Anatomical Terminology and Planes of Motion
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Questions and Answers

A movement occurring in the frontal plane would involve a rotation around which axis?

  • Vertical axis
  • Sagittal axis (correct)
  • Longitudinal axis
  • Frontal axis

    • Which type of joint is characterized by its free movement?

  • Synarthrodial
  • Amphiarthrodial
  • Cartilaginous
  • Diarthrodial (correct)

    • What is the primary function of tendons?

  • To lubricate the joint capsule
  • To provide cushioning between bones
  • To connect bone to bone
  • To transmit force from muscles to bones (correct)

    • When a muscle contracts eccentrically, what happens to its length?

    <p>It lengthens under tension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a typical muscle action, which of the following best describes the insertion?

    <p>The distal attachment, more movable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle fiber arrangement is generally associated with greater force production?

    <p>Pennate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the study of forces that cause motion?

    <p>Kinetics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best represents a movement in the sagittal plane?

    <p>Forward lunges (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a lever system, what is the primary function of the fulcrum?

    <p>To act as the pivot point for rotation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of lever provides the greatest force amplification?

    <p>Second class lever (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of motion is described as movement around an axis?

    <p>Angular motion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Newton's second law of motion, if the force applied to an object doubles while its mass remains constant, what happens to the acceleration of the object?

    <p>It doubles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the property of mass that resists changes in its state of motion?

    <p>Inertia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of friction typically offers the least resistance?

    <p>Rolling friction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of angular motion?

    <p>Torque (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does ground reaction force (GRF) change between a hard surface and sand?

    <p>GRF is higher on the hard surface. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Medial

    Movement toward the midline of the body.

    Lateral

    Movement away from the midline of the body.

    Flexion

    Movement in the sagittal plane, causing a decrease in joint angle.

    Extension

    Movement in the sagittal plane, causing an increase in joint angle.

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    Abduction

    Movement in the frontal plane, moving a limb away from the midline of the body.

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    Adduction

    Movement in the frontal plane, moving a limb towards the midline of the body.

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    Rotation

    Movement in the transverse plane, where the body rotates.

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    Diarthrodial Joint

    A type of joint that allows for free movement. It is surrounded by a joint capsule and contains synovial fluid.

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    Fulcrum

    The pivot point around which a lever rotates.

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    Force (Effort)

    The force applied to a lever to move a resistance.

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    Resistance (Load)

    The load being moved by a lever.

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    Torque

    A measure of rotational force about an axis.

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    Acceleration

    The rate of change in velocity.

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    Ground Reaction Force (GRF)

    The force exerted by the ground in response to an applied force.

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    Inertia

    The tendency of an object to resist changes in its motion.

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    Momentum

    The product of an object's mass and velocity.

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    Study Notes

    Anatomical Terminology and Planes of Motion

    • Anatomical Directions: Medial (toward the midline), Lateral (away from the midline), Superior (above), Inferior (below) are examples.

    • Planes of Motion:

      • Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into left and right halves. Examples include forward lunges (primarily flexion/extension).
      • Frontal Plane: Divides the body into front and back halves. Examples include jumping jacks (primarily abduction/adduction).
      • Transverse Plane: Divides the body into top and bottom halves. Examples include torso rotations (primarily twisting/rotation).

    • Axes of Rotation:

      • Sagittal Plane: Rotates around the frontal axis. Examples of movement include flexion and extension.
      • Frontal Plane: Rotates around the sagittal axis. Examples include abduction and adduction.
      • Transverse Plane: Rotates around the vertical axis. Examples include rotational movements.

    Joints, Connective Tissue, and Muscle Mechanics

    • Joint Classifications:

      • Synarthrodial: Immovable joints (e.g., skull sutures).
      • Amphiarthrodial: Slightly movable joints (e.g., pubic symphysis).
      • Diarthrodial (Synovial): Freely movable joints (e.g., knees and shoulders).

    • Tendons: Dense connective tissue that connects muscles to bones.

    Biomechanics, Levers, and Motion

    • Kinematics vs. Kinetics:

      • Kinematics: The study of motion (position, velocity, acceleration).
      • Kinetics: The study of forces causing motion.

    • Lever Components:

      • Fulcrum: The pivot point
      • Force (Effort): The applied force
      • Resistance: The load being moved

    • Lever Classes:

      • First Class: Fulcrum between force and resistance (e.g., seesaw).
      • Second Class: Resistance between fulcrum and force (e.g., wheelbarrow).
      • Third Class: Force between fulcrum and resistance (e.g., biceps curl, most common in the body).

    • Torque: Rotational force around an axis. Causes angular motion, not linear motion.

    • Lever System Advantages:

      • First Class: Balance, speed, or force, depending on moment arms.
      • Second Class: Force amplification (e.g., lifting heavy loads with less effort).
      • Third Class: Speed and range of motion amplification (e.g., human limbs).

    • Angular vs. Linear Motion:

      • Angular: Movement around an axis (e.g., spinning).
      • Linear: Straight-line motion.

    • Object Diameter and Linear Motion: Larger diameter leads to greater linear motion from angular rotation.

    • Newton's Laws of Motion:

      • 1st Law (Inertia): An object stays at rest or in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
      • 2nd Law (Acceleration): Acceleration is directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to the mass. (F = ma).
      • 3rd Law (Action-Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

    • Momentum vs. Inertia:

      • Momentum: (Mass × Velocity) A measure of motion that requires a force to change.
      • Inertia: Resistance to changes in motion.

    • Impulse: Change in momentum due to an applied force over time.

    • Acceleration: Rate of change in velocity.

    • Ground Reaction Force (GRF): Reaction force exerted by the ground in response to an applied force. Greater on hard surfaces than soft surfaces.

    • Types of Friction:

      • Static: Resistance between stationary objects (highest resistance).
      • Kinetic: Resistance between moving objects (less than static).
      • Rolling: Resistance of a rolling object (least resistance).

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    Exam 1 Study Guide PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of anatomical terminology and the planes of motion. This quiz covers key concepts such as medial, lateral, sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes, along with their respective axes of rotation. Perfect for students of anatomy and kinesiology.

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