  • Types of nutrients: Macronutrients (carbohydrates, protein, fat) and Micronutrients (vitamins, minerals).
  • Energy requirements: Vary based on age, gender, activity level, and body mass index.
  • Daily activity level for adults impacts energy needs.

Macronutrient Recommendations (Adults 19-59 Years)

  • Carbohydrates: 50-60% of daily energy intake. Each gram of carbohydrate (CHO) = 4 kcal.
  • Protein: 15-20% of daily energy intake. Men (61-64 kg): 62g/day, Women (52-57 kg): 55g/day. Each gram of protein = 4 kcal.
  • Fat: 25-30% of daily calories. Men (61-64 kg): 54-82 g/day, Women (52-57 kg): 46-70 g/day. Each gram of fat = 9 kcal.

Micronutrient Recommendations

  • Water-soluble vitamins: Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Folate (B9), Ascorbic acid (C)
  • Fat-soluble vitamins: Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K
  • Minerals: Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, iron, sodium, sulphur, chlorine, magnesium, iodine, zinc.

Energy Requirements

  • Activity Levels: Sedentary, Moderate, Active.
  • Body Mass Index (BMI): Used to determine weight status and adjusting energy needs.
  • Ideal weights are used in calculations except for obese (BMI > 27.5 kg/m2) and underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) individuals.

Nutritional Requirements for Infants

  • First 6 months: Breastfeeding is recommended. Energy: 115 kcal/kg or 23 kcal/kg. Protein: 2.2 g/kg.
  • Second 6 months: Introduction of infant formula and foods. Energy: 105 kcal/kg or 22 kcal/kg. Protein: 1.8 g/kg. No specific carbohydrate or fat recommendations, but breast milk is rich in both. Adequate water is also essential and breast milk provides this.
  • Beyond 6 months: Gradual introduction of various foods.

Nutritional Requirements for Children and Teenagers (Preschool and School Children)

  • Meeting nutritional needs: Children's requirements are higher than adults' due to increased growth and activity.
  • Energy requirements for 1 to 3-year-olds: 900-1800 kcal/day
  • Protein allowances for 1 to 3-year-olds: 1.8 g/kg
  • Protein allowances for 4 to 6-year-olds: 1.5 g/kg.
  • Protein allowances for 7 to 10-year-olds: 1.2 g/kg.

Nutritional Requirements for Pre-adolescents and Adolescents

  • Calorie needs are higher for boys and girls compared to men and women, with increased allowances for thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin.
  • Protein allowances are similar to those for adults
  • Calcium allowance is 50% greater than for adults (1200 mg).

Nutritional Requirements for the Elderly

  • Factors affecting requirements: Body composition, lean body mass and fat, bone loss, collagen, sensory changes, gastrointestinal function, and metabolic changes.

Disease/health Problems and Diet Modification

  • Chronic non-communicable diseases
  • Acne
  • Psychological problems
  • Dietary modifications are necessary for individuals with these conditions.

Food Pyramid and Malaysian Food Pyramid

  • Visual representations of recommended food groups and portion sizes.

24-hour Recall

  • A tool for tracking food intake over a 24-hour period. Key data points include time, menu, food, household measures, weight, and calories per 100g.

Dietary Recommendations For Malaysia

  • Tables provide nutritional data for men and women of various age groups, listing energy, protein, calcium, iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C and vitamin A.

Calculations of Calories

  • Detailed examples of calculating calorie intake from various meal examples, using household measurements (e.g., rice, chicken, beans, etc.)

Additional information

  • Commercial formulas can supply most vitamin needs.
  • Iron deficiency may require supplements in children.

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