Exam 1 Study Guide PDF

Study guide **Exam 1 Study Guide** **Chapter 1: Anatomical Terminology and Planes of Motion** 1. **Anatomical Directions**: - Examples: Medial (toward the midline), Lateral (away from the midline), Superior (above), Inferior (below). 2. **Planes of Motion**: - **Sagittal...

Study guide **Exam 1 Study Guide** **Chapter 1: Anatomical Terminology and Planes of Motion** 1. **Anatomical Directions**: - Examples: Medial (toward the midline), Lateral (away from the midline), Superior (above), Inferior (below). 2. **Planes of Motion**: - **Sagittal Plane**: Divides body into left and right (e.g., forward lunges) (usually flexion and extension). - **Frontal Plane**: Divides body into front and back (e.g., jumping jacks) (usually abduction and adduction). - **Transverse Plane**: Divides body into top and bottom (e.g., torso rotations) ( usually twisting or rotating). 3. **Axes of Rotation**: - **Sagittal Plane** → Frontal Axis (e.g., flexion/extension). - **Frontal Plane** → Sagittal Axis (e.g., abduction/adduction). - **Transverse Plane** → Vertical Axis (e.g., rotational movements). **Chapter 2: Joints, Connective Tissue, and Muscle Mechanics** 1. **Joint Classifications**: - **Synarthrodial**: Immovable (e.g., skull sutures). - **Amphiarthrodial**: Slightly moveable (e.g., pubic symphysis). - **Diarthrodial (Synovial)**: Freely moveable (e.g., knee, shoulder). 2. **Tendons**: - Dense connective tissue attaching muscle to bone. - Function: Transmit force from muscles to bones to produce movement. 3. **Aponeuroses**: - Flattened tendinous sheets that connect muscle to bone or muscle to muscle. 4. **Connective Tissue**: - **Fascia**: Layer of connective tissue binding muscles together. 5. **Origin vs. Insertion**: - **Origin**: Proximal attachment, less movable. - **Insertion**: Distal attachment, more movable. 6. **Muscle Fiber Arrangements**: - **Parallel**: Longer fibers, greater shortening velocity (e.g., biceps). - **Pennate**: Fibers at an angle, greater force production (e.g., rectus femoris). 7. **Muscle Contractions**: - **Isometric**: No change in muscle length (stabilizes). - **Concentric**: Muscle shortens (causes motion). - **Eccentric**: Muscle lengthens under tension (controls motion). 8. **Roles of Muscles**: - **Agonist**: Prime mover. - **Antagonist**: Opposes the agonist to control or slow motion. **Chapter 3: Biomechanics, Levers, and Motion** 1. **Kinematics vs. Kinetics**: - **Kinematics**: Study of motion (position, velocity, acceleration). - **Kinetics**: Study of forces causing motion. 2. **Mechanical Advantages**: - Force amplification. - Speed/ROM amplification. 3. **Lever Components**: - **Fulcrum**: Pivot point. - **Force**: Effort applied. - **Resistance**: Load being moved. 4. **Lever Classes**: - **First Class**: Fulcrum between force and resistance (e.g., seesaw). - **Second Class**: Resistance between fulcrum and force (e.g., wheelbarrow). - **Third Class**: Force between fulcrum and resistance (e.g., biceps curl, most common in the body). 5. **Torque**: - **Definition**: Rotational force about an axis. - Causes **angular motion**, not linear. 6. **Lever System Advantages**: - **First Class**: Balance, speed, or force, depending on moment arms. - **Second Class**: Force amplification (e.g., lifting heavy loads with less effort). - **Third Class**: Speed and ROM amplification (e.g., human limbs). 7. **Angular vs. Linear Motion**: - Angular: Movement around an axis (e.g., spinning). - Linear: Straight-line motion. 8. **Object Diameter and Linear Motion**: - Larger diameter → greater linear motion from angular rotation. 9. **Newton's Laws of Motion**: - **1st Law**: Law of Inertia (object stays at rest or in motion unless acted on). - **2nd Law**: Law of Acceleration (F=maF = maF=ma). - **3rd Law**: Law of Reaction (equal and opposite forces). 10. **Momentum vs. Inertia**: - **Momentum**: Mass×VelocityMass \\times VelocityMass×Velocity (motion). - **Inertia**: Resistance to change in motion (property of mass). 11. **Impulse**: - Change in momentum due to applied force over time. 12. **Acceleration**: - Rate of change in velocity. - Directly proportional to force; inversely proportional to mass. 13. **Ground Reaction Force**: - Reaction force exerted by the ground in response to applied force. - **Hard surface** → Higher GRF. - **Sand** → Lower GRF. 14. **Types of Friction**: - **Static Friction**: Between stationary objects; highest resistance. - **Kinetic Friction**: Between moving objects; less than static friction. - **Rolling Friction**: Resistance of a rolling object; least resistance. - **Rank**: Static \> Kinetic \> Rolling.