STS Reviewer PDF

Greeks - started the western science. TAKE NOTE: Modern Age - a scientific method concept that ​ Ancient Egyptians are highly religious, emphasizes systematic observation, built temples for the dead leaders, and experimentation, and hypothesis testing....

Greeks - started the western science. TAKE NOTE: Modern Age - a scientific method concept that ​ Ancient Egyptians are highly religious, emphasizes systematic observation, built temples for the dead leaders, and experimentation, and hypothesis testing. rich in culture that includes a system of pictorial writing. Mesopotamia - described as the “Cradle of ​ Ancient Civilization developed and Civilization”, this flourishing civilization thrived near bodies of water due to emerged between two great rivers: Tigris and the need for resources and means of Euphrates. trade. ​ Science, Technology, and Society are Communication - the invention of the printing all interconnected and press by Johannes Gutenberg revolutionized interdependent. the aspect of society. ​ Static and permanent collection of individuals are characteristics of Steam Power - new energy source used widely society. to characterize the industrial revolution. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Technology - refers to methods, systems, and devices which are the result of scientific ​ The period of enlightenment when the knowledge being used for practical purposes. developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, Irrigation System - summerian invention that biology, and chemistry transformed the revolutionized agriculture. views of society about nature. Aqueducts - the romans were known for their ​ It marked the birth of modern science advanced engineering skills, evident in their as a discipline. construction of: ​ It is the golden age for people Albert Einstein - credited with developing the committed to scholarly life in science. theory of relativity. Socrates - considered as the “Father of ​ The ideas generated during this period Philosophy” enabled the people to rethink, reflect, reexamine their belief and their way of Tim Berners-Lee - credited with inventing the life. World WIde Web. ​ This led to the creation of new Confucianism - chinese philosophy that research fields and prompted the emphasized harmony with nature and the establishment of a strong foundation for importance of social order. modern science. This improved the conduct of scientific investigations, Astronomy - field that The Babylonians are experiments, and observations. known for their advancements. Chinese - ancient civilization in which the great wall of china is a testament to advanced engineering skills. Cuneiform - sumerian writing system. Spanish Colonial Period - in the Philippines, trade was given more focus during this period due to the prospects of big profits particularly through galleon trade.  -​ he believed people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining insights. (the aim of psychoanalysis is to release repressed emotions and experiences) CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAUS -​ proposed the “geocentric model” -​ proposed that heavenly bodies revolved in perfect circles around the earth. NICOLAUS COPERNICUS -​ a canon at frombork cathedral in poland who has great interest in astronomy. -​ he believed that “the sun is the center of the universe” (heliocentric model) Pre-Colonial Period (orbits of venus and mercury lay inside the orbit No reliable written accounts, but scientific of the earth, closer to the sun. orbits of mars, knowledge is observed by the way they: saturn, and jupiter lay outside the earth’s) - Prepared the soil for agricultural purposes and -​ in 1510, he circulated the copy of his planted crops to provide them food manuscript called “commentariolus” - Took care of animals to help them in their daily -​ the publications of his book “de tasks revolutionibus orbium coelestium (on - Used plants for medicinal purposes the revolutions of the heavenly - Used their own writing system, number system, spheres)” is cited as the heart of a weighing, and measuring system scientific revolution. - Had no calendar but counted the years by moons and from one harvest to another. CHARLES DARWIN -​ changed the concept of world’s Technology during the pre-colonial period is creation and its evolution evident because people can: built houses, -​ he joined the 5-year voyage through irrigations, and farming tools, created HMS Beagle on the galapagos island musical instruments, built boats for coastal -​ he published the book “the origin of trade and fighting during wars. species” which is one of the most important works in scientific literature. Metal Age and External Trade (it presented how species evolved over time and -​ Sophisticated designs of gold and presented traits and adaptation that differentiate silver jewelries, ceramics and metal species) tools -​ Trading with China, Japan, Indonesia, SIGMUND FREUD and other nearby countries have -​ he was known for his method of provided opportunities for technological psychoanalysis. and cultural exchange (a scientific method to study the human mind and neurotic illness.) -​ he focused on human sexuality and the evil nature of man. Spanish Colonial Period research (e.g. Bureau of Science, -​ Introduced formal education and National Research Council of the founded early academic and scientific Philippines) institutions -​ Sent selected Filipino students to the -​ Religious orders played a major role in United States under government the establishment of the colonial scholarship for postgraduate courses education system and training (called Pensionados) -​ Primary instruction was mainly religious education, owing to the limited qualified Post-Independence to Present teachers, books and other instructional 1958 - National Science Development Board materials. 1982 - National Science and Technology -​ Beginning of formal science and Authority technology 1986 - Department of Science and Technology -​ Science (focused on understanding concepts related to the human body, ARTICLE XIV EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND plants, animals and meteorological TECHNOLOGY, ARTS, CULTURE AND conditions; medicine and advanced SPORTS 1987 Constitution science were introduced in colleges Section 10. Science and technology are and universities - e.g. UST) essential for national development and -​ Access to these schools was, however, progress. The State shall give priority to limited to the elite of the colonial research and development, invention, society innovation, and their utilization; and to science and technology education, Technology and engineering training, and services. It shall support -​ Construction of government buildings, indigenous, appropriate, and self-reliant churches, roads, bridges and forts, scientific and technological capabilities, waterworks, transportation (e.g. and their application to the country’s electric tramways) productive systems and national life. (Trade was given more focus by the Spaniard colonial authorities due to the prospects of big Philippine Development Plan profits – Galleon Trade, but resulted in the 2017-2020 neglect of agriculture, mining, and native -​ October 11, 2016, President handicrafts and industries) Rodrigo R. Duterte signed Executive Order No. 5, s. 2016 American Colonial Period -​ Established public education system This approves and adopts the 25-year and secularized education long-term vision entitled -​ Improved and modernized engineering AmBisyonNatin2040 works and health conditions of people -​ four areas for strategic policies, -​ Established modern research programs, and projects to help universities, (e.g. UP) and established realize the AmBisyonNatin2040. trade and vocational schools -​ Building a prosperous, -​ Created more public hospitals predominantly middle-class -​ Explored mineral resources society where no one is poor; -​ Improved transportation and -​ Promoting a long and healthy communication systems life; Focused on: agriculture, food processing, -​ Becoming smarter and more forestry, medicine and pharmacy. However, innovative; and not much focus was given on the development -​ Building a high-trust society. of industrial technology due to free trade policy with the United States which nurtured an economy geared towards agriculture and trade. -​ Established government agencies that contributed to the growth of scientific