tcsarc.pptx

THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION Presented and Compiled by: Christopher Lee C. Arciaga, RCrim THEOR Y  derived from the Greek word “theoria” which means “contemplation or speculation”.  Set of statements devised to explain behavior, events or phenomenon, especially one that has been rep...

THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION Presented and Compiled by: Christopher Lee C. Arciaga, RCrim THEOR Y  derived from the Greek word “theoria” which means “contemplation or speculation”.  Set of statements devised to explain behavior, events or phenomenon, especially one that has been repeatedly tested and widely accepted. CRIME  it is defined as the act or omission in violation of public law forbidding or commanding its performance (legal definition)  It refers to any violation or infraction of the existing policies, laws, rules and regulations of the society or the standard norms of the society. (general definition) WHY SHOULD MEMBERS OF SOCIETY BE INTERESTED IN CRIMES?  Crime is Pervasive and Reflective  Crime is Expensive  Crime is Destructive  Crime is Progressive CRIMIN AL  A criminal is a person who has committed a crime and has been convicted of final judgment by a competent court. (legal definition)  A criminal is a person who violated a social norm or one who acted an anti- social act. (sociological definition)  A criminal is one who violated rules of conduct due to behavioral maladjustment. (psychological definition) THEORY OF CRIME CAUSATION  Are abstract concepts that systematically describe the causes or genesis of crimes.  These theories often provide empirical insights to anyone who ventures unto crime analysis FOUNDATION OF CRIME CAUSATION DEMONOLOGICAL THEORY  Earliest theory of crime causation that is grounded on the belief that criminals were possessed by evil spirit- a supernatural force beyond one’s control which compel them to commit crimes SCHOOL OF THOUGHT QUESTION 1. CLASSICAL SCHOOL  It views crime as a product of free will, hedonism and rational choice. It anchors on the argument that human beings are endowed with free will and rationality, and that human actions are results of the rational calculation of the costs and benefits (rewards).  Free will - it refers to human’s freedom or capacity to act or decide in his own  Hedonism – Often known as “pain-and-pleasure principle. It is a basic assumption that people engage on things that will make them happy and avoid things that gives them suffering and pain  Rationality – means performing an act, or make a decision with sound judgment, logic, reasonableness, and often conformity with established societal norms  Utilitarianism - a philosophy developed by Jeremy Bentham. It means the “greatest happiness for the greatest number of people” 2. NEO-CLASSICAL SCHOOL  From the word “neo” which means new. It argued that since children and lunatics are incapable of calculating pain and pleasure, they should be treated differently 3. POSITIVIST OR ITALIAN  Views crime as a product of the internal and external factors which are beyond one’s control. It implores science in explaining the causes of crime and proposed the idea of individualized treatment of offenders. Criminal offenders should be considered as part of and not apart from the society  BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION  These are theories that link crime with human being’s physical or biological dispositions. It clings on the idea that criminality has something to do with person’s genetic blueprint  BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION THEORY OF ATAVISM OR BORN CRIMINAL  Theory from the work of Dr. Cesare Lombroso – the father of modern criminology  Grounded on the belief that criminals are identifiable through their physical anomalies or stigmata. Lombroso asserted that unlike law abiders, criminals are having the appearance of pre-human forms- a primitive stage of evolution  BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ATAVISTIC PERSON o Twisted or Flat nose o Long arms in relation to their lower limbs o Drooping eyes o Large ears o Protruding jaws o Sloped foreheads o Dark skin o Small and deformed skulls  BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION LOMBROSO’S CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMINALS 1. Born Criminals – those with atavistic characteristics 2. Insane Criminals – those having anatomical and biological abnormalities. These include imbeciles, idiots, as well as alcoholics, hysterics, and epileptics 3. Criminal by passion – those who are triggered by emotional force such as love, anger, hatred, jealousy and others  BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION LOMBROSO’S CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMINALS 4. Occasional Criminal – those who commit crimes given the opportunity. This type of criminals has innate characteristics to commit crime. Occasional criminals are composed into four subtypes: Criminaloid – those who are easily swayed or tempted to do evil. Criminaloids are normal persons who commit crimes under pressure of circumstances Epileptoid – those who are suffering from epilepsy, a neurological disorder Habitual criminal – those who live normally but later on develop an undesirable habit (i.e. gambling, drugs) which influence him to commit lifetime criminality Pseudocriminal – like criminaloids, pseudocriminals are normal persons. They only commit crimes when the situation forces them to do so.  BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION PHYSIOGNOMY  Dubbed as “face reading”  The study of person’s personality traits or character based on facial appearance  BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION PHRENOLOGY/CRANIOLOGY  The study of the person’s personality traits or character based on skull formation  BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION KRETSCHMER’S BODY PHYSIQUES  Assumed that there is a link between the individual’s physical makeup and his personality and that certain body builds correspond to certain temperaments  BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION FOURT TYPES OF BODY PHYSIQUES 1. Asthenic – are those persons who are thin, with narrow shoulders, flat chest, loose skin, and long limbs. Asthenic are shy, timid, introvert, with serious personality but with fondness in reading and studying. To Kretschmer, asthenic is likely to commit petty theft and fraud 2. Athletic – people under this category are muscular and with strong development of the skeleton. The personality of being aggressive is linked to this type. Athletic people are prone to commit violence compared to asthenic  BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION FOURT TYPES OF BODY PHYSIQUES 3. Pyknic - are those that are fat with rounded bodies with fleshy arms and legs. This category is more likely to commit fraud and deception and sometimes violence. On the temperament side, pyknic people are into mood swings, who sometimes are happy and at other times are irritable and depressed. 4. Dysplastic type (mixed type) – people who have no desired body physiques belong to this category. Kretschmer argued that individuals under this type are prone to commit crimes against decency and morality  BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION SOMATOTYPES – WILLIAM SHELDON 1. Ectomorph – this is similar to kretschmer’s asthenic body physiques. Similarly, ectomorphs are thin or slender. Sheldon associated this type to cerebrotonic temperament with characters of being introverted, insomniac, full of complaints, sensitivity to noise and distractions, and self conscious 2. Mesomorph – the athletic type in kretschmer’s classification. Mesomorphs are characterized by dominated muscles. Mesomorphs are somotonic having the characters of being active, aggressive, and dynamic 3. Endomorph – similar to kreschmer’s pyknic body physique. Endomorph are fat, soft and round. It is attributed to a viscerotonic type of temperament – extroverted, jolly, relaxed, lazy, comfortable, and sociable  BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION KARYOTYPE STUDIES: THE “SUPERMALE”  This theory associated aggressive behavior and crime to abnormality in the chromosomal pattern of a person. The normal chromosome pair for male is XY; female on the other hand follows an XX pattern.  Some males have and XYY pattern and some females have an XXX structure. This theory suggest that additional maleness brought by the extra “Y” chromosome (which makes “supermales”) provides higher inclination for a person to commit heinous, violent crimes  BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION FAMILY STUDIES 1. Juke Family Tree BY Richard L. Dugdale 2. Kalikak Family Tree BY Henry H. Goddard 3. Jonathan Edwards Family Tree  BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION TWIN STUDIES  This study was centered on studying twin pairs, investigating their distinct and similar behavioral patterns. The theoretical assumption was, if genes are inherited, then twins would likely exhibit the same set of behaviors. With this, researchers grouped twin pairs into two: MZ – refers to identical twins DZ – refers to fraternal twins who are not identical, twins who share only half of their genes  52 percent similarity in behavioral patterns among MZ (identical twins) compared to DZ (fraternal twins) which was 22 percent only  BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION ADOPTION STUDIES  This study examined the life and behavior of the adopted children and correlated it with the criminal behavior behaviors of the parents who adopted them and with their biological parents who send them away  Nature vs. Nurture  BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME AND BEHAVIOR  Prior to menstruation, fluctuations occur as progesterone levels drop while the other hormones increase  Common effects of premenstrual syndrome are concentration problems irritability, mood swings including aggression and depression OTHER BIOLOGICAL THEORIES  DOING GENDER  AGING OUT PHENOMENOM  PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION  These theories explain crime as caused by mental, behavioral or emotional aspects  PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY  Pioneered by Sigmund Freud  Views deviant or anti-social behavior as a result of underdeveloped or overdeveloped superego 1. Id – refers to the instincts, or pleasure-seeking drives or impulses. This is present since birth. Id is the unconscious state of the mind of a person 2. Superego – refers to conscience. It sets the moral standard in consonance with the norms of the society. It is developed at the age of five 3. Ego – refers to the self. Its function is to balance or to mediate between the id and superego in the context of reality  PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT 1. Oral Stage (Birth to 2 years) In this stage of psychosexual development, the gratification of the infant focuses on the mouth. Oral activities like eating, swallowing, biting and giving sucking give pleasure 2. Anal Stage (2 to 4 years) In this stage, the focus of gratification is on the anal region which consists of the control and the release of feces. The ability of the child to control and heed on parental as to bowel movement is the key in determining the personality styles of the infant when reaching adulthood.  PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT 3. Phallic Stage (4-5 years) – sexual attraction to the parent of opposite sex occurs and that parent of the same sex is considered as rival or competitor. Gender identity is learned by identifying and mimicking the same sex parent Oedipus Complex – a term used to describe to a boy’s feeling of jealousy towards their father and the feeling of desire towards their mother Electra complex – a term used to describes girl’s desire of affection and love for their dad  PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT 4. Latent Stage (6 years to puberty) – takes place when children are at the age of six to  The childyears twelve realizes that desires and affections directed to the parent of opposite sex are not feasible  Shifts his focus towards social skills such as recreation and sports and becomes occupied with socializing with same-sex peers, refining roles etc.  PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT 5. Genital Stage (puberty and up)  Commences when the child enters the period of puberty – a stage where the little girl or boy transitioned into adolescence becoming into a sexually matured and a reproductive ready  An increase of sex hormones resulting to an increase of sexual desire with the opposite sex  PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION SELF CONTROL THEORY  Also known as General Theory of Crime which was formulated by Gottfredson and Hischi (1990)  This theory argues that person with high level of self control are less likely to commit crime while those who have inadequate self control are more likely to engage in criminal acts  PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION FRUSTRATION-AGGRESSION THEORY  A theory which blames aggressive behavior to events or circumstances which cause frustration  Frustration is a result of a goal being block or interfered  PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY  By Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1928)  A theory which states that morality progress through a series of stages  The sense of right or wrong is entwined with the person’s progression to stages  Delinquent behavior is a result of immaturity in moral development  PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION STAGES IN MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY 1. Level 1: Pre-conventional – in this level, actions and moral reasoning are primarily based on its psychological or physical consequences such as punishment or reward. In here, a person acts in accordance to the authorities and adults’ societal interpretation of right or wrong Stage 1 – moral actions are based on the obedience of the law to avoid punishment Stage 2 – moral actions are based on self interest and sometimes to the interest of others  PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION STAGES IN MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY 2. Level 2: Conventional – moral decision making is based on establishing harmonious relationship with others. An action is adjudged dependent to the expectations of the surrounding Stage individuals 3 – moral actions are based on the approval or expectations of others. The person chooses to adapt a group and act in consonance with its culture Stage 4 – the stage of law and order orientation. The individual recognized the diversity within the society and view laws and behavioral percepts as necessary  PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION STAGES IN MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY 3. Level 3: Post-Conventional – in this stage, moral actions is based on the established principles of the person and moral reasoning is directed Stage towards 5 – laws are believedjustice to benefit the greatest number of people (Utilitarianism) Stage 6 – this is known as the universal ethical consideration. Laws are considered to be vital for the common goof of the many, however, sometimes there is a need for this to be overridden to benefit others and to adhere self imposed principles  PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY  Assumes that people make rational decisions or choices if they think that such actions is perceived to maximized benefits and minimize losses, risks or costs  Rationality – the capacity of a person to render decision based on the dictates of reason  PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION NEUTRALIZATION THEORY  Otherwise known as Drift Theory  Portrays the delinquent as an individual who subscribes generally to the morals of society but who is able to justify his own delinquent behavior through a process of “neutralization”  PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION LOW IQ THEORY  Blames criminality to a defect in the cognitive aspect of a person  PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION PERSONALITY TRAIT THEORY  This theory by Gordon Allport (1897- 1967) assumes that criminal behavior is caused by certain personality traits of a person  Unlike psychoanalytic theory which pinpoints deviant behaviors to have come from unconscious causes (overbearing or weak superego, personality trait theory posits that antisocial behavior comes mainly from personality  PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION LEVEL OF TRAITS 1. Cardinal Traits – refer to the primary and dominant traits, the major personality description, something that are used to describe about the person 2. Central traits – major traits that are used to ordinarily describe a person. From the above example, a person who is sociable may manifest central traits such as kindness, hospitable, generous, altruistic 3. Secondary traits – these are traits that arise only to specific situation and are not dominant and are not integral part of personality unlike central or cardinal traits  PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION BEHAVIORAL THEORY  Propounded that human behavior is developed through the learning experience  It has the notion that people alter or change their behavior depending on their environment such as: a. Family Interaction b. Environmental experiences, and c. The mass media  PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION CAUSES OF BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS 1. Predisposing Factors - Internal propensities which may not be considered as criminal unless the attempt was made 2. Precipitating Factors - Conditions and elements which provoke crimes such as personal problems, curiosity, ignorance, necessities, diseases, traumatic experiences and the like  PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION COGNITIVE THEORY  In this theory, the psychologist focus on the mental process of individuals  Explain criminal behavior as a defect in moral thinking, thought processes, and mental development  A though that stores information, so that the information can be interpreted correctly by a criminal  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION  These theories seek to explain crime causation through social or surrounding conditions, associating crime with poverty, broken family, social disorganization, peer pressure and others  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY  Maintains that the society is composed of different group organizations, the societies consist of a group of people having criminalistics and anti-criminalistics tradition and that criminal behavior is learned and not inherited  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION ANOMIE THEORY  Advocated by Emile Durkheim  Breakdown of social orders as results of loss of standards and values that replaced social cohesion A- Absence Nomos – Laws or standards Anomie – refers to the breakdown of norms  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION STRAIN THEORY  By Robert Merton  Defined as the tension between social expectations and aspirations and the socially acceptable ways of accomplishing those expectations and goals  States that various strains or pressures increase the chance of criminal activity  These tensions result in unpleasant emotions such as frustration and anger, among other things  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION FIVE RESPONSES TO STRAIN 1. Conformity – individuals are pursuing a societal aim by employing legal means to achieve it 2. Innovation – the individual achieves this goal using unethical means. Thieves are innovators because they share the cultural objective of acquiring riches but to do so by breaking the law: To gain financial stability, one may resort to drug trafficking or stealing  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION FIVE RESPONSES TO STRAIN 3. Ritualism – given up all hope of accomplishing society’s acceptable aims, but who continues to function within the confines of society’s approved methods, using the same means to achieve less elusive goals (more modest and humble). A ritualist is someone who, for example, acknowledges that they will never advance in their current position but continues to work in that position  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION FIVE RESPONSES TO STRAIN 4. Retreatists – have rejected both a society’s goals and the legitimate means of obtaining them, and live outside conventional norms altogether. It is the tendency of some people to withdraw from the society of which they are a part, rejecting both the goals and the means of achieving those goals Example of the high school to college transition, the retreatist might not graduate from high school, drop contact from family, etc.  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION FIVE RESPONSES TO STRAIN 5. Rebellion – to reject the cultural goals and means, then work to replace them. Rebels seek to replace society goals with their own, as well as to design their own methods of achieving those goals driven by ideology  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION GENERAL STRAIN THEORY (GTS)  Developed by Robert Agnew (1992)  Refers to “relationships in which others are not treating the individual as he or she would like to be treated”  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION SOCIAL BOND THEORY  Otherwise known as Social Control Theory  States that deviant behavior is caused by weak or broken bonds with the society  The bonds that are formed with prosocial people, prosocial institutions, and prosocial values, are the bonds that discourage deviant behavior  BIAC  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL BONDS 1. Attachment – refers to the degree to which an individual care about the opinions of others. 2. Commitment – refers to an individual’s investment of energy and emotion in conventional pursuits, such as getting good grades. 3. Involvement – refers to the amount of time an individual spends on a conventional pursuit. 4. Belief – refers to acceptance of the norms of conventional society.  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION CONTAINMENT THEORY  By Walter Reckless  Contends that a series of external social factors and internal qualities effectively insulate certain individuals from criminal involvement even when ecological variables induce others to engage in crime  It states that pushes and pulls are buffered by inner and outer containments  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION DETERRENCE THEORY  This theory assets that if legal penalties are certain, swift, and severe, people will be deterred from committing crime  Although requires rationalization, gives more emphasis on a person’s outlook of the pain of punishment  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION TYPES OF DETERRENCE 1. General Deterrence – the general public is discouraged from committing the same crime after seeing someone being punished 2. Specific Deterrence – this refers to the idea of discouraging the criminal from committing further crimes after receiving the punishment  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY  Posits that criminal behavior is learned through exposure or socialization with others in the community  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT THEORY  Refers to the individual’s process of weighing and anticipating the possible outcomes of his or her actions. With this, behaviors are determined by foreseeing possible rewards or punishment Components of Differential Reinforcement 1. Positive Reinforcement 2. Negative Reinforcement  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION IMITATION THEORY  Refers to the process of adopting a behavior seen or observed from others, especially from those who are close to the person. In imitation, behaviors are mirrored from a model or group of models  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION SOCIAL REACTION THEORY  Otherwise known as Labeling Theory  This theory postulates that how a person behaves is dependent on how society labels him  It asserts that those individuals who are labeled as deviants or have been tagged with negative brands are likely more to amplify their deviancy, rather than reducing it, have it not been they are labeled with such  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION ROUTINE ACTIVITY THEORY  By Cohen and Felson  Views crime as a by-product of individuals’ responses to a specific situations. That is, exposure to certain situations may influence a person to commit crime and alteration of individual’s exposure may alter crime involvement  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION ELEMENTS OF CRIME ACCORDING TO RAT 1. Motivated Offender – this refers to a person who is prepared in the commission of crime 2. Suitable target – this refers to either a human victim or things which are the subject of the offense 3. Absence of Capable Guardian – refers to any person who guards, supervises or protects targets from possible victimization  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION LIFE COURSE THEORY  Concerned with three main issues: the development of offending and antisocial behavior, risk factors at different ages, and the effects of life events on the course of development. As a theory, denotation establishes the connection between a pattern of life events and the actions that human performs  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY  Developed by Shaw and Mckay  People’s actions are more strongly influenced by the quality of their social relationships and their physical environment rather than rational thought  It states that disorganized communities with high population turnover rates, diverse populations, and poverty are more likely to experience high levels of crime  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION IMITATION-SUGGESTION THEORY  Developed by Gabriel Tarde  Individuals imitate the behavior of other individual based on the degree of their association  The learning process may either be conscious type of copying (imitation) or unconscious copying (suggestion) of confronting pattern of behavior  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION IMITATION-SUGGESTION THEORY  Developed by Gabriel Tarde  Individuals imitate the behavior of other individual based on the degree of their association  The learning process may either be conscious type of copying (imitation) or unconscious copying (suggestion) of confronting pattern of behavior  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION CONFLICT OF CULTURE THEORY  Asserts that the multiplicity of incompatible cultures is the main source of social disorganization  Developed by Thorsten Sellin  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION CULTURE DEVIANCE THEORY  States that crime is correlated strongly to the cultural values and norms prevalent in society  Individuals may turn to crime not on account of any innate character traits, but because they are influence by: I. The place they live in II. The people they are surrounded by and III. The socio-economic conditions of their micro- environment  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION SELF-DEROGATION THEORY  Predicts that low self-esteem motivates youths to try out delinquent activities that are aimed at restoring self-esteem  Juveniles may become involved in delinquency as a response to negative self-attitudes  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION OTHER SOCIOLOGICAL CAUSES OF CRIME I. Lack of parental guidance II. Broken Homes III. Influence of Mass Media IV. Peer Pressure, Etc.  ECONOMICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION THEORY OF ECONOMIC CRIMINALITY  States that crime is social in origin and a normal response to prevailing cultural conditions  There were social forces of competition and wealth, resulting in an unequal distribution of resources which also lead to individualism  ECONOMICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION MARXIST THEORY  Crime is caused by the conflicts between the three socio- economic classes capitalist (those who possess means of production and economic values), bourgeoisie (middle class) and proletariat (working class)  All classes commit crime but the crimes of the elite do more harm  Also argue that law enforcement is selective, working in favor of elites and the crime control and punishment perform ideological function  ECONOMICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION DIFFERENTIAL OPPORTUNITY THEORY  Is the idea that people (usually teens) from low socioeconomic backgrounds who have few opportunities for success, will use any means at their disposal to achieve success  If juveniles were presented with more opportunities to succeed, they would be likely to turn to affiliation with subculture groups for validation  THE THEORIES OF FEMALE OFFENDERS FEMINIST THEORY  Examines the role of men and women in crime and deviance and how these sex differences influenced as to how they are treated  This theory argues that crime is mostly interpreted in the context of male perspective and with this, crime notions are less applied to females  For instance, women who are into alcoholism and drugs are more negatively criticized compared to men doing the same  THE THEORIES OF FEMALE OFFENDERS MASCULINITY THEORIES  Asserts that women’s crime had begun to change in both quantity and quality and that this was due not to an alteration in women’s nature but rather because of increased criminal opportunities for women  They deny their female role and femininity and identify with then male role and masculinity. In short they “attempt to be a man”  THE THEORIES OF FEMALE OFFENDERS ECONOMIC MARGINALIZATION THEORY  Female participation in the labor force does not necessarily indicate either more gender equality or improved economic condition for women  Female criminality has been seen that their position is marginalized by less salary, un-respectful occupation and less secured job  The major causes of female crime are unemployment, poorly paid employment, etc.  THE THEORIES OF FEMALE OFFENDERS OPPORTUNITY THEORY  Efficiency and social communication are increased, then the rate of female criminality increases accordingly  When more women get access in labor market as skilled labor and possess highly specialized position in the job sector they commit more employment related property crime like men  Some women take the advantage of these opportunities, just as some men do before  THE THEORIES OF FEMALE OFFENDERS CHIVALRY THEORY  Argues that historically there have been lower rates of female criminality because of the more lenient treatment of female offenders by criminal justice personnel  Females are more prone to violating the law but according to the economic standard they treated as less destructive in nature  Female offences get less importance than male ones in the criminal justice system  QUESTIONS WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS OF CRIME ACCORDING TO COHEN AND FELSON? A. Intent, Desire, Capability B. Instrumentality, Motive, Opportunity C. Information, Instrumentation, Interrogation D. Lack of capable guardian, suitable victim, motivated offender  QUESTIONS ACCORDING TO THIS THEORY, BECAUSE PEOPLE IN THE LOWER CLASS FEEL ISOLATED DUE TO EXTREME DEPRIVATION OR POVERTY, THEY TEND TO CREATE A SUBCULTURE WITH ITS OWN SET OF RULES AND VALUES. A. Social Disorganization Theory B. Strain Theory C. Cultural Deviance Theory D. Differential Association Theory  QUESTIONS IN THE COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL BOND, IT REFERS TO THE DEGREE TO WHICH AN INDIVIDUAL CARE ABOUT THE OPINIONS OF OTHERS. A. Attachment B. Commitment C. Belief D. Involvement  QUESTIONS IN THE COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL BOND, IT REFERS TO THE DEGREE TO WHICH AN INDIVIDUAL CARE ABOUT THE OPINIONS OF OTHERS. A. Attachment B. Commitment C. Belief D. Involvement  QUESTIONS ACCORDING TO THIS THEORY, PEOPLE WHEN THEY ARE DOING SOMETHING WRONG, HOWEVER, RATIONALIZE AND JUSTIFY THEIR ACTION. A. Neutralization Theory B. Labelling Theory C. Containment Theory D. Differential Reinforcement Theory  QUESTIONS ACCORDING TO THIS THEORY, PEOPLE STRIKE A BALANCE BETWEEN BEING “ALL- DEVIANT” AND “ALL-CONFORMING”. BEHAVIOR PERSISTS DEPENDING ON THE DEGREE TO WHICH IT WAS REWARDED OR PUNISHED A. Social Control Theory B. Differential Reinforcement Theory C. Differential Opportunity Theory D. All of the above  QUESTIONS IT DEVELOPS ITSELF FROM THE PLEASURE AND PAIN LEVEL AND FROM THE DISCOVERY THAT THE BEHAVIOR OF THE SEAT OF PSYCHIC ENERGY CAN HAVE BORING RESULTS A. Id B. Ego C. Superego D. Awareness  QUESTIONS SHELDON NOTED THAT THIS TYPE OF PHYSIQUE HAS RELATIVELY PREDOMINANT MUSCLE, BONES AND MOTOR ORGANS. A. Endomorphic B. Metamorphosis C. Ectomorphic D. NOTA  QUESTIONS THEY ARE SOCIAL DROP OUT AND REJECT BOTH GOALS AND MEANS TO ACHIEVE IT A. Innovator B. Ritualist C. Retreatist D. Rebel  QUESTIONS KARLITO IS HANGING OUT WITH HIS FRIENDS, AND HE DECIDE TO STEAL SOME CHOCOLATES FROM 7/11. HE GETS AWAY WITH SHOPLIFTING, AND NOW HAS FREE CHOCOLATE TO ENJOY AND THE RESPECT OF HIS PEERS, WITHOUT HAVING CONSEQUENCES SINCE HE DIDN’T CATCH. NEXT DAY HE STEALS AGAIN AT THE STORE. A. Differential Association Theory B. Differential Reinforcement Theory C. Imitation Theory D. All of the Above  QUESTIONS THIS STUDY REVEALS THAT CRIMINALITY OF THE BIOLOGICAL FATHER WAS A MAJOR PREDICTOR OF THE CHILD’S BEHAVIOR: A. XYY syndrome B. Twin Studies C. Adoption Studies D. All of the above  QUESTIONS THIS THEORY MAINTAINS THAT AN INDIVIDUAL WILL OBEY OR DISOBEY SOCIETAL RULES DEPENDING UPON HIS ABILITY TO RATIONALIZE WHETHER HE IS PROTECTED FROM HARM OR DESTRUCTION A. Labeling Theory B. Social Reaction Theory C. Drift Theory D. Classical Theory  QUESTIONS PUROY IS A DRUG DEALER WHO WAS CAUGHT SELLING DRUGS. THE CUSTOMER PRUCHASING THE DRUGS WAS A WILLING PARTICIPANT IN THE INTERACTION AND PUROY WAS MERELY SUPPLYING THEIR NEED. PUROY ARGUE THAT, THOUGH THE ACTION WAS ILLEGAL, NO ONE WAS HURT OR INJURED BY THE OFFENSE. A. Denial of Injury B. Strain Theory C. Denial of Responsibility D. Anomie  QUESTIONS THIS THEORY EXPLAIN THAT PEOPLE OBEY THE LAW BECAUSE BEHAVIOR AND PASSION ARE BEING CONTROLLED BY INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FORCES A. Social Bond B. Social Control C. Containment D. Social Reaction  THAT’S THANKIT! YOU! FUTURE RCRIM!!