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Biological Theories of Crime Causation
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Biological Theories of Crime Causation

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Questions and Answers

What percentage similarity in behavioral patterns is observed among identical twins (MZ)?

  • 45 percent
  • 52 percent (correct)
  • 22 percent
  • 30 percent

    • In the context of biological theories of crime, what does 'DZ' refer to?

  • Identical twins
  • Biological siblings
  • Adopted children
  • Fraternal twins (correct)

    • Which psychological theory views deviant behavior as a result of the superego's development?

  • Psychoanalytical Theory (correct)
  • Cognitive Theory
  • Behavioral Theory
  • Humanistic Theory

    • What is a common effect of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) mentioned in the content?

    <p>Mood swings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Freud's stages of psychosexual development, what is the focus during the oral stage?

    <p>Mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of human behavior does the psychoanalytical theory primarily focus on?

    <p>Unconscious mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage similarity in behavioral patterns is associated with fraternal twins (DZ)?

    <p>22 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory examines the correlation between adopted children and the criminal behavior of both their biological and adoptive parents?

    <p>Adoption Studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of moral development does an individual primarily rely on the approval of others?

    <p>Stage 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main premise of rational choice theory regarding criminal behavior?

    <p>Individuals make choices to maximize benefits and minimize losses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of moral development involves viewing laws as necessary for societal diversity?

    <p>Stage 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that a delinquent justifies their behavior through a process known as neutralization?

    <p>Neutralization Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to personality trait theory, criminal behavior is primarily attributed to which of the following?

    <p>Certain personality traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the stage of universal ethical consideration in moral development?

    <p>Laws may be overridden for the benefit of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does low IQ theory attribute as a cause for criminal behavior?

    <p>Cognitive defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes post-conventional moral development from earlier stages?

    <p>Moral actions based on self-established principles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central premise of Self Control Theory regarding crime?

    <p>Low self control leads to higher likelihood of criminal behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which level of Moral Development does a person primarily act to avoid punishment?

    <p>Level 1: Pre-conventional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Frustration-Aggression Theory, what causes frustration?

    <p>A goal being blocked or interfered with.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an individual's moral development is classified as immature?

    <p>They tend to exhibit delinquent behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the increase in sex hormones during the genital stage?

    <p>It signifies the onset of reproductive capability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which stage of moral development does a person's reasoning focus on self-interest?

    <p>Stage 2 of Level 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the Conventional Level of moral development?

    <p>It focuses on establishing harmonious relationships with others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory blames aggressive behavior on frustration due to blocked goals?

    <p>Frustration-Aggression Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by a motivated offender in the context of crime?

    <p>A person who is ready and prepared to commit a crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to social disorganization theory, crime rates are influenced primarily by which of the following factors?

    <p>Quality of social relationships and physical environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Life course theory examines which of the following aspects?

    <p>The impact of various life events on development and behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the absence of a capable guardian refer to in crime causation?

    <p>A person who supervises or protects potential victims</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In imitation-suggestion theory, how do individuals learn behaviors from others?

    <p>Through either conscious imitation or unconscious suggestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory asserts that incompatible cultures lead to social disorganization and crime?

    <p>Conflict of culture theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Culture deviance theory emphasizes that crime is correlated with which of the following?

    <p>Cultural values and norms in society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the social disorganization theory as proposed by Shaw and McKay?

    <p>Disorganized communities are likely to have high crime rates due to environmental and social factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary factor that contributes to female criminality according to Economic Marginalization Theory?

    <p>Poorly paid employment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Opportunity Theory, what trend is observed in female criminality as more women enter the skilled labor market?

    <p>Female criminality rates increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Chivalry Theory suggest about the treatment of female offenders in the criminal justice system?

    <p>They receive more lenient treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Economic Marginalization Theory imply about the labor market's effect on women?

    <p>Marginalization persists despite employment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a consequence of increased opportunities for women in the labor market according to Opportunity Theory?

    <p>An increase in employment-related property crimes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying factor does Strain Theory attribute to the creation of subcultures in lower-class communities?

    <p>Extreme deprivation or poverty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Cohen and Felson identify as a crucial element in determining the presence of crime?

    <p>Lack of capable guardian, suitable victim, motivated offender</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that there is a cultural context that influences deviant behaviors in lower-class communities?

    <p>Cultural Deviance Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biological Theories of Crime Causation

    • MZ twins (identical) show a 52% similarity in behavior, while DZ twins (fraternal) exhibit only 22%.
    • Adoption studies correlate behaviors of adopted children with biological and adoptive parents.
    • Nature vs. Nurture debate examines the influence of genetics versus environment on behavior.
    • Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) leads to mood swings, irritability, and aggression due to hormonal fluctuations.

    Psychological Theories of Crime Causation

    • Psychological theories focus on mental, behavioral, or emotional factors leading to criminal behavior.

    Psychoanalytical Theory

    • Developed by Freud; attributes antisocial behavior to the superego’s development.
    • Id represents instinctual drives, the Ego mediates reality, and the Superego embodies moral standards.

    Psychosexual Development Stages

    • Oral Stage (Birth to 2 years): Infants derive pleasure from oral activities.
    • Genital Stage (puberty onwards): Adolescents experience increased sexual desires and hormonal changes.

    Self-Control Theory

    • Proposed by Gottfredson and Hirschi; high self-control correlates with lower criminality.

    Frustration-Aggression Theory

    • Suggests that aggression results from frustration when goals are obstructed.

    Moral Development Theory

    • Lawrence Kohlberg’s model outlines progression through moral reasoning stages.
    • Immaturity in moral development can lead to delinquent behaviors.

    Rational Choice Theory

    • Assumes people make decisions to maximize benefits while minimizing risks.

    Neutralization Theory

    • Also called Drift Theory; delinquent individuals justify their behavior despite generally adhering to societal morals.

    Low IQ Theory

    • Attributes criminality to cognitive deficiencies.

    Personality Trait Theory

    • Gordon Allport posited that specific personality traits lead to criminal behavior, focusing on individual characteristics.

    Sociological Theories of Crime Causation

    • Sociological approaches consider societal and environmental factors influencing crime.

    Life Course Theory

    • Explores the development of offending behaviors, risk factors by age, and life event impacts.

    Social Disorganization Theory

    • Developed by Shaw and McKay; suggests crime is prevalent in disorganized communities marked by high turnover, diversity, and poverty.

    Imitation-Suggestion Theory

    • Gabriel Tarde's theory posits that individuals imitate behaviors of those they associate with, through conscious or unconscious copying.

    Conflict of Culture Theory

    • Developed by Thorsten Sellin; states that conflicting cultures lead to social disorganization and crime.

    Culture Deviance Theory

    • Correlates crime with a society’s cultural values and norms, positing that individuals may commit crimes to conform to subcultural values.

    Theories of Female Offenders

    Economic Marginalization Theory

    • Recognizes that marginalized economic status impacts female criminality; unemployment and lower wages contribute to crime.

    Opportunity Theory

    • Increased access to skilled labor for women may lead to higher rates of employment-related property crimes.

    Chivalry Theory

    • Proposes that female offenders receive more lenient treatment in the justice system, leading to underreported criminality rates among women.

    Questions

    • Elements of crime according to Cohen and Felson include:

      • Lack of capable guardian, suitable victim, motivated offender.

    • The theory suggesting that lower-class isolation results in subcultures with distinct rules is:

      • Cultural Deviance Theory.

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    Description

    This quiz delves into the biological theories of crime causation, focusing on twin studies and adoption studies. It examines the similarities in behavioral patterns among identical and fraternal twins, as well as the influence of genetics on criminal behavior in adopted children. Test your knowledge on these intriguing concepts in criminology.

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