Architecture and Civil Engineering PDF

Architecture and Civil Engineering Vinayak Rajat Bhat Associate Professor Centre for Indian Knowledge Systems Chanakya University Bengaluru  Bad Drainage System Today, India's IT capital finds...

Architecture and Civil Engineering Vinayak Rajat Bhat Associate Professor Centre for Indian Knowledge Systems Chanakya University Bengaluru  Bad Drainage System Today, India's IT capital finds itself at the mercy of rains. It is a city that has grown too fast and without the planning that was required. – NDTV 19-10-2017 Bangalore needs good drainage system – Times of India Mumbai’s flooding problems are often man-made; this can be changed – Times of India – August 29, 2017 It has nothing to do with the quantum of water. It has everything to do with the faulty planning of the city. – Chandrashekhar Prabhu, Housing activist  ❖ Vizag Airport gets hit by cyclone ❖ Delhi’s Indira Gandhi International Airport flooding ❖ The RTR flyover fiasco ❖ Delhi Gurgaon Toll Plaza List of worst cities to live in India Kanpur - The city lacks urban planning, safety and is overcrowded. Delhi - is regarded as one of the dirtiest cities in India. Delhi is becoming more and more chaotic in terms of traffic because of increasing number of vehicles on roads. Chennai - the city has drainage and water problems. Waterlogging is common during the rainy season. Bangalore - the city is crowded and is experiencing an increase in traffic volume. Bengaluru has very narrow roads. Kolkata - has excessive pollution and ranks low on facilities like modern infrastructure and job opportunities.  Importance of Indian Vastu tradition https://www.ted.com/talks/rahul_mehrotra_the_architectural_wonder_ of_impermanent_cities#t-515213  Kautilya’s plan for the fortified city ❖ Marked Areas for specific types Brāhmaṇas Brāhmaṇas of activities ❖ Zones are identified with respective Varṇas for settlement ❖ The Commercial and Non- commercial zones are delineated ❖ There are three royal roads, and 12 gates around the city  Town planning and Architecture Town planning Is a collective set of processes, ideas, and methods to deploy the available land for human habitation and other uses in the most efficient way Concerned with the development and design of land use and the built environment, including air, water, and infrastructure Also deals with the appropriate design of transportation and communication networks and the optimal layout of human settlements Architecture Deals with the process of planning, designing, and constructing buildings for human use This includes living places (houses), common meeting places (such as shops, offices, and temples), and other structures (such as a dam, bridge, port, and transport hub)  Architectural Legacy of India The architectural legacy of India can be understood from the archaeological excavations pointing to town planning There are over 3000 ancient monuments and archeological sites and remains of national importance protected by ASI The archaeological explorations of the Sindhu–Sarasvati civilization and the analysis of sites such as Dholavira, Lothal, Harappa, and Mohenjo-Daro points to a well-developed town planning Several cities with marked similarities were existing spread over a large geographical area. The fire burnt mud bricks used in the sites were of standard geometrical proportions although varying in sizes. The cities had granaries, drains, watercourses, tanks, and wells.  Architectural Legacy of India The urban planning and architecture corresponding to the Buddhist and Mauryan times are evident from the inscriptions and reliefs in Sāñcī Other historical counts by visitors also give ample information about the town planning and architecture from 300 BCE to 200 CE  Vāstu-śāstra: Meaning & Scope Also known as Vāstu-vidyā or Śilpa-śāstra, Implies the science related to artistic creations through design, fabrication, and construction. The modern-day equivalent term is architecture. In the Vāstu-śāstra four things are considered as Vāstu: the earth or the ground (bhūmi) temple or a palace (prāsāda) conveyance (yāna) and couch (śayana) Essentially an art of correct setting whereby one can align the proposed structure to the pañca-bhutās The basic premise is to integrate the design and construction of towns, temples, and other buildings with the natural forces and optimise the process of creating the proposed structure so that the intended use is achieved  Importance of Foundation सगर्भं सर्वसम्पत्यै वर्गर्भं सर्वनाशनम ् । तस्मात ् सर्वप्रयत्नेन गर्भं सम्यग ् वर्ननक्षिपेत ् ॥ Foundation is the base of all wealth, Lack of foundation leads to destruction. Hence by all means one must construct a good foundation. Roads & Foot-paths मागवच्छे दं नेष्ठं पदमध्ये चत्र्रं न स्यात ् । शेषं यक्त ु त्या अनक्तु तं सम्यग्योज्यं नप ृ ेच्छया ॥ There should not be potholes in the road, raised platforms in the mid of the footpath. Whatever else other than this can be well thought by the king and constructed. * मयमतम ्  Issues discussed in Vāstu-śāstra Civil Temple Town Planning Artistic Others Architecture Architecture Site Selection Palace Temples Paintings Qualification of Design of Houses Components of Furniture, a Stapathi towns, villages, Forts a temple Doors Choice of capital city Public Buildings Iconography Sculptures building Land use (idol making) material, wood Theatre patterns etc. Library (Zoning) Site Planning Other public (Vastupuruṣa- infrastructure maṇḍala)  Selected vāstu-śāstra texts Issues covered Sl.no Text Topics discussed Kāśyapa-śilpa Treatise on architecture and iconography. 1. Prescriptions of the building of the temples, rules for making images of the deities Nārada-śilpa- General roads, Water Resources, Village and town planning, fourteen types of śāstra towns, fortification, palace complex, Interior Planning, Superstructure, Residences, 2. Palaces, Furniture, Law courts, an Arts Gallery, Theater, Temple, Iconography, and Parapharanalia Viśvakarma- The orientation of sites, Men and materials to be employed in Vāstu prakāśa Examination of the different kinds of lands, regions, and soils, 3. Leveling of site, placing the foundation box, The planning of villages, towns, forts, and roads, streets, lanes, Planning of temples, icons of gods, Planning of arsenal, Residential houses Mānasāra System of measurement, Classification of Architecture, Examination, and Selection 4. of soil, The ground plan (Pāda-vinyāsa), Village Planning, Towns and Ports, Pillars, Entablature, Roof Wood-joinery, One to twelve storied buildings  Selected vāstu-śāstra texts Issues covered Sl.no Text Topics discussed Mayamatam A treatise on dwelling, deals with all the facets of gods' and men's dwellings, from the choice of the site to the iconography of the temple walls, Descriptions of villages 5. and towns, temples, houses, mansions, and palaces, Selection of proper orientation, right dimensions, and of appropriate materials. Samarāṅgaṇa- Town planning, house architecture, temple architecture, and sculptural arts, mudrā, sūtradhāra the canons of painting, the art of mechanical contrivances- the yantra. Land/Soil examination, Units of measurement, planning of the King's Abode, houses with one, 6. two and four chambers, the definition of the door, pedestal, wall, the art of wood planking and defective or deficient buildings, Definition of temples, etc., Pavilion, Allocation of specific parts to the land. Manuṣyālaya- Seven chapters covering the following architectural themes: 7. candrikā Investigation and selection of land, Site analysis, Houses, Parts of a house, Elements of roof, Ancillary structures  Issues discussed in Vāstu-śāstra Yajamāna (Host) – The core objective of Vāstu- Yajamāna śāstra is to provide satisfaction, peace of mind, and prosperity for a dweller or the owner Alaṅkaraṇa Sthāpatya Sthāpatyam (Architecture) –all aspects of structural design, developing detailed specifications, cost estimation, and unique Eight Limbs styling come under sthāpatyam in vāstu śāstra Vāstu of Vāstu Śilpin Śilpī (Technicians) – According to Mayamatam, four types of technicians (śilpis) work on a building Bhūmi (Land) – This involves ascertaining the Pādavinyāsa Bhūmi suitability of the site for the proposed Vāstoṣpati construction and an examination of soil & soil conditions  Issues discussed in Vāstu-śāstra Vāstoṣpati (Offerings) The beginning of an Yajamāna architectural endeavour has two activities: Vāstu- pūjana and bali-dāna, in which certain offerings are Alaṅkaraṇa Sthāpatya made and the gods, spirits, and demons are bid to leave Pādavinyāsa (Site layout) is the approach to site layout or design for the proposed construction Eight Limbs based on the Vāstu-puruṣa-maṇdala Vāstu Śilpin of Vāstu Vastu (Materials) deals with the materials used and processing of those materials as required for the construction in detail Alaṅkaraṇam (Renovations and decorations) in Pādavinyāsa Bhūmi Vāstu deals with two aspects: interior and exterior design of a building and repairs and modifications Vāstoṣpati  Four types of technicians (śilpis) Sthapati - The master architect The Sthapati’s job is a creative one; he uses his knowledge of the śāstras, deploys the available material, and directs the skilled labour to create a new structure (much like a poem written by a poet or a painting done by an artist) Must have a good knowledge of different sciences while practicing architecture and construction engineering Knowledge of measurements of time, space, area, mass, and motion, and estimation of direction (Dik-sādhana) is important To be well-versed in more than one branch of learning including mathematics, astrology, and the Vedas 8 types of works have been identified for someone to attain eminence as a Sthapati: Skills in intricate design, carpentry, building (using bricks, etc), artworks on stone, artificially creating new things out of existing material and gold, and flawless execution of the plan  Four types of technicians (śilpis) Sthapati - The master architect According to Samarāṅgana-sūtradhāra (chapter 44), the skills required are: Śāstra – knowledge of the technical details of the craft Karma – Practical experience in the application of the knowledge, making him a skilled craftsman Prajña – Intuitive insight which endows him with an imaginative mind and artistic orientation Śīla – Righteous character, which will ensure that he will succeed in all his endeavours with the right attitude and orientation  Four types of technicians (śilpis) Other technicians Sthapati is the head of the team consisting of Sūtragrāhin, Takṣaka, and Vardhakin Sūtragrāhin is the draftsman, who does the layout using the cord (sūtra) for all measurements for the building Takṣaka carves stone, wood, and clay Vardhakin adds to his work by joining parts and finishing their surfaces The Vardhakin works with the Takṣaka closely and is subordinate to him Sūtragrāhīn is the disciple of Sthapati, often his son and successor who is considered capable of completing the project if the situation arises The labor pool of the architectural team will be guilds (śilpi-sangha), trained in their respective trades, responsible for the construction  आवासीयवास्तु तण ृ जम ् काष्ठजम ् मण्ृ मयम ् शैलम ् ऐष्ष्िकम ् कोटिघ्नं तण ृ जे पण् ु यं मण्ृ मये दशसङ्गुणम ् । ऐष्ष्िके शतकोटिघ्नं शैलेऽनन्तं फलं गह ृ े॥  Different categories of towns Sl. No. Category of Town/Village Brief Description 1 Rājadhāni – Capital city Primary abode of the king, has a sabhā at the centre of the city 2 Paṭṭana/ Puṭabhedana Second residence of a king, a commercial centre 3 Droṇamukha Situated on a riverbank, frequented by traders from distant places 4 Durga A fortified town, 12 types of forts have been discussed. 5 Sthānīya Fortress at the centre of 800 villages 6 Śākhānagara Subsidiary town 7 Kārvatika Situated at the centre of 200 villages 8 Kheṭa Smaller town mainly of labour class 9 Nigama Market mainly of artisans 10 Grāma Smaller than Nigama 11 Maṭha or Vihārā A residential University village Compiled from: Kumar, P. (1998). “Bhoja’s Samarāṅgana Sūtradhārā” Vol. I, New Bharatiya Book Corporation, Delhi.  Alternative designs for Town planning Mānasāra Nature of designs Design Shape Street & roads Other details Daṇḍaka Stick/staff/ Parallel set of straight streets (one to five) crossing each other at right Good for priests, Sages, intellects, etc. No. of phalanx angles. houses: 12 - 300 Nandyāvarta Square or It should have one to five carriage roads together with the surrounding oblong street. Internal roads have one footpath and the outer two footpaths. Sarvatobhadra Square or Number of car streets varies from 1 to 5 Town/village secured by a wall and ditch with oblong four large gates on the sides and on the corners. Padmaka Lotus Length and breadth are equal while the enclosing walls can be circular, According to Mayamata, there are five varieties shaped quadrangular, hexagonal, or octagonal. There are 4 to 8 streets lined with of this design. Gates are placed in four cardinal the houses. directions. Svastika Svastika Two streets passing through the center. Traversing streets planted in the Temple at the center, has eight gates (two each clockwise direction. The outermost roads lined with a single row of on every side) houses and other streets with a double row of houses. Prastara Square or Space needs to be divided into 4, 9, 16 wards by a network of streets. The village needs to have enclosed walls and oblong Roads to be constructed like a chessboard system. ditches with four principal gates on the south and subsidiary ones in the corners. Kārmuka Semi- 2 car streets, 1 principal street. The number of traverse streets can be This type of design is best for a seashore. The circular like from 1 to 5. Houses range on both sides of the streets. number of gates is optional. a bow Caturmukha Square or 4 car streets on four sides. Two large streets crossing at right angles in the It is specially meant for traders. oblong center dividing the whole site into four blocks. Each ward must have four smaller roads.  Town Planning Alternative designs and relevance Daṇḍaka is meant for the people who want to spend their retired life (Vānaprastha) peacefully. This type of village is the smallest of all. Sarvatobhadra is save from all sides and conducive from different perspectives. Such villages should be built where multiple challenges and complexities can arise over time. Chandigarh is an example of the Sarvatobhadra style of the town. Kārmuka means a bow - the shape of village must be in a bow formation. These types of villages or towns must be built at the seashore. Poomphar and Kaveripattanam are examples of this model. Prastara literally means a couch or a bed. Jaipur city was built on this planning.  Temple Architecture: Long standing tradition The earliest examples of temple architecture - cave temples carved out of hard rock The famous Ajantā and Ellorā caves in Maharashtra and the cave temples of Mahābalipuram belong to this category Temple architecture in South India Temples of Bādāmi, Aihole, and Paṭṭadakal in Karnataka Draviḍian temples belonging to the Chola, and Pandya periods Other group of temples Khajurāho in Madhya Pradesh such as the Kandāriya-Mahādeva temple Orissan type of temples Every region in the country has living temples representing outstanding temple architecture in India  Temples in India - Marvellous stone architecture for eternity: Thanjavur Temple Built 1000 years back using granite Laid out on a precise plan of 16 x 16 squares, a design known as Padma-garbha-maṇḍala in the Drāviḍa architecture of southern India The vimāna (tower), a 99-feet structure above the sanctum is one of the tallest in South India The śikhara, a dome weighing 25 tons rests on a single block of granite, weighing 80 tons, atop the tower Temples in India - Marvellous stone architecture for eternity: Thanjavur Temple There is no supply of granite in the vicinity of the temple site (about 60 km). It is not clear how the stones were sourced and conveyed to the top of the tower. There are musical pillars in the maṇḍapa. This requires carving the stones so that the sound frequency is properly established. Several Indian temples have musical pillars This temple has been a stable structure for 1000 years. In contrast, the leaning tower of Pisa began to lean during its construction in the 12th century, due to soft ground which could not properly support the structure's weight. Temples in India - Marvellous stone architecture for eternity: Sun Temple at Konark Built of stone in 1250 CE in the form of a gigantic chariot dedicated to the Sun God 24 elaborately carved stone wheels (symbolizing 24 pakṣas in a year) each of about 12 feet diameter. The wheels of the temple are sundials, which can be used to calculate time accurately to a minute The seven horses are at the front, symbolically pulling the chariot The minute and beautiful carvings of the temple show its grandeur in iconography Temples in India - Marvellous stone architecture for eternity: Sun Temple at Konark The original temple had a vimāna, which is estimated to be 229 feet tall. The main vimāna fell in 1837. The first ray of the Sun from the coast would cross the Naṭa Mandir (Dancing Hall) and would fall and reflect from the diamond placed at the crown of the Sun God. Knowhow of building a massive stone-carved structure, knowledge of astronomy required to build such a temple https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NrB5rvEMyo0  Temples in India - Marvellous stone architecture for eternity: Kailāsa temple in Ellorā One of the most spectacular monuments in the world and the largest rock-cut structure anywhere The Kailāsa Temple (Cave 16 in Ellora) was built by Kṛṣṇa I, a Raṣṭrakūta King Notable for its vertical excavation—carvers started at the top of the original rock and excavated downward. Built by digging out a sloping basalt hill with two massive tranches, each 90 m long and joined with a connecting trench 53 m in length. The temple was then carved from the remaining central portion. This resulted in a 32-meter-high structure that seems to come out of the ground.  Temples in India - Marvellous stone architecture for eternity: Kailāsa temple in Ellorā A three-storey vimāna (tower) with an octagonal dome and two huge free-standing columns (dhvaja-stambhas) flanking the maṇḍapa entrance hall which has 16 columns set in the groups of four. According to a UNESCO report, it is one of the most remarkable of all cave temples in India on account of its striking proportion, elaborate workmanship of architectural members, and sculptural treatment. decorated with some of the boldest and finest sculpture compositions to be found in India In the Rang Mahal of this sabhā-maṇḍapa are preserved some beautiful paintings belonging to two different periods  Temple Architecture Some structural elements Temple (Prāsāda) is an important element of vāstu-śāstra Building of temples is considered important by the kings and wealthy individuals. Structure has grid ground plans, tall towers, and sculptures decorating the wall and the towers. Depictions present a variety of themes and stories from the Purāṇic lore. It also depicts animals and floral and geometric patterns  Temple Architecture Some structural elements There are distinctive regional styles found North Indian style of temple architecture is known as Nāgara South Indian style, Drāviḍa Vāstu texts have considerably discussed several aspects of temple building of these styles. the components of a temple, the type of temple designs, various structural elements in the temple, iconography for the idols, and the laying out of the temple complex using the Vāstu-puruṣa-maṇḍala  Temple Architecture Some structural elements Garbhagṛha The womb or epicentre of the temple, where the presiding deity is to be placed (the sanctum sanctorum). All other structural components of the temple are placed in relation to this. The positioning of the garbhagṛha is established using the Vāstu-puruṣa-maṇḍala. Maṇḍapa Pavilion structure in front of garbhagṛha. There could be a few of them Mukha-maṇḍapa (entry pavilion), Ardha-maṇḍapa (front pavilion), and Mahā-maṇḍapa (main pavilion). The maṇḍapas are pillared structures of varying numbers and sizes. The maṇḍapas in South Indian temples are classified according to the number of pillars. Temple Architecture Some structural elements Prāhāra Open space for circumambulation (pradakṣiṇa) around the garbhagṛha. There could be one or more such parallel structures designed depending on the overall size and span of the temple superstructure.  An elevated view of a Temple Adhiṣṭhāna - the base platform on which the entire superstructure rests. Various designs have been proposed in the vāstu texts. Stambha is a set of pillars that support various structures; the basis for the elevation for the temple. Prastara is the entablature (upper part) in the temple structure. Temples are multi- storeyed (up to 16 storeys) and the prastara contributes to the substantive part of this. The ground floor is the only habitable storey. An elevated view of a Temple  Certain aspects of temple architecture in Ancient India No. Criterion Remarks 1 Components of Womb (Garbhagṛha), Front pavilion (Mukha-maṇḍapa), Entry temple Pavilion (Ardha-maṇḍapa), Base (Adhiṣṭhāna), Pillars (Stambha), architecture Entablature (Prastara), Superstructure (Śikhara), Finial (Stūpi) 2 Types of temples Drāvida - Has tall gopurams and pillared (108 to 1008) halls, huge passageways for pradakṣhiṇa (circumambulation) Nāgara - Śikhara gradually inclines inwards in a convex curve, using a concentric rotating-squares and circles 3 No. of storeys 1 – 12 storeys in South Indian (Drāvida) temples 1 – 16 storeys in North Indian (Nāgara) temples 4 Shapes of the Square (Vairāja), Circular (Kailāsa), Rectangular (Puṣpaka), Vimāna Elliptical (Māṇika), Octagonal (Triviṣṭapa) https://www.yo utube.com/wat ch?v=NEJUBVK UMQo Water Management - Stepwell  Iconography The art of idol making requires a good understanding of the relative proportions of different parts of the image (such as eyes, ears, chin, neck, forehead, and limbs). The vāstu texts provide intricate details of these proportions for both a male and a female image so that the idols are good- looking Varāhamihira in Bṛhat-saṃhitā has laid out five principal heights and lengths for a standard male figure. Similar measurements are also specified for female figures. These have been deployed in Indian idol making in an uninterrupted tradition The Vāstu-śāstra texts adopt these standards for establishing proportions while discussing iconographic details