The Philippine Archipelago PDF

ARJAY T. PAULINE Insturctor The Philippine Archipelago more than 7,100 islands coastline that stretches 10,850 miles Has no land boundaries. Neighboring countries Taiwan (north) Brunei and Malaysia...

ARJAY T. PAULINE Insturctor The Philippine Archipelago more than 7,100 islands coastline that stretches 10,850 miles Has no land boundaries. Neighboring countries Taiwan (north) Brunei and Malaysia (southwest) Indonesia (south) Vietnam (west) China (northwest) Oceans/Seas: The Bashi Channel (north) South China Sea (west) The Pacific Ocean (east) The Sulu and Celebes Seas (south) Oceans/Seas: The Bashi Channel (north) South China Sea (west) The Pacific Ocean (east) The Sulu and Celebes Seas (south) Major Areas/Parts LUZON VISAYAS MINDANAO MAJOR AREAS/PARTS CAPITAL: Manila 17 Regions 81 Provinces  Prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions Mt. Apo- highest point in Mindanao (9,692 ft. above sea level) Mt. Apo- highest point in Mindanao (9,692 ft. above sea level) Mt. Pulag- highest point in Luzon (9,324 ft. above sea level) 1991- Eruption of Mt. Pinatubo (Central Luzon) Controversial Territory  Territorial Controversies  West Philippine Sea Dispute The Philippines has long asserted its rights over certain islands and waters in some parts of the South China Sea, which it calls as West Philippine Sea. China, meanwhile, claims all of the South China Sea, which it justifies through its nine-dash line. In July 2016, the Philippines scored a landmark ruling in the Permanent Court of Arbitration that invalidated Beijing’s massive claims over the South China Sea. Beijing, however, continues to ignore the decision. Other claimant-countries to parts of the South China Sea are Brunei, Malaysia, Vietnam and Taiwan.  Legal Basis United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) Sabah State Dispute -also known as North Borneo dispute, is the territorial dispute between Malaysia and the Philippines over much of the eastern part of the state of Sabah (previously called North Borneo prior to the formation of the Malaysian federation.) Sabah State Dispute When Malaysia was formed in 1963, incorporating Sabah, the Philippines lodged a formal claim, arguing that Sabah rightfully belonged to the sultanate of Sulu and thus to the Philippines. Malaysia, however, maintains that the territory was legitimately ceded to it by the British. Topography Largest island-104,690 Luzon square kilometers (40,421 square miles) Visayas 61,077 square kilometers (23,582 square miles). 94,630 square Mindanao kilometers (36,537 square miles). Topography Largest island-104,690 Luzon square kilometers (40,421 square miles) -Features three parallel mountain ranges running from north to south: 1.) Sierra Madre- Longest range located on the east coast. Cagayan River Valley- Separates the Sierra Madre from the Cordillera Central range on the west coast. 2.) Cordillera Central- rice terraces; more than 6 meters (20 feet) high. 3.) Mount Pulag- Luzon's highest peak; 2,930 meters (9,613 feet) high. Topography Largest island-104,690 Luzon square kilometers (40,421 square miles) Zambales Mountains- western-most part, ending at Manila Bay. Bicol Peninsula- Southern end, mountainous with many volcanoes. Ragay Hills- Southeastern Luzon, featuring a 91-meter (299-foot) deep river gorge. Lowland Areas: Central Plain- Largest lowland area, 240 kilometers (149 miles) long and 64 kilometers (40 miles) wide. Has many swamps, slightly above sea level. Cagayan Valley- Area of 10,360 square kilometers (4,000 square miles). Mindoro Island- southwest Luzon 9,736 square kilometers (3,759 square miles). Features a mountain range running north to south with coastal plains on either side. Highest peak: Mount Halcon is 2,587 meters (8,488 feet) high. Topography Largest island-104,690 square kilometers Luzon (40,421 square miles) National Capital Region (NCR) Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) Ilocos (Region 1) Cagayan Valley (Region 2) Central Luzon (Region 3) Southern Tagalog (Region 4) A- Calabarzon Southern Tagalog (Region 4) B- MIMAROPA Bicol (Region 5) Topography 61,077 square Visayas kilometers (23,582 square miles). Samar: 13,079 square kilometers. Easternmost island connected to Leyte by a bridge. Dense jungle forests with a central mountain range. Southern Samar features rocky hills. Negros: 12,703 square kilometers. Primarily lowlands with a high volcanic mountain range. Southwest has the volcanic rock Tablas Plateau. Panay: 11,515 square kilometers. Westernmost island with a hilly western coast and northern lowlands. Leyte: 7,213 square kilometers. Dense jungle forests with a central mountain range. Cebu: 4,421 square kilometers. Long, narrow island with a hilly interior. Topography Visayas 61,077 square kilometers (23,582 square miles). Bohol: 3,865 square kilometers. Chocolate Hills, cone-shaped mounds covering 52 square kilometers (20 square miles). range from 50 meters to 200 meters (164–656 feet) high, turning brown during summer. Masbate: 3,268 square kilometers; north of Visayas with hilly areas. Palawan- Calamian Islands in the eastern Philippines. Total land area: 11,655 square kilometers (4,500 square miles). Dimensions: 8–48 kilometers (5 to 30 miles) wide, more than 442 kilometers (275 miles) long. Mountains run the island's entire length. Highest peak: 2,085 meters (6,841 feet) high.  Visayas Topography 61,077 square kilometers (23,582 square miles). Western Visayas (Region 6) Central Visayas (Region 7) Eastern Visayas (Region 8)  Mindanao Topography 94,630 square kilometers (36,537 square miles). Pacific Cordillera: Eastern coast mountain range. Agusan River: Separates Pacific Cordillera from Cordillera Central. Mount Apo: Highest peak in the Philippines at 2,804 meters (9,199 feet). Bukidnon-Lanao Plateau: Contains deep canyons and extinct volcanoes; elevation of 609 meters (1,998 feet). Davao-Agusan Trough: Lowland area in the east, prone to seasonal flooding. Topography Mindanao 94,630 square kilometers (36,537 square miles). South-Central Mindanao: Features two marshes. Western Mindanao (Zamboanga Peninsula): Mountainous area. Sulu Archipelago: Southwest, includes over 800 small islands with a total area of 4,144 square kilometers (1,600 square miles). Topography 94,630 square Mindanao kilometers (36,537 square miles). Western Mindanao (Region 9)- Zamboanga Peninsula Northern Mindanao (Region 10) Southern Mindanao (Region 11)- Davao Region Central Mindanao (Region 12)- SOCCSKARGEN Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)- BARMM Caraga Region (Region 13)  CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENT Climate Tropical climate: Hot and humid year-round. Monsoons: Southwest monsoon (Habagat): May to October. Northeast monsoon (Amihan): November to February. -a seasonal rain and wind pattern. -a shift in winds that often causes a very rainy or dry season. Climate Tropical climate: Hot and humid year-round. Monsoons: Southwest monsoon (Habagat): May to October. Northeast monsoon (Amihan): November to February. Seasons: Wet/ Rainy Season: May to November. Dry Season: December to May. December to February: Cool and dry. March to May: Hot and dry. Tropical Storms: Season: June to October. Most storms come from the southeast. Typhoons often hit, causing flooding and damage, worsened by deforestation. TYPHOON URING Ormoc, Leyte DEFORESTATION  ENVIRONMENT Land Features: Irregular coasts, alluvial plains, narrow valleys, rolling hills, and mountains running north to south. Forests: Originally lush and tropical with diverse ecosystems. Deforestation reduced forests to 19.4% by the end of the 20th century. Issues with illegal logging and insufficient replanting. Seasons for Agriculture: Wet season is ideal for rice planting.  ENVIRONMENT Population: 2000 census: 76.5 million people, concentrated in 12 major islands. Population growth rate of 2.36% annually if growth rate is continuous, the population is expected to double in about 29 years. Life expectancy: 68.12 years. Environmental Threats: Corruption in illegal timber export. Ongoing deforestation threatens animal and plant species. Decline of marine mangroves and coral reefs due to commercial trawling, aquaculture, pollution, and illegal fishing practices like cyanide and dynamite use. RACE AND ETHNICITY  RACE AND ETHNICITY -Influences: Spanish (1565– Significant minority: 1898) and American (1898– Chinese 1946) colonization shaped society and culture.  RACE AND ETHNICITY English is understood by 40% of the population and serves as the lingua franca in several in societal aspects Religion: Predominantly Christian (largest in Asia); over 65 million Christians by 1990s. 11 million non-Catholic Christians in 350+ organizations, e.g., Iglesia ni Cristo. Largest minority: Muslim population (3.9–7 million, mostly in Mindanao, Sulu, Palawan). Indigenous Groups: Historically and culturally distinct from mainstream Filipinos. Early inhabitants: Aetas, Malays, Indonesians; arrived around the same time and adapted to different environments. RACE AND ETHNICITY Society and Culture: -Basic unit: Nuclear family with extended relatives; father as head. -Social stratification: Wealth and education-driven, influenced by Spanish and American colonization. -Upper class (11%): Professionals, teachers, civil servants, business people. -Lower class (89%): Farmers, laborers, fishermen, merchants. Literacy and Media: -High literacy rate (95% as of 2002). -Extensive media presence: 26 newspapers (12 in English), 366 AM and 290 FM radio stations, 75 TV stations (2003). - Free press with a tradition of muckraking influenced by American journalism. THANK YOU