First Semester 2024/2025 Electrical and Mechanical Systems AE 475 PDF

Hijjawi Faculty for Engineering Technology Department of Architectural Engineering First Semester 2024/2025 Electrical and Mechanical Systems AE 475 Dr. Muna M. Alibrahim  Topic 5 Rainwater drainage systems What is Drainage System? Drain...

Hijjawi Faculty for Engineering Technology Department of Architectural Engineering First Semester 2024/2025 Electrical and Mechanical Systems AE 475 Dr. Muna M. Alibrahim  Topic 5 Rainwater drainage systems What is Drainage System? Drainage systems refer to the infrastructure and design elements that manage the flow of water, both surface runoff and subsurface water, to prevent flooding and maintain stability in infrastructure projects. These systems are used in roads, buildings, and other civil engineering structures. Drainage systems components Drainage systems encompass drainage pipes, culverts, catch basins, and stormwater management facilities, etc. These collect, convey, and dispose of the water. Culverts Catch basins Drainage pipes Types of Drainage Systems In Buildings 1- Sanitary Drainage System 2- Stormwater Drainage System 3- Combined Drainage System 4- Subsoil Drainage System 5- Sump Pump System 1 Sanitary Drainage System This system deals with the removal of wastewater from toilets, sinks, showers, and other plumbing fixtures within a building. It includes drainage pipes, traps, and vents that transport the wastewater to the municipal sewer system or a septic tank. 2 Stormwater Drainage System Designed to handle rainwater and surface runoff, the stormwater drainage system collects and directs water away from the building. It typically consists of gutters, downspouts, and drainage pipes that carry the water to a drainage network or a retention pond. 3 Combined Drainage System A combined drainage system may be present in older urban areas. It combines sanitary wastewater and stormwater into a single pipe network, which then discharges into a wastewater treatment plant or a natural water body. 4 Subsoil Drainage System This system prevents the accumulation of water in the soil surrounding a building's foundation. It includes perforated pipes or drains installed underground, typically surrounded by gravel or aggregate, to collect and divert excess water away from the building. 5 Sump Pump System Sump pumps are commonly used in basements or areas prone to water accumulation. They collect water from sump pits and pump it out of the building, preventing water damage and flooding.  Surface drainage directs runoff away from land surfaces so that it does not collect or cause erosion. Grading techniques, culverts, ditch systems, and SURFACE channels are all examples of natural and man-made systems that you can DRAINAGE use for this purpose. Controlling and managing water flow is the main objective of surface drainage. It helps to avoid issues like flooding and soil erosion. “Underground drainage” sets up a network of pipes and channels below UNDERGROUND ground to redirect stormwater and sewage away from man-made features like DRAINAGE roads and buildings. It is an important part of the infrastructure to keep cities safe from stagnant water, waterlogging, and flooding. SURFACE DRAINAGE UNDERGROUND DRAINAGE The most common drainage patterns #An Example …… How deep are drain pipes buried? Several factors, including climate, soil type, local building requirements, and the drainage system’s intended use, determine the minimum and maximum depths to which pipes must be sunk. But the usual depth for burying drain pipes is 12–36 inches below ground level. While deeper digging may be necessary for bigger commercial or industrial uses, 12 to 24 inches is typical for residential sewer pipes. It may be necessary to bury drain pipes deeper in regions that frequently experience cold temperatures in order to avoid freezing and subsequent damage.  Benefits of Drainage Systems in Buildings A well-designed drainage system in buildings offers several benefits. Here are some of the key advantages: 1- Prevents Water Damage: A properly functioning drainage system effectively removes excess water from the building, preventing water damage to the structure, foundations, walls, and interior spaces. It helps avoid issues like leaks, dampness, mold growth, and deterioration of building materials. 2- Minimises Health Risks: Efficient drainage systems ensure the prompt removal of wastewater, reducing the risk of stagnant water accumulation and the associated health hazards. Preventing waterborne diseases and the growth of bacteria and fungi helps maintain a healthy and safe indoor environment. 3- Reduces the Risk of Flooding: Adequate drainage systems efficiently manage stormwater runoff, preventing flooding around and within the building. This protects the property, occupants, and belongings from water-related damages caused by heavy rainfall or other external factors. 4- Maintains Structural Integrity: By controlling the water table and preventing water accumulation in the soil surrounding the building's foundation, a well-designed subsoil drainage system helps maintain the structural integrity of the building. It minimises the risk of soil erosion, foundation settlement, and potential damage to the building's stability. 5- Improves Aesthetics and Landscaping: Proper drainage systems in outdoor areas, such as gardens, courtyards, and parking lots, prevent standing water, soil erosion, and muddy conditions. This contributes to a more visually appealing environment, enhances landscaping possibilities, and ensures safer and more accessible spaces for building occupants. 6- Enhances Longevity and Value: An effective drainage system helps protect the building's infrastructure, materials, and systems from water-related deterioration. Minimising damage and maintaining the building's condition can contribute to its longevity and retain or enhance its value over time. RAINWATER HARVISTING RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM Rainwater harvesting system: technology that collects and stores rainwater for human use. Rainwater harvesting systems range from simple rain barrels to more elaborate structures with pumps, tanks, and purification systems. The non-potable water can be used to irrigate landscaping, flush toilets, wash cars, or launder clothes, and it can even be purified for human consumption. With water scarcity a pressing problem for many densely populated regions, rainwater harvesting systems can supply households and businesses with water for use in dry seasons and lessen the demand on municipal systems. System Components 1. Collection system: Roof surface and gutters to capture the rainwater and send it to the storage system. 2. Inlet filter: Screen filter to catch large debris. 3. First flush diverter: Diverter that removes debris not captured by the inlet filter from the initial stream of rainwater. 4. Storage tank: Storage tanks composed of food-grade polyester resin material which is green in color and helps to reduce bacterial growth. 5. Overflow: Drainage spout that allows for overflow if the storage tank gets full. 6. Controls: Control system that monitors water level and filtration system. 7. Treatment system: Filtration and disinfection system that treats the water to non-potable or potable standards. 8. Pump: Pump to move water through the system to where it will be used. 9. Backflow prevention: Backflow preventer to ensure that under negative pressure water cannot flow backwards through the system into the make-up water system. 10. Flow meter: measure water production. 11. Power supply: Systems may use either conventional power sources or, to improve off-grid capabilities, alternative sources such as stand-alone or grid-tied solar systems. 12. Water level indicator: Monitors the water level in the storage tank.  Rainwater Harvesting Methods 1. Surface Runoff Rainwater Harvesting 2. Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting 1 Surface Runoff Rainwater Harvesting Method Surface runoff rainwater harvesting is a method of collecting rainwater flowing along the ground during the rains will be collected to a tank below the surface of the ground for irrigation and other purposes. During storage of rainwater, it is important to incorporate efficient and effective water conservation methods i.e. by reducing evaporation. It is a very easy to adopt technology and very profitable if used accordingly. The main objective of surface runoff rainwater harvesting method is to meet the ever increasing demand of water, to reduce water pollution, soil erosion and flooding of roads. 2 Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting Method Rooftop rainwater harvesting is a method of collecting rain water where it falls and in which rain water is captured from the roof catchments of domestic houses or commercial buildings and stored in the tanks. Harvested rain water can either be stored in a tank or diverted to artificial recharge system to meet the household/commercial needs through storage in tanks. This method is simple, eco-friendly, less expensive and truly effective. Roof-top rainwater harvesting method (RRH) involves diverting and recharging (or) storing rainwater that falls on the roof of a house/building. The main objective of rooftop rain water harvesting is to make water available for future use, to improve quality of ground water. Advantages of rainwater harvesting methods 1. It increases water security and allows us to achieve a sustainable future with better environment. 2. Rainwater harvesting systems are easy to install, operate and maintain. 3. It acts as an excellent source of water for landscape irrigation without filtration. 4. It significantly promotes both energy and water conservation. 5. Rain water harvesting reduces the flooding on roads and further prevents it from contamination. 6. It meets water requirements in the areas with less sufficient water resources. 7. Great reduce in the water bill with the use of rainwater harvesting system. 8. Rainwater harvesting system can reduce water consumption by as much as 40%.  Technology Considerations The following are important considerations when planning for a rainwater harvesting project: 1. End Use: The intended end use of the harvested rainwater will determine the type of treatment equipment that the system will need. 2. Site location: Choose sites with adequate rainfall for the application. 3. Applications: Choose a location that has multiple applications that can use rainwater, such as vehicle wash, landscape irrigation, and dust suppression. 4. Size of catchment area (roof size): A larger roof area can capture significant amounts of precipitation, even in areas of low rainfall availability. 5. Rainwater storage capacity: Areas with less frequent precipitation may require larger tanks to provide more storage capacity between water recharge. An increased tank size will increase equipment cost. 6. Roof pitch and type: Roof material and pitch influence the amount of water that can be harvested. Lower-pitched roofs tend to catch more water than steeply pitched roofs. Smoother roof textures will facilitate runoff better than textured roofs. 7. Water rates: Areas with higher water rates will make rainwater harvesting projects more economically viable. 8. Permits: Rainwater harvesting permits may be required. Check with your local or state government. What are the advantages of using rainwater tanks and storage systems? Rainwater tanks and storage systems provide an alternative source of water, reduce reliance on municipal water supplies, conserve water, and can be used for various purposes such as irrigation, toilet flushing, and washing cars. What are the advantages of using rainwater tanks and storage systems? Rainwater harvesting reduces the strain on traditional water sources, conserves water, promotes self-sufficiency, reduces flooding risks and helps in maintaining a sustainable water supply.