Study Guide Exam 4 PDF

STUDY GUIDE Chapters 15, 16, 17, 14, 18, 19 Exam 4 Chapter 15 - What are energy (kcal) and protein recommendations for the 2 nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy? o Second Trimester: +340 kcal/day; +25g pro/day o Third Trimester: +450 kcal/day; +25g/pro/day - Which n...

STUDY GUIDE Chapters 15, 16, 17, 14, 18, 19 Exam 4 Chapter 15 - What are energy (kcal) and protein recommendations for the 2 nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy? o Second Trimester: +340 kcal/day; +25g pro/day o Third Trimester: +450 kcal/day; +25g/pro/day - Which nutrients are required for bone and teeth mineralization of the fetus? o D, Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium - Which B vitamin is related to decreasing the risk of an infant being born with a neural tube defect? o Folate - What common substances or practices should be avoided during pregnancy? o Alcohol, medicine, vitamin/mineral supplements, recreational drugs, smoking, caffeine, restrictive dieting, sugar substitutes, foodborne illnesses (MMG, Pneumonia) - Which 2 environmental contaminants may affect the developing fetal nervous system? o Lead and Mercury - What is the condition which may result for the child if alcohol is consumed during pregnancy? o Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)  Growth restriction, Brain/CNS abnormalities (cognition/behavior impairment), Face/skull abnormalities (symmetry), Birth defects (cleft palate, heart defect, defects in ears, eyes, genital and urinary system)  - How may breast milk be affected if the mother exercises intensely? o Raises lactic acid levels of milk, alters taste making infants prefer pre-exercise milk. Chapter 16 - During what age range does the fastest rate of growth and development occur? o First year  4-5mnths weight doubles  By 1 year weight triples  +10 inches of length - Benefits of breastfeeding for infant (list 4) o CHO/Pro easy to digest/absorb; contains DHA for brain development o Higher lactose content enhances Ca+ absorption o Pro amount ideal for meeting needs o Highly absorbable form of Zn; optimal amounts of Mg, Ca, and P o Low sodium content - Why is cow’s milk discouraged during the first year of life? o May cause intestinal bleeding; increases risk of iron deficiency due to blood loss and poor source of iron o High in Pro, sodium, and potassium o Low in Vitamin C - What solid food is usually introduced first to infants and why? o Iron fortified rice cereal o Fe stores infant is born with are depleted, and need more than breast milk or regular formula can provide - Which nutrition related condition has increased dramatically in children and what factors have contributed to it? o Obesity  Increased consumption of high fat, high Cal foods  Fast/convenience foods  Decreased activity and exercise  Parental obesity   Higher risk of High BP, High Cholesterol, Type 2 DM Chapter 17 - What are the energy and protein needs of adolescents? o Girls/Inactive: 1800 kcals/day o Boys/Active: 3500 kcals/day o 9-13: 0.95 gms/kg o 14-18: 0.85gms/kg - Which vitamins and minerals are especially important during these years? o Vitamin D, Calcium, Iron - What is the water intake recommendation for the older population, and what conditions may develop due to dehydration? o 1 oz/kg of body weight; min of 48oz/day (6 cups) - Why does the Adequate Intake (AI) increase for Vitamin D and calcium in the older adult? o Limited sun exposure (ability of skin to synthesis pre-vit D lowers) o Milk/dairy intake decreases due to lactose intolerance  Increased risk of bone fragility, osteoporosis - What factors affect B-12 absorption and metabolism in the older adult? o 10-30% of older adults have atrophic gastritis, decreasing production of intrinsic factor; B-12 absorption decreased o Increased need for folate (necessary to convert b12 to active form) Chapter 14 - What quick energy compounds are first used by muscles before mobilizing, or using carbohydrate (glycogen) or fat stores?  o ATP and CP (Creatine phosphate) - Which energy yielding nutrient is most effective at increasing glycogen levels? o CHO - How much CHO should be consumed after activity to maximize glycogen synthesis? o 60g of high-CHO foods - Why is iron an important nutrient for athletes? o Iron losses in sweat, RBC destruction, increased demands by muscle protein myoglobin, menstruation o Easily fatigued, shortness of breath, unable to use fat for fuel. - How much protein should be consumed after activity to assist with muscle synthesis? o After: 30-35gms -.25 to 1 oz/day (7-28gms) for daily use Chapter 18 (cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, cancer) - What are the modifiable risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD)? With hypertension? o CVD: High LDL, Low HDL, High BP, Diabetes, Obesity, Inactivity, Smoking, Artherogenic diet o Hypertension: Obesity, Sodium intake, Alcohol, Smoking, High LDL (cholesterol) - What is metabolic syndrome? o Combination of risk factors (insulin resistance, high BP, abnormal blood lipids, abdominal obesity) greatly increase risk of CVD/CHD - Recommendations to reduce risk of CVD and hypertension o CVD: Weight control, Physical activity, Dash Diet (Emphasize fruits/veg/grains/low fat dairy/poultry/fish/legumes/nuts, Limit red meat/sugars,  Limit sat/trans fat, Include high fiber, Reduce sodium), Moderate alcohol, Avoid tobacco o Hypertension: Weight control, Physical activity, Limit alcohol, Avoid tobacco, Sodium restriction, DASH diet - What is the DASH diet? o “Dietary Approaches to Stop HTN” o Emphasis on fruit, veg, low fat dairy, lean meats, whole grains, nuts o Sodium intake limited