CE Util Midterm Reviewer

**MODULE 1: BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SANITARY/ PLUMBING DESIGN** -the art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures, and other apparatus to convey and supply water in buildings and to dispose and discharge waste water and other liquid -the planning, designing, and implementation of systems that ensur...

**MODULE 1: BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SANITARY/ PLUMBING DESIGN** -the art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures, and other apparatus to convey and supply water in buildings and to dispose and discharge waste water and other liquid -the planning, designing, and implementation of systems that ensure the safe and efficient distribution of water, removal of waste water, and management of other plumbing systems within a building or infrastructure **PURPOSE OF SANITARY/PLUMBING DESIGN** - Disease Prevention - Environmental Protection (Water Conservation) - Operational Efficiency (System Reliability) **COMPONENTS OF SANITARY/ COMPONENTS OF SANITARY/ PLUMBING DESIGN** - **Water Supply System**- consists of the piping and fitting that supply hot and cold water from the building water supply to the fixtures. - **Plumbing Fixtures**- an exchangeable device which can be connected to a plumbing system to deliver and drain water - **Sanitary Drainage System**- system of piping within public or private premises that conveys sewage or other liquid waste to approved point of disposal - **Stormwater Drainage System**- a network of structures, channels and underground pipes that carry storm water (rainwater) to ponds, lakes, streams and rivers - **Fire Protection System**- includes fire suppression, sprinklers, smoke detectors, and other fire protection equipment that works in tandem to protect against fire **MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM** - All pipe joints must be well fitted and tightly connected with each other to prevent leakage of gas and/or liquid. - Drainage pipe should be provided with adequate cleanout, accessible for repair in case of stoppage - The drainage pipe should be graded or inclined properly for a downward gravity flow of water towards the main sewer or to the septic tank. - The drainage system must be provided with ventilation pipe that will convey gases to atmosphere where it can do no harm to human health - Except for water closet, each fixture shall be provided with suitable trap that prevent back flow of gases. - The drainage system must be vented to avoid siphonage or back flow of the water seal **SOURCES OF WASTEWATER** - **Domestic Sewage**-wastewater generated by home dwellings, public restrooms, hotels, restaurants, motels, resorts, schools, places of worship, sports stadiums, hospitals, and other health centers and/or apartments that produces high volumes of wastewater. - **Non-Domestic Sewage**-water from floods (stormwater), runoff (rainwater running through cracks in the ground and into gutters), water from swimming pools, water from car garages and cleaning center **BASIC PRINCIPLE** The basic principle of the **1999 National Plumbing Code of the Philippines** is an update of the tenets **established in the "Plumbing Law of the Philippines" approved on 18 June 1955** as amended on **28 November 1959**. The **basic goal of the 1999 National Plumbing Code of the Philippines is to ensure the unqualified observance of the latest provision of the plumbing and environmental laws.** Principle No. 1: Clean Water Principle No. 2: Volume And Pressure Principle No. 3: EFFICIENCY Principle No. 4: EXPLOSION Principle No. 5: SEWER Principle No. 6: PLUMBING UNIT Principle No. 7: VENTILATION Principle No. 8: CLEANOUTS Principle No. 9: NAMPAP Principle No. 10: TRAP Principle No. 11: AIR CIRCULATION Principle No. 12: VENT TERMINALS Principle No. 13: TEST Principle No. 14: SEWAGE HARM Principle No. 15: CONTAMINATION Principle No. 16: WC LIGHT Principle No. 17: SEPTIC TANK Principle No. 18: SEWAGE BACKFLOW Principle No. 19: Registered Master Plumber (RPM) Principle No. 20: ACCESSIBLE Principle No. 21: STRUCTUIRAL STABILITY Principle No. 22: SEWAGE TREATMENT **MODULE 2: PLUMBING MAATERIALS, FITTINGS AND FIXTURES** **Pipe**- is a round, hollow channel used to transport liquids such as water or solid-liquid mixtures such as wastewater from one point to the next. **TWO CATEGORIES OF WATER PIPES** - PRESSURE PIPE - DRAIN, WASTE, AND VENT (DWV) \- It contains and supplies water whenever needed. It must be heavy enough to hold continuous pressure without rupture and all connections must be leak proof. \- It carries waste and soil water away. It provides a channel for waste materials to flow freely away from the fixtures and the building by the force of gravity. PVC pipes are used for these purposes. DWV PVC is not made to handle pressurized uses. **EXAMPLE OF COMMON PIPE MATERIALS** - Copper pipe and Tubing- they are widely used for plumbing applications due to their excellent thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance, and durability. - Brass Pipe- they are made from an alloy of copper and zinc, offering a combination of corrosion resistance, ductility, and strength. - Steel and Iron Pipe- Commonly used in industrial and heavy-duty applications, such as gas, water, and steam distribution systems. There are two main types: carbon steel and cast iron. - Thermoplastic Pipe- Sometimes referred to simply as plastic pipe, is used for water supply systems because its economy and ease of installation make it popular, especially on projects such as low-cost housing or apartments where cost economy is important. - Composite Pipe- Are made from a variety of different thermoplastics. Due to the materials used, these types of plastic pipe are resistant to corrosion as well as having stronger mechanical properties than unreinforced pipe materials. - Clay Pipe- made from a mixture of clay and shale that has been fired at high temperatures to become vitrified, resulting in a durable and inert ceramic. - Concrete Pipe- made from concrete. Is a rigid pipe having very good strength and high longevity (life in the range of 70 to 100 years). **Pipe fittings**- are components used in the plumbing and civil engineering industries to connect, control, and direct the flow of liquids or gasses within a piping system. **PURPOSE OF PIPE FITTINGS** - Connecting Pipes - Changing Direction - Branching Off - Reducing or Increasing Flow - Sealing and Termination - Regulating Flow **Pipe fittings are organized as follows:** **Male threaded**: Exterior threads. Are screwed into the inside of the pipe end of a larger diameter with internal threading. **Female threaded**: Interior threads. Receive male threaded pipe fittings. **TYPES OF PIPES FITTINGS** - **ELBOW**- usually at 45° and 90°, are angular fittings used to change the direction of a supply pipe. On a sanitary drainage system, a sanitary bend makes a more gradual turn to prevent blockage - **TEES**- are used in a supply system when a line must branch off at a straight run. A reducing tee allows different pipe sizes to be joined together in a supply system. Sanitary T and sanitary Y are tee-like fittings used in sanitary drainage systems that make a more gradual turn to prevent blockage. - **COUPLINGS**- are used to join straight runs of pipe - **UNION**- joins straight runs of pipe but also allows the pipes to be more easily disconnected when future piping revisions are expected or equipment needs to be replaced. - **ADAPTERS**- used in a supply system where threaded pipe is being connected to copper or thermoplastic. Adapters have one threaded end to accommodate threaded pipe. - **BARB**- used primarily in systems involving flexible hoses. It has one or more ridges or barbs on at least one end that are designed to grip the inside of a flexible hose. - **CROSS FITTING**- Contains 4 opening in 4 directions. These are connected when there are 4 pipes meeting at a point. This fitting is ideal for applications where the flow of fluid needs to be evenly distributed. - **WYE**- Are used to allow one pipe to join another pipe at some degree or angle. As the name suggests, the pipe wyes are Y-shaped pipe fitting devices. - **NIPPLE**- it is a fitting that is a short piece of pipe. It is usually provided with a male pipe thread (MPT) connection at each end of the fitting, which is used to make a watertight seal when connecting piping to threaded fittings, valves or equipment. - **REDUCER AND INCREASER**- A reducer is a straight fitting used to decrease the diameter in a pipe in a water supply system. An increaser is a straight fitting used to increase the diameter in a pipe in a sanitary drainage system. - **CAPS AND PLUGS**- Are used to close the ends of the pipe either temporarily or permanently. It is used temporarily when doing maintenance. **HOW TO MEASURE PIPE FITTINGS** **Pipe fittings** come in a variety of sizes to accommodate different pipe diameters and specific applications. The fittings inside diameters must be large enough to fit over the pipes outside the diameter. **1/2 TO 1 INCH**- Often used in residential plumbing for distributing water to various fixtures. Such sizes are also used in heating and cooling systems like HVAC, where an exact control of the fluid flow is required **1 ½ TO 4 INCHES**- Common in commercial plumbing systems, where they are used for both water supply and drainage. They also form part of fire sprinkler systems. **6 INCHES AND ABOVE**- These are generally found in industrial and municipal applications, water treatment plants, sewage systems, large irrigation projects, and oil and gas pipelines, transporting crude oil, natural gas, and other fluids over long distances. **APPLICATIONS TO CIVIL ENGINEERING** **Pipe fittings** are crucial in a wide range of civil engineering projects, including water supply networks, drainage systems, sewage systems, and gas pipelines. The selection of the appropriate type and material of fittings is essential to ensure the integrity and longevity of the piping system, considering factors like pressure, temperature, and the nature of the fluid being transported. Proper installation of pipe fittings is also vital to prevent leaks and maintain the efficiency of the system. **VALVES**- are defined as an instrument used to control flow of the water throughout the system. **TYPES OF VALVES** - **GATE VALVE**- is a manual valve that has a wedge-shaped leaf that, when closed, seals tightly against two metal seats that are set at slight angles. - **GLOBE VALVE**- is a manual, compression type valve, commonly used where there is occasional or periodic use, such as lavatories and hose connections. - **TEMPERATURE- PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES**- is a safety valve designed to limit pressure of a liquid vapor or gas. - **BALL VALVE**- is a manual valve that has a ball with a hole through it that is mounted between two seats. - **ANGLE VALVE**- is a manual valve similar in operation to the globe valve, utilizing the same principle of compressing a washer against a metal seat to cut the flow of water. - **CHECK VALVE**- is a valve that opens to allow the flow of water in the direction desired and prevents flow in the other direction. - **FLUSH VALVES**- is a mechanism used to flush a toilet or urinal. The valve and associated hardware are located within the toilet tank or in the body of the urinal. - **FLAP VALVE**- is a simple, one-way valve that allows the flow of gases or fluids in one direction while preventing flow in the opposite direction. - **FOOT VALVE**- are a type of check valve and are placed at the pump\'s wet well. **PLUMBING FIXTURES** A **plumbing fixture** is a replaceable device that can be linked to a plumbing system to distribute and drain water. It is a part (such as bidets, showerhead, faucet, etc.) that is attached to a system of pipes that carry water through a building. **ACCORDING TO THE REVISED PLUMBING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES** **QUALITY OF FIXTURES**- plumbing fixtures shall be manufactured of dense, durable, non-absorbent materials and must have smooth impervious surfaces, free from unnecessary concealed fouling surfaces. Except as permitted elsewhere in this Code. all fixtures shall conform in quality and design to nationally recognized applicable standards or to other approved standards acceptable to the Administrative Authority. **FIXTURE UNIT** A **fixture unit** number is assigned to each plumbing fixture to denote how much water is consumed and discharged by a fixture. A fixture unit is equal to one cubic foot, or 0.028317 m³ of water drained in a 1¼ inch (32 mm) diameter pipe over one minute. One cubic meter is equal to 1000 liters, therefore, a fixture unit equals.028 x 1000 = 28.317 liters. **TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES** - **BIDET**- is a plumbing fixture designed for washing the genital and anal areas after using the toilet. It typically features a water spray function and is often installed as a separate unit near the toilet or integrated into the toilet itself. Bidets provide a more thorough and hygienic cleansing compared to toilet paper alone. - **URINAL**- is a plumbing fixture designed for urination, typically used in men's public restrooms. It is usually wall-mounted and designed for efficient use of water, hygiene, and easy maintenance. Urinals often come with an automatic or manual flushing system. - **KITCHEN SINKS**- is a basin installed in kitchens for washing dishes, preparing food, and other cleaning tasks. It typically has one or more basins, a drain, and is connected to a water supply through a faucet. - **SHOWERHEAD**- is a plumbing fixture that controls the flow and pattern of water in a shower. It is typically mounted on a wall or ceiling and connects to the water supply, allowing users to adjust the spray type, water pressure, and sometimes even temperature settings. - **BATHTUBS**- are plumbing fixtures designed for holding water, allowing a person to sit or lie down and bathe. Typically made from materials like acrylic, fiberglass, or porcelain coated steel, bathtubs can be freestanding, built-in, or drop-in styles. - **DRINKING FOUNTAIN**- designed to provide potable water for drinking. It typically includes a spout that projects a stream of water upward for drinking directly and is commonly found in public places like parks, schools, and offices. - **LAVATORY**- is a plumbing fixture commonly known as a bathroom sink. It is typically used for washing hands, face, and other hygiene activities. **MODULE 3: BUILDING WATER SYSTEMS AND DESIGN** - **BUILDING SUPPLY**- Also referred to as water service. It is a system of pipes, fittings, and fixtures that deliver water to a building. This serves as the main connection between the external water source and the building's internal water distribution system. - **WATER METER**- Is a device required by most water district water supply systems to measure and record the amount of water used. It\'s typically installed where the building supply pipe enters the property. - **BUILDING MAIN**- Is a large pipe that serves as the principal route of the water supply system. Carries water through the building to the furthest riser. It can be located in a basement, in a ceiling, in a crawl space, or below the concrete floor. - **RISER**- A water supply pipe that extends vertically in the building at least one storey and carries water to fixture branches. Is connected to the building main. - **FIXTURE BRANCH**- Is any part of a piping system other than the riser or the main pipe. Supplies the individual plumbing fixtures. It usually runs on the floor or in the wall behind the fixtures. - **FIXTURE CONNECTION**- Is the point where the fixture branch connects to the fixture itself. Usually located behind or under the fixture. To provide the final link between the water supply system and the plumbing fixture, enabling water flow to the fixture. **SUMMARY** The **building supply** is the overall system that delivers water to a building. The **water meter** measures water usage. The **building main** is the principal route that typically distributes water horizontally. The **riser** distributes water vertically. The **fixture branch** connects the riser to fixtures. The **fixture connection** is the point of attachment. **GENERAL WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LAYOUT** The **water service pipe** is an underground pipe that is typically called a lateral. It extends from the underground street main and delivers pressurized potable water to a building plumbing system. The **water service** lateral is connected to a water meter that measures consumption. If the building plumbing system is served by a well, a water meter is not needed unless monitoring of consumption is required. A water service shut-off valve is typically located at the meter location. **EXAMPLES OF GENERAL WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LAYOUT** - **DEAD END SYSTEM**- **Description**: In this layout, the water is distributed from a main supply pipe with smaller branch pipes leading to individual fixtures. The flow of water ends at the fixture. **Advantages**: Simple and cost-effective to install. **Disadvantages**: Uneven pressure distribution, and water stagnation can occur at dead-ends. **Common Use**: Small residential buildings or homes. - **GRID SYSTEM (GRID-IRON SYSTEM)-** **Description**: This layout uses a network of interconnected pipes, forming a grid. Water can flow in multiple directions to reach a fixture. **Advantages**: Even water pressure distribution, and water can be rerouted if one pipe fails. **Disadvantages**: More complex and expensive to install. **Common Use**: Medium to large commercial or residential buildings. - **RING (LOOP) SYSTEM**- **Description**: A ring or loop of pipes is created around the building, with multiple branches leading to fixtures. Water can circulate and reach any fixture from different directions. **Advantages**: Consistent water pressure and better redundancy if a pipe fails. **Disadvantages**: More materials and complex installation. **Common Use**: High-rise buildings, hospitals, or large commercial buildings. **TWO TYPES OF WATER DISTRIBUTION CONFIGURATION** - RIGID-PIPE DISTRIBUTION CONFIGURATION - HOME RUN (MANIFOLD) DISTRIBUTION CONFIGURATION **RIGID-PIPE DISTRIBUTION CONFIGURATION** Fixture branches extend from a riser or main to the individual fixture being connected. A fixture branch usually runs in the floor or in the wall behind the fixtures. The hot and cold water distribution pipes are installed parallel to one another as they convey hot and cold water to risers and branch pipes. Running pipes parallel with building walls and floors arrange pipes in an organized manner. Hot and cold pipes should be spaced at least six inches (150 mm) apart or have insulation placed between them to prevent heat interchange. **HOME RUN (MANIFOLD) DISTRIBUTION CONFIGURATION** A home run or manifold distribution configuration consists of a plastic or metal plumbing manifold and flexible plastic piping. The manifold serves as a common location from which all the plumbing fixtures are supplied. A water line dedicated to each fixture originates at the manifold and extends to the individual fixture. **TWO BASIC TYPES OF WATER SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM THAT ARE USED IN BUILDINGS** UPFEED DISTRIBUTION DOWNFEED DISTRIBUTION - UPFEED DISTRIBUTION- In an upfeed system, water relies on the pressure from the main water supply to move upward through the pipes in a building. This works well in shorter buildings where the pressure is strong enough to reach the top floors. - **Challenges**: As the water travels upward, some of the pressure is lost due to friction in the pipes and because it has to fight against gravity. This means the higher you go, the less pressure there is. For taller buildings, the water might not reach the top floors without additional help from pumps. - DOWNFEED DISTRIBUTION- In a down feed system, water is first pumped up to a tank on the top of the building. From there, it flows downwards to the lower floors, using gravity to help it along. - **Advantages**: Gravity does most of the work, so the water can easily reach all the floors below the tank. This system is great for tall buildings where an upfeed system might struggle. **WATER PRESSURE CONSIDERATION** - **HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE** - Imagine a container filled with water. The deeper you go in the water, the more pressure there is because the water at the bottom has to support the weight of all the water above it. This is what we call hydrostatic pressure. - **WATER PRESSURE AND FLOW**- Water pressure is what pushes water through the pipes. However, as water flows, it loses some of that pressure due to friction inside the pipes and because it might need to be pushed upward, like from a basement to an upper floor. The acceptable range of water pressure is usually between 40 and 80 psi, but it can be higher in hilly areas. - **PRESSURE DIFFERENCE FROM ELEVATION**- The higher the elevation, the less pressure there is, and vice versa. This difference is because the water at a higher point has less weight pushing down on it compared to water at a lower point. - **PRESSURE LOSSES FROM FRICTION**- As water moves through pipes, it encounters resistance from the pipe walls, which causes some of the pressure to be lost. This is similar to how rubbing your hands together creates friction and slows down the movement. **SUMMARY** Upfeed systems are great for shorter buildings but struggle with taller ones because water pressure decreases as you go up. Down feed systems solve this problem by using gravity to distribute water from a tank at the top of the building to the lower floors. Understanding water pressure and the factors that cause it to drop---like friction and elevation changes---is crucial for making sure water flows effectively through the system. **WATER SUPPLY DESIGN CONCERNS** **WATER VELOCITY**- Noise, erosion of inner pipe walls and valves, and economy of installation, operation, and maintenance dictate the minimum and maximum water velocity in a plumbing system; as a result, these have a bearing on pipe diameter. **CAVITATION-** is a physical phenomenon that occurs in a liquid when it experiences a drastic drop in pressure that causes the liquid to vaporize into small vapor bubbles. **CROSS CONNECTIONS**- is an unsatisfactory connection or arrangement of piping that can cause non-potable water to enter the potable water system. **BACKFLOW**- It occurs when contaminated water or some other liquid or substance unintentionally flows backwards into distribution pipes containing potable water. **WATER HAMMER**- In a plumbing supply system, the sudden closing of a valve will cause fast-flowing water to stop quickly, resulting in a large increase in pressure. **THERMAL EXPANSION**- must be considered in the design of the system. The amount of expansion will depend on the type of piping material and the range of temperature that the pipe will be subjected to. **VISCOSITY**- as water flows through a pipe, its viscosity decreases with temperature decrease. **AGING**- As pipes in a plumbing system are used, their inner walls become increasingly rough. **PIPE INSULATION**- is applied to outer walls of piping walls to reduce heat loss from the pipe or prevent condensation on the pipe walls. **TESTING**- The water supply system should be tested for leaks before it is covered with finished materials to determine if it is watertight. **LEAKS**- Contribute to the water consumption. **WATER SUPPLY PIPE DESIGN METHODS** - **FLOW RATE**- The speed at which water flow through pipe. Vary by type of fixture and water pressure at the fixture. - **WATER CONSUMPTION** - The amount of water that is taken or withdrawn from the source. - **WATER DEMAND**- The amount of water required for a given purpose. In designing a fixtures it doesn\'t depends on only number and type of fixture installed but on the operation of fixture and its design load. **WATER SUPPLY PIPE DESIGN METHODS** **SIMPLE EMPIRICAL DESIGN METHOD**- Pipe sizes for the water supply system of a single-family house and similar simple structures can be determined on the basis of experience and pertinent code requirements. **WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNIT \"WSFU\" DESIGN TABLE METHOD**- In residential and small commercial buildings, WSFU design tables can be used to establish meter and distribution pipe size based on the total demand in WSFU and the supply pressure. **VELOCITY DESIGN METHOD**- Entails selecting the smallest pipe diameter without exceeding a pre-established maximum velocity for the design load in the pipe. **EQUAL FRICTION DESIGN METHOD**- Is a more accurate approach to sizing the pipe diameter in a complex network of pipes, but usually requires several iterations before pipe diameters are selected. **WATER TEMPERATURE** - **COLD WATER**- Water from shallow underground water service lines enters the building at a temperature that fluctuates with climate, season, and location of the water service line. - **CHILLED WATER**- When chilled water is desired, such as from a drinking fountain; in this case, a chiller is used to cool the water to a temperature of about 50 degrees F (10 degrees C) before it is used. A chiller is a vapor compression refrigeration system that cools water much like a refrigerator. - **HEATED OR HOT WATER**- Is a potable water that is heated to at least 120 degrees F (49 degrees C). - **TEMPERED WATER**- Is a blend of hot and cold water that is mixed with a thermostatic valve. **MODULE 4: DOMESTIC WATER HEATING** -delivers hot water to fixtures used by people at the sink, shower, tub and any other appliance where water may contact humans. They typically work by delivering hot water through a centralized storage tank separate from water that may be used for steam or hydronic heating. **STORAGE TANK WATER HEATERS** The most popular type of water heating system for the home. Operates by releasing hot water from the top of the tank when you turn on the hot water tap. Features two-valve; a\) temperature control valve b\) pressure control valve **FUEL SOURCES OF STORAGE TANK WATER HEATERS** - **ELECTRIC WATER HEATERS**- have coil-like elements that extend into the tank, which heat water as electric current passes through the elements. - **GAS AND FUEL OIL FIRED WATER HEATERS**- have burners located on the bottom of the tank and a vent that passes up through the center of the tank. **TYPES OF STORAGE TANK WATER HEATERS** 1\. Residential storage tank water heaters - designed for residential market, but can be appropriate for many small commercial facilities. They are relatively inexpensive and widely available. 2\. Commercial storage tank water heaters - available with much higher gas input ratings and larger storage tanks. - feature larger pipe connections, more rugged controls, and a few features, such as flue dampers and electronic ignition. 3\. Ultraefficient water heaters - use power burners and enhanced heat exchangers to force hot combustion gasses into chambers and tubes that are submerged in the stored water-vented with plastic pipes that go directly through an outside wall. **CLASSIFICATION OF STORAGE TANK WATER HEATER** Non-venting (electric) the tank. Naturally aspirated water heaters have a flue that runs vertically through the center of Power-vented water heaters use a fan to exhaust flue gases Sealed-combustion water heaters supply air and exhaust air connections to the outdoors. **ADVANTAGES** Available in a wide range of sizes (tank options usually ranging from 20-80 gallons) rating of 0.67 Most affordable style and easy to install Have an average energy factor (EF) **DISADVANTAGES** Tank sizes have increased with the NAECA standards; they tend to require more space Offers a limited supply of hot water when used for extended periods Can waste up to 15% of energy through radiant heat loss Typically have a life expectancy of 10-15 years **TANKLESS WATER HEATER** Instantaneous water heaters, also known as tankless or demand water heaters, utilize modern technology with super-heated coils to heat water instantly as needed. Instantaneous water heaters, available in natural gas, LP, and electric models, activate heating devices by opening a hot water valve, providing higher hot water output for home heating systems. Instantaneous water heaters, thermostatically controlled, can adjust output temperature based on water flow rate and inlet temperature, allowing them to heat water at the point of use. **ADVANTAGES** Consume 20% to 30% less energy than storage tank models. They meet NAECA standards while taking up minimal space and without increasing installation costs. Can be mounted on a wall or under fixtures (sink, lavatory). Produce minimal standby energy waste. Provide a virtually endless supply of hot water. Have an average life expectancy of 20 or more years. Have an average EF rating of 0.75. **DISADVANTAGES** The hot water flow rate is limited by the size of the unit. Typically, tankless systems can be more complicated and expensive to install. **CIRCULATING WATER HEATERS** Circulating water heaters consist of a separate storage tank that stores water heated by a heat exchanger. The heat exchanger may be a separate unit that is heated by stream or hot water from a boiler or may be contained in a boiler. The boiler may be designed to exclusively heat water for DHW or BSHW use or may be used for other purposes. **TYPES OF CIRCULATING WATER HEATERS** **Standard**: A circulation pump was designed to run continuously to keep the water hot at all times. Examples are commercial buildings such as restaurants and hotels. ** On-Demand**: A demand or on-demand water circulation system only starts circulating the hot water when you want it. This system will also save you both water and money. **Time and Temperature**: These systems allow you to preset times and even specific temperatures at which you would like your hot water. **ADVANTAGES** Convenience Save Money Eco-friendly **DISADVANTAGES** Noise Using too much power Potential heat losses Corrosion Sensor valve costs **HEAT PUMP WATER HEATERS** A heat pump water heater uses a heat pump to heat water for home use. It can replace traditional water tanks fueled by electricity, gas, propane, or oil, as well as tankless water heaters. They can draw heat from various sources such as ambient air, ground, or water, depending on the model. Heat pump water heater tanks range in size from 40 to 80 gallons, with larger tanks typically landing on the more expensive side. Uses electricity to move heat rather than generate it, making it 2-3 times more efficient than conventional electric water heaters. Functions like a refrigerator in reverse, using compressor and refrigerant. Consists of a compressor, evaporator, condenser, and expansion valve. These components work together to transfer heat from the air to the water. **ADVANTAGES** - Lower running costs - Less maintenance - Safer than combustion system - Reduce your C02 emissions - Provide cooling during summers - Long lifespan, extremely reliable **DISADVANTAGES** - High upfront cost - Fairly difficult to install - Questionable sustainability - Significant work to your house and garden - Cold weather can damage the system - Not entirely carbon neutral, electricity required **SOLAR WATER HEATERS** Solar water heater draws energy from the sun. Typically includes collectors mounted on the roof or in a clear area of the yard, a separate storage tank near the conventional heater in the home, connecting pipes, and an electronic controller. This system also needs a backup plan (such as natural gas or electricity) so that the water heater can continue to run on cloudy days. **ADVANTAGES** Energy efficient Water heating bill savings Low maintenance Environmentally friendly **DISADVANTAGES** High upfront installation costs Dependent on climate Only heats water **DESUPERHEATERS** -It is known as a secondary heat exchanger device. It is an attachment to an air conditioner or heat pump that allows waste heat from that device to assist in heating domestic water. In hot climates, a desuperheater can provide most of a home's hot water needs. **TYPES OF DESUPERHEATERS** - Unlagged Section Pipe- It is the simpliest type of desuperheater, where heat can be radiated to the environment. - Indirect Contact Desuperheaters- This type of desuperheater consists of a heat exchanger, typically as hell and tube, with superheated steam on the other. - Direct Contact Desuperheaters- The superheated system is injected in to bath. This additional heat will cause saturated steam to evaporate from the surface of the bath. **DESUPERHEATER PROCESSES** Most common way of lowering the temperature of superheated steam or gas is direct addition of water or relational gas. With the help of desuperheating process the temperature of this superheated steam can be used for some other applications such as: - Sanitary hot water - Room heating - Hot water for processes - Cleaning water **HOT WATER RECIRCULATING SYSTEM** -continuously circulates hot water from the water heating unit through the hot water supply piping and back to the water heater through hot water recirculating piping. This ensures that hot water is always available at the taps, thus avoiding the need to run water for a long time to obtain water at the desired temperature. Three types of hot water recirculating strategies: - Continuous Recirculating- water is constantly recirculated from the water heater through the piping - Timed Recirculating- involves use of electronic or electromechanical timer to shut off circulation of hot water when the building is not occupied. - Thermostatically Controlled Recirculating- relies on a sensor located at a remote location in the recirculating line, which senses water temperature and activates the recirculating pumps when water temperature drops below a pre-determined setting.