Nutrition in Pregnancy and Infant Development

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

High LDL cholesterol (correct)

Family history

Age

Genetic predisposition

What is a key component of the DASH diet?

Increased saturated fats

High sodium intake

Emphasis on fruits and vegetables (correct)

Low carbohydrate focus

Which combination of lifestyle changes is recommended to reduce hypertension risk?

Smoking and weight gain

Increase sodium intake and avoid exercise

High carbohydrate diet with no dietary restrictions

Limit alcohol and engage in physical activity (correct)

Which statement best describes metabolic syndrome?

A group of conditions that increases the risk of CVD and CHD Signup and view all the answers

What effect does increased physical activity have on cardiovascular disease risk?

Reduces the risk Signup and view all the answers

What is the additional protein requirement during the second trimester of pregnancy?

25g pro/day Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient is essential for reducing the risk of neural tube defects in infants?

Folate Signup and view all the answers

What is a major factor contributing to the increase in obesity in children?

Increased consumption of high fat, high calorie foods Signup and view all the answers

What environmental contaminant is known to affect the developing fetal nervous system?

Lead Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances should be avoided during pregnancy?

Caffeine Signup and view all the answers

What are the water intake recommendations for older adults?

1 oz/kg of body weight; minimum of 48 oz/day Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of consuming alcohol during pregnancy?

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient is especially important for athletes to prevent fatigue?

Iron Signup and view all the answers

During which age does an infant's weight typically triple?

By 1 year Signup and view all the answers

How much carbohydrate should be consumed post-activity to maximize glycogen synthesis?

60g of high-CHO foods Signup and view all the answers

Why is cow's milk discouraged during the first year of life?

It can cause intestinal bleeding Signup and view all the answers

What is the increased need for Vitamin D and calcium in older adults primarily due to?

Limited sun exposure and decreased dairy intake Signup and view all the answers

What is the protein intake recommendation after activity to support muscle synthesis?

30g of protein Signup and view all the answers

What effect does intense exercise have on breast milk?

Raises lactic acid levels Signup and view all the answers

Which quick energy compounds are utilized first by muscles during activity?

ATP and creatine phosphate Signup and view all the answers

What factor significantly affects Vitamin B-12 absorption in older adults?

Atrophic gastritis reducing intrinsic factor production Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 15: Pregnancy Nutrition

Energy and protein recommendations:
- Second trimester: +340 kcal/day, +25g protein/day
- Third trimester: +450 kcal/day, +25g protein/day
Nutrients for fetal bone and teeth:
- Vitamin D, Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium
B vitamin for neural tube development:
- Folate
Substances to avoid during pregnancy:
- Alcohol, medications, supplements, recreational drugs, smoking, caffeine, restrictive dieting, sugar substitutes, foodborne illnesses (like MMG and Pneumonia)
Environmental contaminants affecting fetal nervous system:
- Lead, Mercury
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS):
- Consumption of alcohol during pregnancy may result in growth restriction, brain/CNS abnormalities (cognitive/behavioral impairment), facial/skull deformities, birth defects (cleft palate, heart defects, defects in ears, eyes, genitals, and urinary system)

Chapter 16: Infant Development

Fastest infant growth and development period:
- First year of life, especially first 4-5 months (weight doubles) and first year (weight triples and height by 10 inches)
Benefits of breastfeeding:
- Easily digestible CHO/protein source with DHA for brain development, higher lactose content for Ca+ absorption, provides optimal amounts of magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, and low sodium content
Why cow's milk is not ideal for infants:
- May cause intestinal bleeding and iron deficiency, high in protein, sodium, and potassium, but low in vitamin C
First solid food introduction:
- Iron-fortified rice cereal due to depleted iron stores
Obesity in children:
- Increased consumption of high-fat, high-calorie foods (fast/convenience foods), decreased physical activity, parental obesity are contributing factors.

Chapter 17: Adolescent Nutrition

Energy and protein needs of adolescents:
- Girls (inactive): 1800 kcals/day
- Boys (active): 3500 kcals/day
- 9-13 years: 0.95 g protein/kg body weight
- 14-18 years: 0.85 g protein/kg body weight
Important vitamins and minerals during adolescence:
- Vitamin D, calcium, iron
Water intake recommendations for older adults:
- 1 ounce per kilogram of body weight, minimum 48 ounces.
Increased vitamin D and calcium needs in older adults:
Limited exposure to sun and lower dairy intake may decrease pre-vitamin D levels leading to decreased bone density and other osteoporosis symptoms
B-12 absorption and metabolism in the elderly:
- 10-30% of older adults may experience atrophic gastritis, a condition that results in reduced intrinsic factor production needed for B-12 absorption. This leads to a heightened need for folate.

Modifiable risk factors for CVD:
- High LDL, low HDL, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, inactivity, smoking, atherogenic diet
Modifiable risk factors for hypertension:
- Obesity, high sodium intake, alcohol consumption, smoking, high LDL.
Metabolic syndrome:
- Combination of risk factors including insulin resistance, increased blood lipids, abdominal obesity that greatly increase the risk of CVD/CHD
Recommendations to reduce risk of CVD and hypertension:
- Weight control, physical activity, the DASH diet (emphasize fruits/ vegetables/grains; low-fat dairy, poultry, fish, legumes and nuts, limit red meat and added sugars)

Chapter 19: Food Safety and Additives

FDA's leading concern for food safety:
- Foodborne illness
Minimizing risk of foodborne illness:
- Cook meat thoroughly, use a thermometer, use clean food handling methods, prevent cross-contamination, refrigerate promptly, thaw foods in fridge or microwave
Minimizing pesticide exposure:
- Trim fat and skin from foods, buy certified organic foods, peel waxed fruits/vegetables, avoid leafy vegetable outer leaves or eat a wide variety of foods to minimize exposure to pesticide contaminants.
Intentional additives:
- Added to enhance the taste, quality, or appearance of food (antimicrobial agents, antioxidants, colors, flavors, nutrient additives)
Unintentional Additives:
- Enter food through harvesting, production, processing, storage, or packaging(food packaging, acrylamide, methylene chloride, hormones, antibiotics.)

General Food Safety and Nutritional Concerns

Common antimicrobial agents: Salt, sugar, nitrites/nitrates, bacteriophages, antioxidants (Vitamin C and E, BHA, BHT, sulfites)
Decaffeination chemical and concern:
- Methylene chloride is a potential human carcinogen.
Acrylamide formation and health concern:
- High Carbohydrate foods at high temperatures can produce acrylamide, and it can be dangerous to health. Possible cancer in animals and nerve damage in humans in high doses

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Description

This quiz covers essential nutrition guidelines during pregnancy including energy and protein needs, important nutrients for fetal development, and harmful substances to avoid. It also touches on key aspects of infant development, focusing on proper nutrition and care during the early stages. Test your knowledge and prepare for a healthy pregnancy and infancy.