Introduction to Criminology PDF

 **INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY** **CHAPTER 1** **INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY** **What is Criminology?** **CRIMINOLOGY** - The entire body of knowledge regarding crimes, criminals and the efforts of society to prevent and repress them - A body...

 **INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY** **CHAPTER 1** **INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY** **What is Criminology?** **CRIMINOLOGY** - The entire body of knowledge regarding crimes, criminals and the efforts of society to prevent and repress them - A body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon; it includes within its scope, the making of laws, the breaking of laws and the reactions toward the breaking of laws (EdwinSutherland) - The scientific study of the causes of crime in relation to man and society who set and define rules and regulations for himself and others to govern. Siegel -- according to Siegel (2013:4), criminology is the scientific approach to the study of criminal behaviour. - Latin term crimen -- means "crime" and "logo" means a "study" or "knowledge". - Therefore, the word "criminology" means the study of crime. - First use of this term was in the nineteenth century coined by the French sociologist called Toppinard. Walsh -- Criminology is an interdisciplinary science that gathers and analyses data on various aspects of criminal, delinquent and general anti-social behaviour. Edwin.H.Sutherland -- is celebrated as the father of American criminology. - Three aspects of Sutherland‟s definition of criminology are sometimes referred to as the study of law making, law breaking and reactions to law breaking. 1\) Law making against crime 2\) Area of causes of crime 3\) Work of the police, the courts and correctional services. Bezuidenhout and Little, identify the following fields of specialization in criminology: 1\) Criminal law -- a branch of public law that covers the definition of crime, criminal behaviour, rules and regulations on crime preventing punishment of criminals. 2\) Crime theories -- reasons and explanations provided by criminology social scientists on causes and occurrences of criminal behaviour. 3\) Victimology -- the study of victims of crime. 4\) Criminal and deviant behaviour systems -- risk assessment strategies that examine the patterns of criminal behaviour. 5\) Criminal justice -- the study of agencies of social control that handle offenders. **Criminology** is the scientific study of crime, criminal behavior, and the criminal justice system. It involves analyzing the causes, consequences, prevention, and control of crime, as well as the social and psychological aspects of criminal behavior. Criminologists examine various factors that influence crime, such as biology, psychology, social structures, and environmental influences. Key areas of criminology include: 1. **Theories of Crime**: Understanding why individuals commit crimes, including biological, psychological, and sociological theories. 2. **Criminal Behavior**: Studying patterns and types of criminal activities. 3. **Victimology**: Examining the role and experiences of victims within the criminal justice system. 4. **Criminal Justice System**: Analyzing the institutions and processes involved in law enforcement, the courts, and corrections. 5. **Crime Prevention**: Developing strategies and policies to reduce crime and improve public safety. **Criminology** is interdisciplinary, drawing from fields such as sociology, psychology, law, and anthropology to understand and address crime comprehensively. **ORIGIN OF THE WORD "CRIMINOLOGY"** The term criminology was derived from the Italian term "criminologia" coined by Raffaelle Garofalo, an Italian law professor in 1885. In 1887, Paul Toppinard, a French anthropologist, used the term" criminologie". An American criminologist in the person of **Edwin Sutherland** introduced his own definition of the term "criminology". According to him, ***criminology is the entire body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon. It includes within its scope the process of making laws, of breaking laws and of reacting towards the breaking of the laws.*** **IS CRIMINOLOGY A SCIENCE?** 1.Edwin Sutherland and Donald Cressey--Not a science but has the hope of becoming a science for the reason that man is the subject of the study. 2.George Wilker--Absolutely not a science due to the variations of behavior. 3.CiriloTradio--It is a science for the causes of crimes are universally alike such as biological, physical, psychological, and economical. Criminology is not a science but has the hope of becoming a science Criminology is not a perfect science. **PRINCIPAL DIVISIONS OF CRIMINOLOGY** 1.Criminal Etiology--The scientific analysis of the causes of crimes. Criminal etiology is the study of the causes or origins of criminal behavior. It seeks to understand the underlying factors that contribute to individuals engaging in criminal activities. This branch of criminology examines various influences---biological, psychological, social, and environmental---that may lead a person to commit a crime. Key aspects of criminal etiology include: a. **Biological Factors**: Investigating how genetics, neurophysiology, and other biological aspects may predispose individuals to criminal behavior. This can include studies on brain chemistry, hormones, and inherited traits. b. **Psychological Factors**: Exploring mental health, personality disorders, and other psychological conditions that might influence criminal behavior. This also includes the study of personality traits, cognitive patterns, and emotional responses. c. **Sociological Factors**: Analyzing how social environments, such as family, peers, education, and economic conditions, contribute to criminal behavior. This also covers the influence of societal norms, culture, and subcultures. d. **Environmental Factors**: Examining how physical and situational environments, like neighborhood conditions, urbanization, and exposure to violence, can affect crime rates. e. **Economic Factors**: Considering how economic conditions, such as poverty, unemployment, and inequality, might drive individuals toward crime as a means of survival or rebellion. Criminal etiology aims to identify the root causes of criminal behavior to develop more effective prevention strategies, interventions, and policies to reduce crime. 2.**Sociology of Law**--The study of law and its application. The sociology of law is a subfield of sociology that studies the relationship between law, society, and social behavior. It focuses on understanding how laws are created, interpreted, and enforced within different social contexts, as well as how laws influence and are influenced by social norms, values, and power dynamics. Key areas of focus in the sociology of law include: a. **Law and Social Control**: Examining how laws function as a mechanism for regulating behavior and maintaining social order. This includes the study of formal legal institutions (courts, police, etc.) and informal social controls (customs, norms, etc.). b. **Law and Social Change**: Analyzing how legal systems respond to and drive social change. Sociologists of law explore how changes in society, such as shifts in cultural values or economic conditions, lead to the creation or modification of laws. c. **Law and Inequality**: Investigating how laws can both reflect and perpetuate social inequalities. This includes studying the differential impact of laws on various social groups based on factors like race, class, gender, and ethnicity. d. **Legal Institutions and Processes**: Exploring the functioning of legal institutions (e.g., courts, legislatures) and the processes involved in making, interpreting, and enforcing laws. This includes the roles of legal professionals, such as judges and lawyers, and how legal decisions are made. e. **Law and Social Interaction**: Understanding how laws influence individual behavior and social interactions. This includes how people perceive the law, their attitudes towards legal authorities, and their experiences with the legal system. f. **Legal Pluralism**: Studying societies where multiple legal systems coexist, such as indigenous law alongside state law. This area explores how different legal frameworks interact and the challenges that arise from such coexistence. The sociology of law is interdisciplinary, intersecting with fields like political science, anthropology, history, and legal studies. It provides insights into how law functions not just as a set of rules, but as a social institution deeply intertwined with the fabric of society. **3.Penology or Correction**--The study that deals with the punishment and the treatment of criminals Penology, also known as corrections, is a subfield of criminology that focuses on the study of punishment, incarceration, and rehabilitation of offenders. It deals with the various systems and methods used to manage individuals who have been convicted of crimes, including prisons, probation, parole, and other forms of correctional supervision. Key areas of penology and corrections include: a. **Theories of Punishment**: Exploring the philosophical and ethical foundations of punishment, including retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and restorative justice. Each theory offers a different perspective on why society punishes offenders and what the goals of punishment should be. b. **Prison Systems and Management**: Studying the operation and administration of prisons, jails, and other correctional facilities. This includes issues related to prison conditions, inmate rights, security measures, and the roles of correctional officers. c. **Incarceration**: Examining the effects of imprisonment on individuals and society. This includes research on the psychological impact of incarceration, recidivism rates, and the social dynamics within prisons, such as inmate behavior, gangs, and prison culture. d. **Rehabilitation and Reentry**: Focusing on programs and strategies aimed at rehabilitating offenders and preparing them for successful reintegration into society after their release. This includes education, vocational training, substance abuse treatment, and counseling services. e. **Alternatives to Incarceration**: Investigating non-custodial forms of punishment, such as probation, parole, community service, electronic monitoring, and restorative justice practices. These alternatives are often considered in efforts to reduce prison overcrowding and address the root causes of criminal behavior. f. **Human Rights and Ethics in Corrections**: Addressing issues related to the humane treatment of offenders, including the protection of their legal and human rights, the ethics of capital punishment, solitary confinement, and other controversial practices. g. **Correctional Policy and Reform**: Analyzing and advocating for changes in correctional systems to improve their effectiveness, fairness, and efficiency. This can include efforts to reduce mass incarceration, reform sentencing laws, and improve conditions within correctional facilities. Penology is crucial for understanding the impact of the criminal justice system on individuals and communities and for developing policies that balance public safety, justice, and human rights.. **4.Victimology**-- the study of the role and or participation of the victim in the development and commission of a crime. Victimology is the study of victims of crime and the psychological, social, and legal aspects of victimization. It examines the impact of crime on victims, the relationships between victims and offenders, and the ways in which the criminal justice system responds to and supports victims. Key areas of victimology include: a. **Types of Victimization**: Studying different forms of victimization, such as physical violence, sexual assault, domestic abuse, cybercrime, and financial fraud. Victimology explores how various crimes affect different populations, including women, children, the elderly, and marginalized groups. b. **Victim-Offender Relationship**: Analyzing the dynamics between victims and offenders, including cases where victims and offenders know each other (e.g., domestic violence) and cases involving strangers. This area also explores concepts like victim precipitation, where the victim\'s actions may contribute to their victimization. c. **Impact of Crime on Victims**: Understanding the physical, emotional, psychological, and financial effects of crime on victims. This includes the study of trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and the long-term consequences of victimization. d. **Victims\' Rights and Legal Protections**: Examining the rights and protections afforded to victims within the criminal justice system. Victimology looks at how laws and policies are designed to protect victims, ensure their participation in the justice process, and provide them with support services. e. **Victim Support Services**: Focusing on the programs and resources available to assist victims, such as counseling, legal assistance, shelters for domestic violence survivors, and compensation schemes. This area also covers the role of victim advocacy organizations and the importance of restorative justice practices. f. **Secondary Victimization**: Studying the phenomenon of secondary victimization, where victims experience further harm through their interactions with the criminal justice system, society, or media. This includes issues like victim-blaming, stigmatization, and insensitive treatment by authorities. g. **Victimology and Public Policy**: Analyzing how research in victimology influences public policy and the development of laws aimed at preventing victimization, protecting victims\' rights, and improving victim services. h. **Global Perspectives on Victimization**: Exploring victimology in an international context, including the experiences of victims in different cultural and legal systems, as well as the impact of global issues such as human trafficking, terrorism, and war crimes. Victimology is interdisciplinary, drawing from criminology, psychology, sociology, law, and social work to provide a comprehensive understanding of the experiences of victims and to advocate for their needs within society. 5.Criminalistics--The study of criminal things. Criminalistics is a branch of forensic science focused on the scientific analysis and interpretation of physical evidence from crime scenes. It involves applying various scientific techniques and methods to help solve crimes by identifying, collecting, preserving, and analyzing evidence. Criminalists, or forensic scientists, play a critical role in the criminal justice system by providing objective, scientific insights that assist in investigations and court proceedings. Key areas of criminalistics include: a. **Crime Scene Investigation**: The process of systematically examining crime scenes to locate, document, and collect physical evidence. This includes techniques for securing the scene, sketching, photographing, and properly packaging evidence for further analysis. b. **Fingerprint Analysis**: Identifying individuals based on the unique patterns of their fingerprints. This includes techniques like dusting for latent prints, lifting prints from surfaces, and comparing them to known prints in databases. c. **DNA Analysis**: Analyzing biological evidence such as blood, hair, skin cells, or bodily fluids to identify individuals through their unique genetic profiles. DNA analysis is one of the most powerful tools in criminalistics for linking suspects to crime scenes or excluding them as suspects. d. **Ballistics**: Studying firearms, ammunition, and the marks left on bullets and casings to determine the type of weapon used, the trajectory of a bullet, and potentially link a weapon to a specific crime. e. **Trace Evidence Analysis**: Examining small, often microscopic materials, such as hair, fibers, glass, paint, or soil, that may be transferred between objects or persons during the commission of a crime. This type of evidence can provide crucial links between suspects, victims, and crime scenes. f. **Toxicology**: Analyzing bodily fluids and tissues to detect the presence of drugs, alcohol, poisons, or other toxic substances. Toxicology can help determine cause of death, impairment, or poisoning in criminal cases. g. **Serology**: The study of bodily fluids, particularly blood, to identify blood types, detect the presence of antibodies, and examine other fluid-related evidence like semen or saliva in cases of sexual assault or violent crimes. h. **Document Examination**: Analyzing handwriting, typewriting, ink, paper, and other characteristics of documents to authenticate or challenge their legitimacy. This field also includes the examination of counterfeit documents, forgeries, and alterations. i. **Forensic Pathology**: Determining the cause and manner of death through the examination of a deceased body, often through autopsy. Forensic pathologists work closely with criminalists to interpret injuries and other evidence on or within the body. j. **Digital Forensics**: Recovering and analyzing data from electronic devices, such as computers, smartphones, and digital storage media, to uncover evidence related to cybercrime, fraud, or other criminal activities. Criminalistics requires expertise in both scientific methods and the legal aspects of evidence handling and interpretation. The results of criminalistic analyses are often presented in court, where they can play a crucial role in determining guilt or innocence **NATUREOFCRIMINOLOGY** 1\) It is an applied science. (INSTRUMENTATION) 2\) It is a social science. Crime is a social creation and it exists in a society being a social phenomenon. 3) It is dynamic. Criminology changes as a social condition changes. It is concomitant with the advancement of other sciences that have been applied to it. 4)It is nationalistic. The study of crimes must be in relation with the existing criminal law within a territory or country. The question as to whether an act is a crime is dependent on the criminal law of a state. It follows therefore that the causes of crime must be determined from its social needs and standards. **SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT IN CRIMINOLOGY** **[(1) Classical Criminology]** - Origins -- During the late eighteenth century with the work of an Italian mathematician named Cesare Bonesano Beccaria and an English theorist, Jeremy Bentham (Eamon et al 2015) - Works -- Cessare Beccaria (1738 -- 1794) book called "On Crimes and Punishment" published in 1764. - Jeremy Bentham- inventor of the panoptican- type of institutional building designed to allow an observer to observe inmates of an institution without them being able to tell whether or not they are being watched. - Theory -- Law must apply equally to all citizens and all found guilty of a particular offence should suffer the same prescribed penalty. - Pleasure-pain Principle -- punishment should outweigh any pleasure to be derived from criminal behaviour but law must not be harsh and sever so as to reduce the greatest happening. Free will and hedonism where all human behaviour is purposive and based on the pleasure-pain principle. 1. **That the people have free will to choose how to act.** 2. **Deterrence is based upon the notion of the human being as a hedonist who seeks pleasure and avoids pain and a rational calculator weighing up the cost and benefits of the consequences of each action.** 3. **Punishment of sufficient severity can deter people from crime as the cost (penalties) outweighs benefits and that the severity of punishment should be proportionate to the crime.** 4. **The more swift and certain the punishment, the more effective it is in deterring criminal behaviour.** -This school of thought is based on the assumption that individuals choose to commit crimes after weighing the consequences of their actions. According to classical criminologists, individuals have free will. They can choose legal or illegal means to get what they want, fear of punishment can deter them from committing crime and society can control behavior by making the pain of punishment greater than the pleasure of the criminal gains. -This theory, however, does not give any distinction between an adult and a minor or a mentally-handicapped in as far as free will is concerned. Classical criminology is a school of thought that emerged in the 18th century, emphasizing the role of free will, rationality, and the importance of clear, proportional punishment in deterring crime. It represents a shift from the earlier, more superstitious and arbitrary approaches to crime and punishment, advocating for a more systematic and humane legal system. Key principles of classical criminology include: 1. **Free Will and Rationality**: Classical criminologists believe that individuals have free will and make rational choices. They argue that people commit crimes after weighing the potential benefits against the potential costs. Crime, therefore, is seen as a rational decision made by individuals who calculate that the rewards outweigh the risks. 2. **Deterrence**: One of the central ideas of classical criminology is that punishment should serve as a deterrent to crime. For deterrence to be effective, punishment must be swift, certain, and proportionate to the crime. The idea is that if people know they will be punished promptly and appropriately, they will be less likely to commit crimes. 3. **Proportionality**: Punishment should be proportional to the crime committed. Classical criminologists advocate for a legal system where the severity of the punishment matches the severity of the crime, avoiding excessively harsh or lenient penalties. 4. **Rule of Law**: Classical criminology emphasizes the importance of a fair and transparent legal system where laws are clearly defined and uniformly enforced. The rule of law is essential to prevent arbitrary and unjust punishment. 5. **Social Contract**: Influenced by Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, classical criminologists argue that individuals enter into a social contract with society. In exchange for protection and order provided by the state, individuals agree to abide by the law. When someone breaks the law, they violate this contract and deserve punishment. 6. **Focus on the Crime, Not the Criminal**: Classical criminology primarily focuses on the act of the crime rather than the individual\'s background or motivations. It emphasizes that punishment should be based on the crime committed, rather than on the characteristics of the offender. 7. **Reform and Humanization of the Legal System**: Classical criminology arose during a time when legal systems were often brutal and arbitrary. Thinkers in this tradition, like Cesare Beccaria, argued for more humane treatment of offenders, opposing torture and advocating for fair trials and standardized punishments. **Key Figures in Classical Criminology** - **Cesare Beccaria**: Often considered the father of classical criminology, Beccaria\'s work *\"On Crimes and Punishments\"* (1764) argued for a legal system based on reason and fairness, emphasizing deterrence and the prevention of crime through rational laws and proportionate punishments. - **Jeremy Bentham**: A British philosopher and jurist, Bentham developed the idea of utilitarianism, which suggests that actions, including legal punishments, should be designed to promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Bentham\'s ideas heavily influenced the development of classical criminology, particularly in advocating for the rationalization of the legal system. Classical criminology laid the groundwork for modern criminal justice systems, influencing legal reforms that emphasize fairness, proportionality, and the idea that punishment should be designed to prevent future crimes. However, it has been critiqued for oversimplifying human behavior and not adequately addressing the social and psychological factors that contribute to crime, leading to the development of more complex theories in criminology. **FOUNDERS OF THE CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY** 1\. **CESARE BONESA NAMARCHESE DI BECCARIA (1738-1794)** \- published a book entitled "On Crimes and Punishment" in 1764; this book presented a coherent and comprehensive design for an enlightened criminal justice system that was to serve the people \- his book contains almost all modern penal reforms but its greatest contribution was the foundation it laid for subsequent changes in criminal legislation \- his book was influential in there forms of penal code in France,Russia,Prussia and it influenced the first ten amendments to the US Constitution **2. JEREMY BENTHAM** \- founded the concept of UTILITARIANISM--assumes that all our actions are calculated in accordance with their likelihood of bringing pleasure and pain \- devised the PSEUDO-MATHEMATICALFORMULA called "felicific calculus" which states that individuals are human calculators who put all the factors into an equation in order to decide whether a particular crime is worth committing or not \- he reasoned that in order to deter individuals from committing crimes, the punishment, or pain, must be greater than the satisfaction, or pleasure, he would gain from committing the crime **[(2) Positivism ]** Positive theorists were the first to claim the importance of looking at individual difference among criminals. The set theorists who concentrated on the individual structures of a person, stated that people are passive and controlled, whose behaviors are imposed upon them by biological and environmental factors. Positivist criminology is a theoretical perspective that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the use of scientific methods to understand and explain criminal behavior. Unlike classical criminology, which focuses on free will and rational choice, positivist criminology is rooted in the belief that crime is determined by factors beyond an individual\'s control, such as biological, psychological, and social influences. **Key Principles of Positivist Criminology** 1. **Scientific Approach**: Positivist criminologists apply scientific methods and empirical research to study crime and criminal behavior. They seek to identify the underlying causes of crime through systematic observation, experimentation, and data analysis. 2. **Determinism**: Positivist criminology is based on the idea that criminal behavior is determined by factors such as biology, psychology, and social environment, rather than being a result of free will or rational choice. This perspective suggests that individuals do not choose to commit crimes freely but are influenced by these determining factors. 3. **Focus on Causes**: Positivist criminologists are interested in understanding the causes of criminal behavior. They explore various factors, such as genetic predispositions, mental illness, social conditions, and environmental influences, to explain why people engage in criminal acts. 4. **Emphasis on Rehabilitation**: Given its focus on the causes of criminal behavior, positivist criminology often advocates for rehabilitation and treatment rather than punishment. The idea is to address the underlying factors contributing to criminal behavior to prevent future offenses. **Key Figures and Theories** a. **Cesare Lombroso**: Often considered a pioneer of positivist criminology, Lombroso introduced the concept of the \"born criminal\" and used anthropometric measurements to identify criminal tendencies. Although many of Lombroso's ideas have been discredited, his emphasis on scientific study laid the groundwork for future criminological research. b. **Enrico Ferri**: A student of Lombroso, Ferri expanded positivist criminology by integrating sociological and economic factors into the study of crime. He argued that crime is the result of a combination of biological, psychological, and social influences. c. **Raffaele Garofalo**: Another key figure in positivist criminology, Garofalo focused on the concept of \"natural crime,\" arguing that certain acts are inherently criminal due to their violation of natural moral laws. He emphasized the importance of studying criminals' psychological and social conditions. d. **Biological Positivism**: This perspective within positivist criminology examines the role of biological factors, such as genetics and neurophysiology, in influencing criminal behavior. Researchers in this area explore how inherited traits and brain abnormalities might contribute to criminal tendencies. e. **Psychological Positivism**: Psychological positivism focuses on the role of mental illness and personality disorders in criminal behavior. It investigates how psychological conditions, such as psychopathy or schizophrenia, might influence an individual\'s propensity for crime. f. **Sociological Positivism**: Sociological positivism examines the influence of social factors, such as poverty, education, and family environment, on criminal behavior. It emphasizes the role of social structures and conditions in shaping individuals' likelihood of engaging in criminal acts. **CESARE LOMBROSO** \- considered the FATHER OF MODERN CRIMINOLOGY due to his application of modern scientific Methods to trace criminal behavior, however, most of his ideas are now discredited \- he claimed that criminals are distinguishable from non-criminals due to the presence of atavistic stigmata--the physical features of creatures at an earlier stage of development \- he asserted that crimes are committed by those who are born with certain recognizable hereditary traits -Lombroso's work supported the idea that the criminal was a biologically and physically inferior person -- according to him,there are three(3)classesofcriminals: **1) born criminals**--individuals with atleast five (5) atavistic stigmata. The concept of the \"born criminal\" originates from the work of Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso in the late 19th century. Lombroso is often considered one of the founders of the positivist school of criminology, which focuses on the idea that criminal behavior is determined by factors beyond an individual\'s control, such as biology and genetics. **Key Aspects of the \"Born Criminal\" Concept** a. **Atavism**: Lombroso proposed that certain individuals are \"born criminals\" due to atavism, a term he used to describe the reversion to a more primitive or ancestral type. He believed that some people were biologically predisposed to criminality because they had physical and psychological traits resembling those of earlier, less evolved humans. These traits were considered signs of an individual being \"less civilized\" and more likely to engage in criminal behavior. b. **Physical Stigmata**: Lombroso identified a range of physical characteristics, or \"stigmata,\" that he believed were indicators of a criminal nature. These included features like a protruding jaw, asymmetrical face, large ears, long arms, and other anatomical irregularities. Lombroso\'s idea was that these physical traits could be used to identify individuals who were inherently criminal. c. **Determinism**: The concept of the \"born criminal\" is rooted in biological determinism, the belief that biology is the primary factor determining behavior, including criminal tendencies. According to this view, individuals with certain physical or genetic characteristics are predisposed to criminality, and their behavior is largely beyond their control. d. **Types of Criminals**: Lombroso categorized criminals into different types, with the \"born criminal\" being the most dangerous and irredeemable. He also described other categories, such as \"occasional criminals\" and \"criminals by passion,\" whose criminal behaviors were seen as influenced more by environmental factors than by biology. **2) insane criminals**--those who are not criminals by birth; they become criminals as a result of some changes in their brains which interfere with their ability to distinguish between right and wrong. The concept of \"insane criminals\" refers to individuals who commit crimes due to severe mental illness or psychological disorders that impair their ability to understand the nature of their actions or distinguish right from wrong. This idea has its roots in early criminology, particularly in the work of Cesare Lombroso, but has evolved significantly with advances in psychiatry and the criminal justice system. **Key Aspects of the \"Insane Criminal\" Concept** a. **Mental Illness and Criminal Responsibility**: An \"insane criminal\" is someone whose criminal behavior is primarily driven by a mental disorder. This disorder significantly impairs their judgment, often to the extent that they may not be fully aware of the wrongfulness of their actions or may be unable to control their behavior. As a result, these individuals may not be held fully responsible for their crimes in the same way as those who are mentally competent. b. **Legal Defenses**: The most common legal defense associated with insane criminals is the **insanity defense**. This defense argues that the defendant was not legally responsible for their actions at the time of the crime due to a severe mental illness. If successful, this defense can lead to a verdict of **not guilty by reason of insanity** (NGRI), which typically results in the defendant being committed to a psychiatric facility rather than being sentenced to prison. c. **Types of Mental Disorders**: Various mental disorders may be involved in cases of insane criminals, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, severe depression, and psychotic disorders. These conditions can lead to delusions, hallucinations, or impaired cognitive functioning, all of which might contribute to criminal behavior. d. **Historical Perspective**: In the 19th century, Cesare Lombroso categorized \"insane criminals\" as one of the types of criminals alongside \"born criminals\" and \"criminals by passion.\" He believed that insane criminals were distinct because their actions were driven by mental disease rather than by biological or environmental factors. Lombroso's ideas reflected the limited understanding of mental health at the time, and his views on criminal insanity have since been refined with more sophisticated psychological and psychiatric theories. e. **Modern Criminology and Psychiatry**: Today, the understanding of insane criminals has evolved, and the field of forensic psychiatry plays a crucial role in assessing the mental state of defendants. Forensic psychiatrists evaluate whether a defendant meets the legal criteria for insanity, which vary by jurisdiction but generally require proof of a severe mental disorder that directly influenced the criminal behavior. f. **Treatment vs. Punishment**: In cases involving insane criminals, the focus is often on treatment rather than punishment. If a defendant is found not guilty by reason of insanity, they are typically committed to a secure psychiatric facility for treatment rather than being sent to prison. The goal is to provide mental health care until the individual is deemed no longer a danger to themselves or others, at which point they may be released under certain conditions. g. **Public Perception and Controversy**: The insanity defense is often controversial, with public perceptions sometimes viewing it as a way for dangerous individuals to escape punishment. However, in reality, it is used in a very small percentage of criminal cases and is only successful when there is clear evidence of severe mental illness that directly caused the criminal behavior **3) criminaloids**-those with make up of an ambiguous group that includes habitual criminals, criminals by passion and other diverse types. The term \"criminaloid\" was introduced by Italian criminologist **Cesare Lombroso** as part of his work on the study of criminal behavior. Unlike \"born criminals,\" who Lombroso believed were inherently predisposed to criminal behavior due to atavistic traits, \"criminaloids\" are individuals who may commit crimes due to environmental or situational factors rather than inherent criminal tendencies. **Key Characteristics of Criminaloids:** a. **Occasional Criminals**: Criminaloids are not inherently criminal but may engage in criminal behavior under certain conditions. Lombroso described them as individuals who commit crimes intermittently or in response to specific circumstances rather than as a consistent part of their character. b. **Influenced by Environment**: Unlike \"born criminals,\" whose criminality Lombroso attributed to biological factors, criminaloids are influenced more by their social environment, life experiences, or situational pressures. Factors such as poverty, unemployment, or social strain can contribute to their criminal behavior. c. **Adaptability**: Criminaloids are often seen as more adaptable and less identifiable as criminals compared to \"born criminals.\" Their criminal behavior is often considered a reaction to external factors rather than a core part of their personality. d. **Legal Responsibility**: Lombroso suggested that criminaloids might be less responsible for their actions compared to \"born criminals\" because their criminal behavior is influenced more by external conditions than by an inherent criminal disposition. **Lombroso's Typology of Criminals** Lombroso's typology included several categories: - **Born Criminals**: Individuals who are biologically predisposed to criminal behavior, identifiable by specific physical and psychological traits. - **Criminaloids**: Individuals who commit crimes under specific conditions or influences, rather than as a result of inherent criminal traits. - **Criminals by Passion**: Individuals who commit crimes driven by strong emotional responses, such as jealousy or rage, rather than premeditation or a predisposition to criminality. **DIFFERENT APPROACHES UNDER THE POSITIVIST CRIMINOLOGY** **A) BIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM** This explanation for the existence of criminal traits associates an individual's evil disposition to physical disfigurement or impairment. **1) GIAM BATTISTA DELA PORTA (1535-1615)** \- Italian physician who founded the school of human physiognomy, the study of facial features and their relation to human behavior; the study of judging a person's character from facial features to determine whether the shape of the ears, nose and eyes and the distances between them were associated with anti-social behavior. **2)** **JOHANN KASPAR LAVATER (1741-1801)** \- Swiss theologian who believed that people's true characters and inclinations could be read from their facial features. **3) FRANZ JOSEPH GALL (1758-1828)** \- born in Germany, a renowned neuroanatomist and physiologist and a pioneer in the study of the localization of mental functions in the brain. \- developed cranioscopy, a method to study the personality and development of mental and moral faculties based on the external shape of the skull. \- cranioscopy was later renamed as phrenology, the study that deals with the relationship between the skull and human behavior. **4) CHARLES GORING** \- also studied phrenology or craniology which deals with the study of the external formation of the skull indicating the conformation of the brain and the development of its various parts which is directly related to the behavior of the criminal. \- he believed that criminal characteristics were inherited and recommended that people with such characteristics should not be allowed to reproduce. \- according to him, people with epilepsy, insanity and feeblemindedness were among those who should not be allowed to have children. **5) JOHANN KASPAR SPURZHEIM (1776-1832)** \- German phrenologist who was the assistant of Gall \- he was the man most responsible for popularizing and spreading phrenology to a wide audience **PHYSIOLOGY OR SOMATOTYPE** \- this refers to the study of the body build of a person in relation to his temperament and personality and the type of offense he is most prone to commit. \- this study which searches the relationship of body build to behavior became popular during the first half of the twentieth century. **THE FOLLOWING ARE THE PROPONENTS OF THE SOMATOTYPE SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY:** **1) ERNST KRETCHMER** \- he correlated body build and constitution with characters or temperamental reactions and mentality. \- he distinguished three(3)principal types of physiques: **a) asthenic**-- lean, slightly built, narrow shoulders; their crimes are petty thievery and fraud **b) athletic--** medium to tall, strong, muscular, coarse bones; they are usually connected with crimes of violence. **c) pyknic--** medium height, rounded figures, massive neck,broad face;they tend to commit deception, fraud and violence **2) WILLIAM SHELDON** \- formulated his own group of somatotype: **TYPE OF PHYSIQUE TEMPERAMENT** a. **endomorphic**-relatively large **viscerotonic**--generally digestive viscera; round body; relax and comfortable short, tapering limbs; small person, loves luxury and bones; smooth, velvety skin essentially extrovert b\) **mesomorphic**-- with relative **romotonic**--active, predominance of muscles, bones dynamic; walks, talks and motor organs of the body and gestures assertively with large wrist and hands and behaves aggressively c\) **ectomorphic**--relative pre-dominance **cerebrotonic**--introvert of skin and its appendages which prone to allergies, skin troubles, includes the nervous system; it has chronic fatigue, insomnia, sensitive fragile and delicate bones; skin and sensitive to noise with droopy shoulders, small face and sharp nose, fine hair and with relatively small body **SIGMUND FREUD** \- he is recognized as the FATHER OF PSYCHO ANALYSIS \- he founded the PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY OF CRIMINALITY in which he attributed delinquent and criminal behavior to a conscience that is over bearing which arouses feelings of guilt or a conscience that is so weak that it cannot control the individual's impulses and the need for immediate gratification -- in his theory, PERSONALITY IS COMPRISED OF THREE COMPONENTS: a\) **ID**-- this stands for instinctual drives; it is governed by the "pleasure principle"; the id impulses are not social and must be repressed or adapted so that they may become socially acceptable b\) **EGO**-- this is considered to be the sensible and responsible part of an individual's personality and is governed by the "reality principle"; it is developed early in life and compensates for the demands of the id by helping the individual guide his actions to remain within the boundaries of accepted social behavior; it is the objective, rational part of the personality. c\) **SUPER EGO**-- serves as the moral conscience of an individual; it is structured by what values were taught by the parents, the school and the community, as well as belief in God; it is largely responsible for making a person follow the moral codes of society. **EMILE DURKHEIM** \- one of the founding scholars of sociology \- published a book, "Division of Social Labor",which became a land mark work on the organization of societies \- according to him: a\) Crime is as normal apart of society as birth and death b\) Crime is part of human nature because it has existed during periods of both poverty and prosperity c\) As long as human differences exists, which is one of the fundamental conditions of society, it is but natural and expected that it will result to criminality \- One of his profound contributions to contemporary criminology is the concept of anomie, the break down of social order as a result of loss of standards and values. **GABRIEL TARDE** \- introduced the Theory of Imitation, which governs the process by which people become criminals -- The Theory of Imitation is explained by the following patterns: a\) Pattern1: individuals imitate others in proportion to the intensity and frequency of their contact b\) Pattern2: inferiors imitate superiors c\) Pattern3: when two behavior patterns clash, one may take the place of the other **ADOLPHE QUETELET** \- He repudiated the free will doctrine of the classicists \- He founded what is known as the CARTHOGRAPHIC SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY, together with ANDRE MICHAEL GUERRY \- This study used social statistical data and provided important demographic information on the population, including density, gender, religious affiliations and social economic status \- He found a strong influence of age, sex, climate condition, population composition and economic status in criminality. **ENRICO FERRI** \- a member of the Italian parliament \- he believed that criminals could not be held morally responsible because they did not choose to commit crimes but was driven to commit them by conditions of their lives. - The positivist school of criminology uses scientific techniques to study crime and criminals and focuses on what factors compel offenders to commit crimes. **The positivist school of criminology emerged in the 19th century as a contrasting idea to the classical theory of crime. The classical school of criminology posited that individuals commit crimes because of their selfish desires and that crime is a product of free will.** **Positivism in criminology, on the other hand, links crime to external or internal influences placed upon individuals and attributes the reason people commit crimes to these factors.** - This school of thought creates a relationship between criminal behaviour and the psychological or sociological traits of the offender. For example, the positivist theory will link a crime to the lack of parental care rather than the calculated decision of the offender. - Presumes that criminal behaviour is caused by internal and external factors outside of the individual's control. **(The transmission of genes from parents to its offspring.)** - Proposed that scientific treatment of criminal should be the focus in the study of crime rather than on penalties to be imposed. - Maintains that crime is a social and moral phenomenon which cannot be treated by the imposition of punishment but through rehabilitation instead and by enforcement of individual measures. - Emphasized that criminals need not be punished by cured. - Argue that most serious crime was committed by individuals who are in the state of atavism. **[(3) Feminist Theory]** - Origin -- developed in the late 1960s and into the 1970s. - Theory -- An approach that challenges the male-centeredness of criminology and tradition of "malestream" criminology fails to observe gender and sex roles. - Principle -- feminists see women as oppressed by both gender inequality and by class inequality ultimately they interpret female crime from a feminist perspective. - Liberal feminism -- discrimination of women in social practices leads to oppression of women. - Radical feminism -- Patriarchy describes a power relationship inherent in the structures which cause female subordination and exploitation. - Maxist feminism -- subordination of women is based on capitalist exploitation of their domestic role. - Socialist feminism -- "dual system theory" -- recognizes the systems of capitalism and patriarchy to be separable but both influence oppression of women.‟ - Black feminism -- grounded on hierarchical and ideological belief that the system based on structure of domination prevalent personal, cultural, institutional and experiences of black women. - Postmodern feminism -- modern branch of feminism strives for equality for all genders. **[(4) Rational Choice]** - Origins -- Italian "social-thinker" Cesare Beccaria founded the rational choice theory - Theory -- The element of choice involves assessing the rewards and risks attached to committing a crime (Conklin 2004:228). The foundation of the rational choice perspective is that crime is chosen for its benefits. - Principle -- the view that human beings choose to commit criminal behaviour after weighing up the costs and benefits of an illegal act and can be deterred through the threat of punishment (Burke 2014:63) - Rational choice perspective -- the reward-risk approach influences offender‟s strategic thinking. **[(5) Neo-classical School]** - Origins -- Originated from a school of thought that merely challenges the classical position of absolute free will. - Theory -- The school of thought does not represent any schism. - Principle -- Neo-classicists specifically argue that free will can be inhibited by pathology, incompetence, mental disorder or other conditions that mitigate personal responsibility. **(Crime is a result of human free will and is committed due to some compelling reason. It must take into account certain mitigating circumstance. It introduced exemption in punishment)** **[(6) Critical Criminology]** - Origins -- Critical criminology is an umbrella term for a variety of theories. - Works -- In the US Edwin Sutherland invented the term "white collar crime" elsewhere in the U.K. in late 1960s and radical criminology also emerged. - Theory- crime is the result of conflict within societies that is brought about through the inevitable processes of capitalism. Dispute exists between those who espouse a \'pluralist\' view of society and those who do not. - Principle -- critical criminologists propose that legitimate response to come must be built upon a strategy of social empowerment. - Frequently takes a perspective of examining the genesis of crime and nature of \'justice\' within the social structure of a class and status inequalities. Law and punishment of crime are viewed as connected to a system of social inequality and as the means of producing and perpetuating this inequality. - sees crime as a product of oppression of workers -- in particular, those in greatest poverty -- and less-advantaged groups within society, such as women and ethnic minorities, are seen to be the most likely to suffer oppressive social relations based upon class division, sexism and racism. - Edwin.H.Sutherland -- it has been observed that there is a fine line between "entrepreneurialism" and "flair" and "sharp practice" and "fraud". **[(7) The Social Milieu School of Thought]** - Origins -- Tarde, Guerry and Quetelet were proponents of this school of thought. - Theories -- Two psychosocial Approaches: - Social structure theory -- reflects a fundamental faith in social system. - Social process theory -- most commonly attempt to explain how individuals become law violators by focusing in the social interactions or processes experienced by individuals. - Principle -- the premises or points of departure from the social-environment school of thought may be summarised as follows:  It is based on the juridical conception of crime.  the main focus is on the criminal's social environment.  it is assumed that improved social conditions will prevent crime.  To all intents and purposes the criminal and the victim are ignored.  there is no concern with punishment or rehabilitation. **[(8) Postmodern Criminology ]** - Origins -- developed in the late 1980s - Principle -- postmodern criminology also focuses on universal factors that contribute to crime with its ultimate goal being to understand new ways of knowing. - It is based on an understanding of \"criminality\" as a product of the use of power to limit the behaviour of those individuals excluded from power, but who try to overcome social inequality and behave in ways which the power structure prohibits. - Theory -- Van Dijk (1998:8) includes the following universal facts or determinants that can contribute to the risk of crime and victimization: \(1) Economic constraint and great differentiation in income. \(2) Low educational qualifications; \(3) A great number of firearms in circulation; \(4) Rapid urbanization without the necessary infrastructure being available such as housing, schools and health services; \(5) Mere outgoing lifestyle; \(6) Multicultural population; \(7) A high alcohol and drug abuse rate; \(8) A large population of young people; \(9) Repeated victimization especially among young people with an outgoing lifestyle who live in big cities. - Gottfredson‟s theory of self-control and crime as well as feminist crime Perspectives. **(9) Italian School** Founded at the end of the 19th century by Cesare Lombroso (1835--1909) and two of his Italian disciples, Enrico Ferri (1856--1929) and Raffaele Garofalo (1851--1934). 3 categories of Criminals according to Lombroso 1. **Born criminals or Atavism** (born distinct due to physical stigmata or anomalies) **Atavism**- the reversion of man's body into animal/ape like characteristics which is the cause of crime. 2. **Criminaloids-** not born with physical stigmata but who are of such mental make-up that they display anti-social conduct. They may further be categorized as "habitual criminals' this category includes "Juridical criminals", who fall afoul with law by accident; and criminal by passion, **example.** **Hot-headed and impulsive persons who commit violent act who provoked.** 3. **Insane criminals**- this category of criminals according to Lombroso, possess mental disorders. Insane criminal becomes criminal as a result of disorder in the brain which completely upsets his/her moral nature. - Alcoholics - Kleptomaniacs - Nymphomaniacs - Child Molesters +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **THEORY** | **ADVOCATOR/S** | **CONCEPT/S** | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Demonological Theory | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | -Individuals were | | | _\_ | thought to be | | | | possessed by good or | | | | evil spirits, which | | | | caused good or evil | | | | spirits | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Neo-Classical Theory | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | -Children and | | | _\_ | lunatics cannot | | | | calculate pain and | | | | pleasure, therefore, | | | | must be exempted from | | | | criminal liability. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Classical Theory | Cesare Beccaria & | -Utilitarian Hedonism | | | Jeremy Bentham | which explains that a | | | | person always acts in | | | | such away as to seek | | | | pleasure and avoid | | | | pain. (Bentham) | | | | | | | | -Men are rational | | | | being who has the | | | | free will to choose | | | | between good or | | | | evil.(Beccaria) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Positivists Theory | Raffaele Garofalo, | -Criminals are like | | | | sick people who | | | Enrico Ferri and | requires | | | Cesare | rehabilitation rather | | | | than the imposition | | | Lombroso | of punishment. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Anomie Theory | Emile Durkheim | -Crime is an | | | | important ingredient | | | | to all healthy | | | | societies. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Psychoanalytical | Sigmund Freud | Crime is a symbolic | | Theory | | expression of one's | | | | inner tension which a | | | | person but fails to | | | | control. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Somato typing Theory | William Sheldon | -Heredity is the | | | | primary determinant | | | | of one's behavior and | | | | | | | | -body physique is a | | | | reliable indicator of | | | | one's personality. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Differential | Edwin Sutherland | -Criminal behaviour | | | | is learned through | | Association Theory | | social interaction in | | | | the process of | | | | communication. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Strain Theory | Robert King Merton | -It maintains that | | | | the failure of a man | | | | to achieve a | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **[THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION]** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | Higher status of life | | | | caused them to commit | | | | crimes in order for | | | | that status or goal | | | | to be attained. | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Cartographical School | Adolphe Quetelet | -Crimes against | | of Criminology | | person increase | | | | during summer and | | | | crimes against | | | | property increase | | | | during winter. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | General Inferiority | Earnest Hooton | -Criminals are | | Theory | | originally inferior | | | | and that crime is the | | | | result of the impact | | | | of the environment. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Evolution Theory | Charles Darwin | -Humans, like other | | | | animals, are | | | | parasites. | | | | | | | | -Man is an organism | | | | having an animalistic | | | | behavior that is | | | | dependent on other | | | | animals for survival. | | | | Thus man kills and | | | | steals to live. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Labelling Theory | Frank Tannenbaum, | -Behavior becomes | | | | criminal if it is | | | Edwin Lemertand | labelled as such. | | | | | | | Howard Becker | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Differential | Lloyd Ohlin | -It explains that | | Opportunity | | society leads the | | | | lower class to want | | Theory | | things and society | | | | does things to | | | | people. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Human Ecology Theory | Robert Ezra Park | -It maintains that | | | | crime is a function | | | | of social change that | | | | occurs along with | | | | environmental change. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Containment Theory | Walter Reckless | -This theory is a | | | | form of control, | | | | which suggests that a | | | | series of both | | | | internal and external | | | | factors contributes | | | | to criminal | | | | behaviour. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Social Class Conflict | Karl Marx, Frederick | -It claims that the | | and Capitalism Theory | | ruling class in a | | | Engel and William | capitalist society is | | | | responsible for the | | | Bonger | creation of criminal | | | | law and their | | | | ideological bases in | | | | the interpretation | | | | and enforcement of | | | | their laws. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Subculture Theory | Albert Cohen | -He claims that the | | | | lower class cannot | | | | socialize effectively | | | | as the middle class | | | | in what is considered | | | | appropriate middle | | | | class behavior. Thus, | | | | the lower class | | | | gathers together to | | | | share their common | | | | values forming a sub | | | | culture that rejects | | | | middle class values | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Neutralization Theory | Gresham Sykes | -It maintains that an | | | | individual will obey | | | | or disobey societal | | | | rules depending upon | | | | his or her ability to | | | | rationalize whether | | | | he is protected from | | | | hurt or destruction. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ , +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | REMEMBER thy FATHERS | | +===================================+===================================+ | CESARE BECCARIA | -Father of "OLD CRIMINOLOGY" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | CESARE LOMBROSO | -Father of "MODERN CRIMINOLOGY" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | EDWIN SUTHERLAND | -Dean of "MODERN CRIMINOLOGY" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | BENJAMIN MENDELSSOHN | -Father of "VICTIMOLOGY" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | SIGMUND FREUD | -Father of "PSYCHOANALYSIS" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | WILHELM WUNDT | -Father of "MODERNPSYCHOLOGY" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | DAVID EMILE DURKHEIM | -Father of "SOCIOLOGY" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | HANS GROSS | -Father of "CRIMINALISTICS" | | | | | | -Father of "FORENSICPUBLICATIONS" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | EDMOND LOCARD | -Father of "CRIMELABORATORY" | | | | | | -Father of "POROSCOPY" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | ALPHONSE BERTILLON | -Father of | | | "PERSONALIDENTIFICATION" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | JOHANNES EVANGELISTA PURKINJE | -Father of "DACTYLOSCOPY" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | MARCELO MALPIGHI | -Grandfather of "DACTYLOSCOPY" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | EDWARD RICHARD HENRY | -Father of "FINGERPRINTING" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | FRANCIS GALTON | -Father of "FINGERPRINTPATTERN" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | SIR WILLIAM HERSCHEL | -Father of "CHIROSCOPY" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | WILLIAM HENRY FOX TALBOT | -Father of "PHOTOGRAPHY" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | COL.CALVIN H. GODDARD | -Father of "MODERNBALLISTICS" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | ALEXANDER JOHN FORSYTH | -Father of "PERCUSSIONSYSTEM" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | JOHN M. BROWNING | -Wizard of "MODERNFIREARM" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | ALBERT S. OSBORN | -Father of "QUESTIONEDDOCUMENT | | | EXAMINATION" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | JEAN HIPPOLYTE MICHON | -Grandfather of | | | "MODERNGRAPHOLOGY" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | WILLIAM M. MARSTON | -Father of "OLDPOLYGRAPHY" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | LEONARD KEELER | -Father of "MODERNPOLYGRAPHY" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | PAULUS ZACCHIAS | -Father of "LEGAL MEDICINE" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | SIXTO "ANGELO" REYES | -Father of | | | "LEGALMEDICINEINTHEPHILIPPINES" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | HIPPOCRATES | -Father of "MEDICINE" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | HONORATO S. GREENOUGH | -Forefather of | | | "MODERNSTEREOSCOPE" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | LEONE LATTES | -Father of | | | "BLOODSTAINIDENTIFICATION" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | JOSEPH FOUCHE | -Father of | | | "POLICEINTELLIGENCEOPERATIONS" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | WALTER MC CRONE | -Father of "MICROSCOPICFORENSICS" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | MATIEU ORFILA | -Father of "FORENSICTOXICOLOGY" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ ==============================================END======================================= ========== **Scope of the study of Criminology** **Criminal Ecology-** study of in relation to spatial distribution to community. The theory directly links crime rates to neighbourhood ecological characteristics, the environment as it relates to living organisms. **Criminal Demography**- study of the relationship between criminality and population. The branch for sociology that studies the characteristics of human populations. **Criminal Epidemiology**- study of the relationship between criminality and environment. The branch of medical science dealing with the transmission and control of disease. **Anthropology**- study of criminality in relation to physical and physiological constitution of man. **Criminal Psychiatry**- study of human mind in relation to criminality. The branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorder. **Criminal Psychology**- study of human behaviour in relation to criminality. The scientific study of the human mind and its functions. **Victimology**- studies the nature and cause of victimization. **Criminological theories**- study of the different theories concerning causes of crime and criminal behaviour. **Criminological research**- study of crime in relation to antecedent variables and crime trends.