EU2 - 01 Plumbing Fundamentals PDF

# Adamson University ## College of Engineering ### Civil Engineering Department # CE312A - Engineering Utilities 2 ## Module 01 - Plumbing Fundamentals ### Engr. Isaiah Sam I. Bartolome, Meng-Ce # What is Plumbing? Plumbing is defined as the art and science of installing pipes, fixtures, and oth...

# Adamson University ## College of Engineering ### Civil Engineering Department # CE312A - Engineering Utilities 2 ## Module 01 - Plumbing Fundamentals ### Engr. Isaiah Sam I. Bartolome, Meng-Ce # What is Plumbing? Plumbing is defined as the art and science of installing pipes, fixtures, and other apparatus to convey and supply water in buildings and to dispose and discharge wastewater and other liquids, gases, and other substances out of buildings. The concept and importance of plumbing became more defined and appreciated only during the Greco-Roman civilization. - **Plumber** - Title given to a person who is skilled in the field of sanitation. - **Plumbarius** (Roman word) which means lead worker - **Plumbum** (Latin word) which means lead - The collapse of the Roman Empire inhibited the European development of plumbing and sanitation. - During the Renaissance period, Europe was plagued with epidemics causing the revival of the plumbing - The first plumbing apprentice law was passed during the 17th century by the English parliament. France followed during the 18th century. # Plumbing in the Philippines Before the 1940s, household plumbing installation was considered a luxury item available only to the upper crust of society. ### Water Supply - Water was provided through: - Abundant rainfall - Springs - Wells - Rivers or creeks ### How is water conveyed? - Through improvised bamboo pipes - Carried by man himself - Through animal-drawn carts, sleds ### How is water stored? - Earthen jars - Wooden containers - Bamboo containers *Water is considered to be fit for consumption if it is visibly clear.* ### Water Disposal Since most of the households cannot afford plumbing, waste disposal is done through excretion into: - Rivers - Seashores - Creeks - Any waterways - Trees - Bushes - Secluded places Constructed toilets were merely excavated pits covered with coconut trunks, bamboo, or any suitable material, and provided with a slot where the user shoots his excretion. Due to outbreak of epidemics, sectors of the society and government introduced programs to address the situation which includes massive education on proper sanitation and water supply systems were constructed. # Objectives of plumbing ## Main objectives: - To supply water to different parts of the building. - To remove and discharge human wastes. ## Conditions for an effective water supply in a building: - To provide a sufficient amount of water to supply each fixture. - To prevent backflow of used water into the water supply. ## The drainage system should accomplish the following: - Fast removal of the waste with a minimum probability of leakage and stoppage of drains. - To prevent the entry of house vermin and obnoxious gases into the house from the piping system. # Mandatory requirement for a drainage system All plumbing designs and installations are governed by a set of rules and limitations prescribed by the National Plumbing Code, which states that: "All drainage systems must conform with a set of requirements enumerated as follows": - That, all pipe joints must be well-fitted and tightly connected with each other to prevent leakage of gas and liquid. - That, the drainage pipe should be graded or inclined properly for a downward gravity flow of water toward the main sewer line or to septic tank. - That, the drainage pipe should be provided with adequate cleanout, accessible for repair in case of stoppage. - The drainage system must be provided with a ventilation pipe that will convey gases to the atmosphere where it can do no harm to human health. - That, except for water closet, each fixture shall be provided with suitable trap that will prevent backflow of gases. - That, the drainage system must be vented, to avoid siphonage or back flow of the water seal. # Drainage System Waste is classified into two types: 1. **Solid Waste** - discharged by water closet. 2. **Liquid Waste** - coming from various fixtures. These types of wastes are also conveyed and disposed of by two types of drainage piping: 1. **Soil pipe** 2. **Waste pipe** ## Soil pipe - Pipes that convey waste coming from the water closet. - Can accept both wastes from the water closet and fixtures. ## Waste Pipe - Pipes that convey waste from various fixtures other than the water closet The Drainage Installation is sometimes referred to as **DWV** which means: - **D** - For drainage of solid waste - **W** - For waste coming from various fixtures other than the water closet - **V** - Refers to the ventilation of the piping system # Definition of Terms - **Main vent** - The principal artery of the venting system to which vent branches are connected. - **Branch vent** - A horizontal vent connecting one or more individual back vents with a vent stack or stack vent. - **Dry vent** - A vent that does not carry liquid or water-borne wastes. - **Stack** - The vertical main of a system of soil, waste, or vent pipings extending through one or more stories and extended through the roof. - **Vent stack** - The vertical vent pipe installed primarily for providing circulation of air to and from any part of the soil, waste of the drainage system. - **Wet vent** - That portion of a vent pipe through where wastewater also flows through. - **Waste pipe** - A pipe which conveys only wastewater or liquid waste, free of fecal matter. - **Common vent** - An arrangement of venting so installed that one vent pipe will serve two (2) traps. - **Continuous vent** - Is vertical vent that is continuation of the drain to which the vent connects. - **Branch** - Any part of the piping system other than a main, riser or stack. - **Main** - Any system of continuous piping, which is the principal artery of the system where branches are connected. - **Riser** - A water supply pipe, which extends vertically to one full story or more to convey water into pipe branches or plumbing fixture. - **Stack vent** - The extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal drain connected to the stack. The uppermost end above the roof is called stack vent through roof (SVTR). - **Trap** - A fitting or device designed and constructed to provide, when properly vented, a liquid seal which prevents the backflow of foul air or methane gas without materially affecting the flow of sewage or wastewater through it. - **Trap seal** - The maximum vertical depth of liquid that a trap will retain, measured between the crown weir and the top of the dip of the trap. - **Soil pipe** - Any pipe, which conveys the discharge of water closet, urinal or fixtures having similar functions, with or without the discharges from other fixtures to the building drain or building sewer. - **Circuit vent** - A group vent pipe which starts in front of the extreme fixture connection on a horizontal branch and connects to the vent stack. - **Plumbing fixtures** - Are approved-type installed receptacles devices or appliances supplied with water ore receive liquid or liquid-borne wastes and discharges such wastes into the drainage system to which they may be directly or indirectly connected. Industrial or commercial tanks, vats and similar processing equipment are not plumbing fixtures, but may be connected to or discharged into approved traps or plumbing fixtures as provided for in the Code. - **Battery of fixtures** - Any group of two (2) or more similar, adjacent fixtures which discharge into a common horizontal waste or soil branch. - **Combination fixtures** - Is a fixture combining one sink and tray or a two or three compartment sink or tray in one vent. - **Combination waste and vent system** - A specially designed system of waste piping embodying the horizontal wet venting of one or more sinks or floor drains by means of a common horizontal waste and vent pipe, adequately sized to provide free movement of air above the flow line of the drain. - **Public sewer** - A common sewer directly controlled by public authority to which all abutters have equal rights of connections. - **Drainage system** - Includes all the pipings within public or private premises which convey sewage or other liquid wastes to a legal point of disposal but does not include the mains of a public sewer system or a public sewage treatment or disposal plant. - **Vent system** - Pipes installed to provide flow of air to or from a drainage system or to provide a circulation of air within such system to protect trap seals from siphonage and back pressure. - **Water supply system** - Of a building or premises consists of the water service pipe, water supply line, water distributing pipe and the necessary branch pipes, fittings, valves and all appurtenances required for the supply of potable water. - **Air gap, drainage** - The unobstructed vertical distance through the free atmosphere between the lowest opening from any pipe, plumbing fixture, appliance or appurtenance conveying waste to the flood-xlevel rim of the receptor. - **Air gap, water distribution** - An unobstructed vertical distance through the free atmosphere between the lowest opening from any pipe or faucet conveying potable water to the flood-level rim of any tank, vat or fixture. - **Backflow** - The flow of water or other liquids, mixtures or substances into the distributing pipes of a potable supply of water from any source other than from its intended source. - **Back-siphonage** - The flowing back of used, contaminated or polluted water from a plumbing fixture or vessel into a water supply pipe due to a negative pressure in such pipe. - **Bibb** - Synonymous with faucet, cock, tap, plug, etc. The word “faucet" is preferred. - **Blind flange** - A flange that closes the end of a pipe. There is no opening fro the passage of liquid or gas. - **Fixture branch** - The water supply pipe between the fixture supply pipe and the water-distributing pipe. - **Fixture drain** - The drainpipe from the trap of a fixture to the junction of that drain with any other drainpipe. - **Fixture supply** - A water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the fixture branch. - **Roughin-in** - The installation of all pipings and fitting parts of the plumbing system, which can be completed prior to the installation of fixtures and accessories. These include sanitary and storm drainage, tap, hot and chilled water supplies, gas piping, vent pipings, and the necessary fixture. - **Flush valve** - Is a device located at the bottom of the tank for the purpose of flushing water closet and similar fixtures. - **Flushometer valve** - Is a device, which discharges a predetermined quantity of water into fixtures for flushing purposes and is actuated by direct water pressure. - **Group vent** - A branch vent that performs its functions for two (2) or more traps. - **Local vent** - A pipe or shaft to convey foul air from a plumbing fixture or a room to the outer air. - **Loop or circuit vent** - A vertical vent connection on a horizontal soil or waste pipe branch at a point downstream of the last fixture connection and turning to a horizontal line above the highest overflow level of the highest fixture connected thereat; the terminus connected to the stack vent in the case of looping venting or to the vent stack nearby in the case of circuit venting. - **Relief vent** - A vertical vent line, the primary function of which is to provide additional circulation of air between the drainage and vent systems or to act as an auxiliary vent on a specially designed system such as a "yoke vent” connection between the soil and vent stacks. - **Re-vent pipe or backvent pipe** - The part of a vent line, which connects directly with an individual trap underneath or behind the fixture and extends to the branch or main vent pipe at any point higher than the fixture or fixture traps it serves. It is sometimes called an individual vent. - **Side vent** - A vent connecting to the drain pipe through a fitting at an angle greater than 45° or to the vertical. - **Invert** - Is the lowest portion of the inside of any pipe or conduit that is not vertical. - **Return bend** - An open return bend usually made up two 90° bends with inside and outside threads flanged or welded fittings; and applied also to a 180° bend in copper tubing. - **Standpipe** - A vertical pipe, or a reservoir, into which water is pumped to give it at a head. - **Sanitary sewage** - The wastewater containing human excrement and liquid household waste. Also called domestic sewage. - **Sanitary sewer** - A sewer intended to receive sewage with or without pre-treated industrial wastes and without the admixture of rain or groundwater. - **Water-distributing pipe** - A pipe which conveys potable water from the building supply pipe to the plumbing fixtures and other water outlets.