STS-Reviewer-1st-Sem-Midterm.pdf

MODULE A: REALITY AND KNOWLEDGE accepted and will Become DKS or rejected depending on their set of beliefs REALITY Personal Knowledge Statement >...

MODULE A: REALITY AND KNOWLEDGE accepted and will Become DKS or rejected depending on their set of beliefs REALITY Personal Knowledge Statement > Publication, Verification, Acceptance > Community/Discipline Everything that appears to our 5 senses Knowledge Statement − Smell, touch, see, hear and feel Reality is that which, if you stop believe in it, does not go away.” – Philip Dick APPROACHES TO VIEWING REALITY The “Real World” is a world of our own perceptions and experiences 1. Scientific Approach – Physical features − As I observe and experience 2. Interpretative Approach The moment I experience reality and conjure The approaches are differentiated on 2 concepts and ideas in my mind, the “Theoretical Philosophical grounds: World” where theories ideas, concepts, etc. exists Knowledge is generated when you bridge the gap − Ontology between Real and Theoretical World Study of the NATURE OF REALITY Personal Knowledge Statement: “Reality is all of Study of a set of beliefs about what the the experiences and things I perceived that world is determine my knowledge of the world” Scientific Approach: Is the real- world objective and independent of our − Publication, Verification, Acceptance perception or experience of it? − Community Discipline − Knowledge Statement − Epistemology THEORY The THEORETICAL WORLD Study of WHAT WE CAN KNOW ABOUT where theories, ideas, concepts, REALITY etc exist Scientific Approach: Can one generate K unbiased, generalizable knowledge about N the world? O Interpretive Approach: Or is knowledge the reality is all of the experiences W local, specific to a particular time and and things I perceived that L space? determined my knowledge of the E Epistemological Questions follow that of world. D ontological questions. Why? G ✓ Because what one believes that one E canknow about reality isdependent on one’s belief of the nature of reality Is “common sense” also knowledge? How REALITY The REAL WORLD as I observe can you say so? and experience ✓ Yes, if it rests on a body of evidence (induction) or a reliable theory KNOWLEDGE (deduction) According to the Collins English Dictionary ✓ Usually, common sense is knowledge that arises from less-structed − Facts, feelings or experiences that are parts of processes and originates from day-to- a person’s reality day experiences of people. − State of knowing (from experience or learning) − Organized information in my head Personal Knowledge Statement - things and o Shared Knowledge may be in form disciplinary experience I perceived that determines my knowledge. knowledge. Accepted or rejected. o Personal Knowledge Statement becomes Community/Discipline Knowledge Statement - “Community Knowledge” and form part of what if people agree with your statement. we usually call as “Mainstream Knowledge”. Described the transition from Personal Knowledge Statement to Community/Discipline Knowledge Statement MODULE B: SCIENTIIC INQUIRY, TECHNOLOGY − PKS forwarded to the discipline may be AND SOCIETY  Science - the intellectual and practical activity Francis Bacon encompassing the systematic study of the − 1521 - 1626 structure and behaviour of the physical and − “Novum Organum Scientiarum” or New natural world through observation and Instruments of Science published in 1620. experiment.. − Physical causes and laws of nature. − Essence of a thing is deduced through a MILESTONES IN DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE process of reduction, and the use of inductive reasoning MILETUS/MILESIANS − He promoted the Scientific Method where he − Western History said that before a knowledge can be deemed − Considered as the earliest in the formal of a fact, it should first be experimented. study on the nature of reality Rene Descartes − 600 BC − 1596-1650 Thales of Miletus (624-546 BC) − “cogito, ergo sum” = “I think, therefore I am” − First philosopher in the Greek tradition − Mathematician, scientist, and philosopher who − “what is reality made of?” promoted a scientific method that emphasized − Supernatural explanation is unreliable deduction. − Water: originating principle of nature − founder of “rationalism” = observed data is Pythagoras inferior to pure reason. − Greek mathematician − All science is based on math. − 571-491 BC − These ideas as well as his mathematics, − equation of a right triangle: c2= a2+ b2 influence the Muton revolution. − “truth should not be accepted but be proved” Karl Popper − He believed that eating beans is sinful − 1902-1994 − He drowned a student for revealing the − Austrian-British professor at the London existence of irrational numbers to the world School of Economics. Aristotle − “A true scientist should look to falsify theory − 384-322 BC with observation that contradict them” = − Father of Science and Philosophy of Science Scientific Method Foundatiion. − Induction and deduction − Realism or Logical Empiricism is probably the − Promoted systematic observation and thought most received view of Western science in the in biology, physics, law, literature and ethics. Modern Period. It is modified with the views of − Thales said that the component of the Earth is Popper. water but Aristotle added land, air and fire. − favor of empirical falsification which is a view Ptolemy that the theory in the empirical sciences can − Claudius Ptolemaeus (A.D. 127 – 145, never be proven but it can be falsified. Alexandria) − Geocentric Model or Ptolemaic System: FOR A STATEMENT TO BE SCIENTIFIC The Earth is the center of the universe. − A map maker recording the around 8,000 Ruling of US Judge William Overton locations on his world map. I. It must be guided by natural law. − During Roman Empire, He made the most − Have basis in your statement. detailed image of the inhabited world. II. It has to be explanatory by reference to natural Nicolaus Copernicus law. − Heliocentric Model: the Earth and planets − general relationships between phenomena revolve around the Sun at the center of the which explains the behavior of things. universe. III. It is testable against the empirical world. Aristarchus of Samos − Can be observed. − first one to propose that the Sun is the center − Cannot be tested, not scientific. of the universe. Until Nicolaus expanded on it. IV. Its conclusions are tentative. Must be open to the idea that new evidence may disprove it. MODERN PERIOD OF SCIENCE V. It is falsifiable.  Theories should be stated in such a way that A law is neither “better than” nor “worse than” a we can find evidence against them. theory A theory is not a “law in waiting” Example in physics -> gravity: SCIENTIFIC METHOD − If we hold an object above ground, release it A process to construct a reliable, consistent, and at a certain height, and, observe it fall down, non-arbitrary representation of the world. then we say that the object falls down because Oxford English Dictionary: a method of procedure of gravity. that has characterized natural science since 17th − Law → describes the object falling – its century, consisting of systematic observation, acceleration as it falls, the time & speed at measurement, experiment, and the formulation, ground impact testing and modification of hypothesis. o Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation - the guide by which refined evidence to either Gives us a mathematical formula to accept or reject knowledge claims. calculate how strong the gravitational pull Basic Steps in the Scientific Method: is between the Earth and the object you 1. Observation and Questions dropped. 2. Make Hypothesis (deduction) − Theory → explains why the object falls. 3. Collect and Analyze Data/Evidence o Albert Einstein’s General Relativity Theory 4. Make Conclusion (induction) - Can explain that the object falls (gravity’s If wrong; an Alternative hypothesis may be effect) is a consequence of the curvature accepted or create another hypothesis and do it of four-dimensional space-time. again. TECHNOLOGY SOCIAL SCIENCE AS SCIENCE Early 17th century Social Science is concerned with the society and Came from the words “Techne” which means art the relationships among the individuals within a or craft and “logia” which means logic or reason society. Scientific or knowledge put into practical use The “social world” is part of the “natural world” The branch of knowledge dealing with engineering Two Major Viewpoints: or applied sciences. 1. Scientific Naturalism Abridged History of Technology: A philosophical approach using tools that are − Stone Age: tools from word or shards of rock akin to those of the natural sciences. and discovery of fire 2. Interpretivist Viewpoint − Bronze Age: work with metal Interpretivist scientists use other methods like − Iron Age: work with other kinds of metals symbolic interpretation. − Modern Technology: industrial revolution which resulted in mass production of goods and services. An advancement of old THEORY OR LAW technology. What we gained from Technology uses: Similarities − Ease of access to − Both are based on tested hypothesis. information/communication − Both are supported by a large body of − Ease of traveling, shelter, entertainment empirical data. − Ease of access to natural resources − Both are widely accepted by the vast majority − Improved Health and Lifestyle (if not all) of scientists within a discipline. What we sacrificed from technology use: − Both are falsifiable. − Social Isolation Differences: − Job Loss − Theory: a well substantiated statement that − Increased dependency on explains a natural phenomenon but still lacks technology/decreased competency of evidence. − Data security/privacy − Law: a well substantiated statement that describes a natural phenomenon. More − Increased potential of destructive conflicts acceptable because it is already proven. − Environmental degradation  Creation of large agricultural cities. MODULE C: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF FAMOUS INVENTIONS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cuneiform MAJOR TIME PERIODS: − Basic format of written language − 3500 BCE Ancient Period − Written on clay, paper or stone Middle/Medieval (5th Century- 15th Century) Irrigation & dikes Modern Age (16th Century- Present) Sailboats Philippine inventions Wheel Plow ANCIENT PERIOD − the 1st to use bronze metal. Uruk city 1. Asia and Africa (Sumerians, Egypt and China) The Great Ziggurat of Ur 2. Europe (Greeks and Romans) − Stepped pyramids where priests and 3. The Americas dependents ritually prayed and made offerings. Calendar MESOPOTAMIA Post and Lintel Systems 15,000 BCE (before current era) - warmer climates, melting of glaciers in the north. BABYLONIAN CIVILZATION Land between the rivers Raised sea levels, exposed land and inland lakes. Tigris and Euphrates rivers Natufians - hunter-gatherers of Southeast Asia Great builders 11,000 BCE - Younger Dryas Event → bursting of Hanging garden of Babylon glacial melt from Canada to Gulf Stream. Resulted in the conditions of the Late Ice Age. EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION NATUFIANS The valley of the Nile (6400 km) = Benevolent river Swells in late summer, deposit fertile silt Forced to congregate in small, semipermanent Egypt is strategically located and geographically villages along rivers and streams. isolated Switch from hunter-gatherers to planting and East and west: deserts domestication North: the sea and the Nile Delta 1st farming settlements appeared in the Levantine Cataracts- rapids Corridor (present day Israel, Syria and the Euphrates River Valley) EGYPT AND AGRICULTURE Communities planted mostly cereals and domesticated goats, sheep and later cattle Intimate relationship with the environment Labor intensive with aid of some animals Digging, weeding, planting, harvesting o Switching to agriculture is an important precursor Pharaohs as god king of major civilizations Egyptians enjoyed stability, punctuated by occasional decades-long floods SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION FAMOUS INVENTIONS Sprung in the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates Paper or papyrus 644 km parallel to each other. Ink Join into the Persian Gulf Mastery of stone Origin: Turkey Pyramids 5000 BCE - beginning of agriculture and Hieroglyphics irrigation in lower Mesopotamia Environment: Arid with unpredictable annual floods − writing system developed by Egypt around 5000 years ago  Cosmetics − Hellenic Period: Time of Homer to Mid 300 Wigs BCE, this includes the Classical period which Water clock/clepsydra is the golden age of Greek Philosophy and Art Leader of the Macedonian: Alexander the Great CHINESE CIVILIZATION − Hellenistic Age: Final blossoming from 300 Most isolated of all civilization BCE to 1st century CE (99 to 0 BCE) Small islands of the Aegean, the western end of Agriculture and metalworking (independent) hunter-gatherer of millets Asia Minor, mountainous southern tip of Europe Little land for large scale farming divided into the dry northern flatlands and the Dozens of protected harbors and bays better-watered southern valleys 7000-6000 BCE - settlements along the Yellow Expert sailors → ships and shipping Mountains that are difficult to traverse, Accessible River Loess Yellow River: named for the color it assumes by the sea Seaborne commercial trade established small but because of Loess being windblown and deposited in it. wealthy states ruled by kings. Yangtze River: 10,000 and 7000 BCE - wet rice farming and hunting BEST KNOWN FOR: Classical Period – art, literature, science, and CHINA AND AGRICULTURE: philosophy terracing, diking, irrigation Systems of government (Monarchy, Aristocracy, South of the Yangtze: non-Chinese people hunted Democracy, Oligarchy) pigs, and gathered wild varieties of rice in Always engaged in wars (e.g. Persian, swamplands along the river. Peloponnesian) 10,000 and 7000 BCE- wet rice farming and Alarm Clock hunting Watermill KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF CHINESE CIVILIZATION: ROMAN CIVILIZATION Reverence for ancestors Big significance of family Roman Civilization Prestige of being educated Successor to the Hellenistic Greece Importance of the written word Found halfway down the western coast of the Italian peninsula FAMOUS INVENTIONS: Tiber River flows through its fertile plains. descendants of the Indo- Europeans who settled in Bronze ware Central and Southern Italy around 1500 BCE Ceramics Not-so-advanced farming practices Historical literature 3 Major Groups that colonized Italy Poetry − Etruscans - highly civilized, but little written Metallurgy account Silk − Greeks - migrated due to overcrowding in Tea production Corinth, Thebes and other cities. Transformed The Great Wall of China South Italy into a prosperous region, constant Gun powder fighting with Etruscans and Phoenecians − Phoenicians - came through Carthage builders of powerful ships EUROPE: GREECE AND ROME BEST KNOWN FOR: GREEK CIVILIZATION Applying scientific knowledge to everyday Descendant of the Nomadic Indo-European group problems of society of people Waged war with Carthage for more than 20 years 3 epochs of the Ancient Greek History to control Sicily − Minoan-Mycenean Age: 2000 BCE – 1,000 Newspaper - Acta Diurna BCE  Bound books or Codex MIDDLE OR MODERN PERIOD Roman Forum in Italy Early Modern Period − (16th to Early 18th Century) THE AMERICAS − Includes the Renaissance Period and the age of discovery exhibit a tremendous range of cultures and Late Modern physical environments − Mid-18th century to 1950 The first Native Americans arrived in the New Contemporary World much later than humans − 1950 – Present They most likely arrived in 3 waves, between 20,000 BCE and 10,000 BCE. 3 Waves: THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD − Amerindians – First to arrive from Northeast Asia and are believed to be the ancestor of Massive invasions and migrations numerous Native Americans. Population decline and rise Wars − Central Asia – descendants who are now Greater Technology for development located in Western Canada. Trade and Commerce = transportation technology − Northeast Asia – modern descendants are the Inuit Eskimo of Northern Canada and Alaska. PRINTING PRESS Beringia - bridge that once connected Northeast Asia and Alaska. Used for automated printing of publication such as Reaching the Americas: Beringia - On foot or by in literature, news, etc. and for publishing books to small boats reach people at a faster rate 3 Periods: Johannes Gutenberg − Paleoindian Period Problem addressed: reliability and efficiency Hunting for Survival Solution Provided: A more reliable and efficient Clovis Point - Colder Climate - large, deeply printing press notched leaf-shaped spearheads - hunt Megafauna. Folsom point - warmer climate MICROSCOPE Between 11,000 and 8,900 BCE, they lived Used in examination of minute figures, objects or as hunter- gatherers. organisms that are invisible to the naked eye − Archaic Period Hans and Zacharias Janssen – credited with the continuous shifting of climate to warmer first microscope and drier conditions Antony van Leeuwenhoek – improved microscope Gathering of wild plants Problem Addressed: Close magnification for less specialized, more for gathering plants medical doctors Hunting of smaller animals Solution Provided: The first compound Organization: small, temporary groups microscope − Agricultural Revolution 5500 BCE - Mexico - chile and pumpkin 4000 adn 2500 BCE - maize TELESCOPE 1500 BCE - Pit houses of farmers Observation of far and wide sites (heavenly bodies) Planting of corn, beans, squash, chile Hans Lippershey Agricultural productivity → Mesoamerican Problem Addressed: Distant magnification for Civilizations (Olmecs, Mayans, Teotihuacan, Aztecs) navigators Solution Provided: Close magnification at a distance provided by powerful lenses Inventions- Provide solution to problem and Improve the quality of the product. Evolution WAR WEAPONS Made for the purpose of the prevalence of combat  in the middle ages Archaeological findings indicate that modern men Problem Addressed: Better weaponry technology (homo sapiens) from the Asian mainland first came Solution Provided: Cross/long bows for open-area over-land and across narrow channels to live in battles and iron-body armors for close-combat Palawan and Batangas around 50,000 years ago. The iron age is considered to have lasted from the second or third century B.C. to the tenth century MECHANICAL CLOCK A.D. Excavations of Philippine graves and work A large, typically publicly displayed device for time- sites have yielded iron slags. Filipinos during this telling/keeping period engaged in the actual extraction of iron from Problem Addressed: Inaccuracy and poor design ore, smelting and refining. But it appears that the Solution Provided: Accuracy and better design iron industry, like the manufacture of pottery, did not survive the competition with imported cast iron from Sarawak and much later, from China MEDIEVAL GLASSES By the first century A.D., Filipinos were weaving cotton, smelting iron, making pottery and glass Supplementary aid for seeing things better – ornaments and were also engaged in agriculture. clearer and closer Lowland rice was cultivated in diked fields, and in Problem Addressed: Problematic eyesight – near the interior mountain regions as in the Cordillera, and farsightedness; impracticalness of interraced fields which utilized spring water. magnifying glass Filipinos had also learned to build boats for the Solution Provided: Portability, practicality, and coastal trade. By the tenth century A.D., this had efficiency provided by the eyeglasses become a highly developed technology. In fact, the early Spanish chroniclers took note of the refined plank-built warship called caracoa SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE By the tenth century A.D., the inhabitants of Butuan PHILIPPINES: PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD were trading with Champa (Vietnam); those of Ma- Rizal’s Annotated edition of Sucesos de las Islas i (Mindoro) with China. Chinese records with have Filipinas by Antonio de Morga now been translated contain a lot of references to The Boxer Codex the Philippines. These indicate that regular − Late 16th century manuscript trade relations between the two countries had been − 307 pages, Spanish well established during the tenth to the fifteenth − Life in Luzon and Visayas centuries. − Charles R. Boxer Chao Ju-Kua in 1225, He described the Earliest evidences of agriculture communities and trading activities in the islands of − Andarayan, Solana, Cagayan Valley Ma-i (Mindoro) and San-hsu (literally three islands − 3400± y.a. which present-day historians think refer to the − rice planting group of Palawan and Calamian Islands). − Banaue Rice Terraces - 2000 y.a. By the time the Spaniards came to colonies the Money Matters Philippines in 1565, they found many scattered, − PIiloncitos autonomous village communities (called barangays) all over the archipelago. These were − Laguna Copper Plate Inscription kinship groups or social units rather than political 900 AD units. They were essentially subsistence Ancient Javanese economies producing mainly what they needed. These communities exhibited uneven Science and Technology in the Philippines: technological development. Settlements along the Ancient Times to the Modern coastal areas which had been exposed to foreign trade and cultural contacts such as Manila, Olivia Caoili Mindoro, Cebu, Southern Mindanao and Sulu, Discuss the role of Science and technology in seem to have attained a more sophisticated nation-building technology. In 1570, for example, the Spaniards found the town of A. Pre-Colonial and Spanish Era Mindoro "fortified by a stone wall over fourteen feet thick," and defended by armed Moros -- "bowmen, early Filipinos had attained a generally simple level lancers, and some gunners, linstocks in hand." of technological development,  There were a "large number of culverins" all along higher learning. It offered courses in law, medicine, the hillside of the town. They found Manila similarly surgery, pharmacy and notary public. defended by a palisade along its front with pieces of artillery at its gate. The house of Raja Soliman (which was burned down by Spaniards) reportedly C. American Regime contained valuable articles of trade -- "money, This was made possible by the simultaneous copper, iron, porcelain, blankets, wax, cotton and government encouragement and support for an wooden vats full of brandy." extensive public education system; the granting of The beginnings of modern science and technology scholarships for higher education in science and in the Philippines can be traced to the Spanish engineering; the organization of science research regime. The Spaniards established schools, agencies and establishment of science-based hospitals and started scientific research and these public services. had important consequences for the rise of the The colonial authorities initially adopted a country's professions. But the direction and pace of coordinated policy for the promotion of higher development of science and technology were education in the sciences and government greatly shaped by the role of the religious orders in research institutions and agencies performing the conquest and colonization of the archipelago technical functions. and by economic and trade adopted by the colonial In 1917, Act No. 2076 (Private School Act) was government. enacted by the Philippine Legislature. The Act The net result of reduccion was the creation of recognized private schools as educational towns and the foundation of the present system of institutions and not commercial ventures. It local government. The precolonial ruling class, the required the Secretary of Public Instruction to datus and their hereditary successors, were "maintain a general standard of efficiency in all adopted by the Spanish colonial government into private schools and colleges so that...(they shall) this new system to serve as the heads of the lowest furnish adequate instruction to the public..." and level of local government; i.e. as cabezas de authorized him to" inspect and watch" these school barangay. and colleges Schools are was established like the development of science gained more − Cebu City the Colegio de San Ildefonso (1595) government support along with efforts to establish − Colegio de San Ignacio (1595), an old extensive public school system and public − Colegio de San Jose (1601) health programs. The old Laboratorio Municipal − Ateneo de Manila (1859). was absorbed by the Bureau of Government − Colegio de San Juan de Letran (1640) Laboratories created by the Philippine Commission − Royal and Pontifical University of Santo in 1901. Tomas The American colonial authorities organized other Filipino students venture into fields like Medicine, offices which, by the nature of their operations, and Law but they take it outside the Philippines. contributed further to the growth of scientific The prosperity arising from expanded world trade research. These were the Weather Bureau (1901), and commerce in the nineteenth century led to the Board (later Bureau) of Health (1898), Bureau Manila's rapid development as a cosmopolitan of Mines(1900), Bureau of Forestry (1900), Bureau center. Modern amenities—a waterworks system, of Agriculture (1901), Bureau of Coast and steam tramways, electric lights, newspapers, a Geodetic Survey (1905), Bureau of Plant Industry banking system—were introduced into the city by (1929) and Bureau of Animal Industry(1929) the latter half of the nineteenth century. Meteorological studies were promoted by Jesuits who founded the Manila Observatory in 1865. The D. COMMONWEALTH Observatory collected and made available typhoon and climatological observations The Constitution acknowledged the importance of promoting scientific development for the economic development of the country by incorporating a B. FIRST REPUBLIC provision (Article XIII, Section 4) declaring that "The State shall promote scientific research and The government took steps to establish a secular invention, Arts and Letters shall be under its educational system by a decree of 19 October patronage..." 1898, it created the Universidad Literaria de The Government abolished Grade VII as the Filipinas as a secular, state-supported institution of  terminal grade in the elementary curriculum and Development Plan FY 1974-77. also instituted the "double-single session" plan thus The expanding number of science agencies has reducing the time allotment or dropping certain given rise to a demand for high calibre scientists subjects in the elementary school. and engineers to undertake research and staff The occupation of the Philippines by the Japanese universities and colleges. Hence, measures have during the War brought educational and scientific also been taken towards the improvement of the activities practically to a halt as able bodied citizens country;s science and manpower. In March 1983, joined the resistance movement. Executive Order No. 889 was issued by the President which provided for the establishment of a national network of centers of excellence in basic E. INDEPENDENCE sciences The National Institutes of Physics, Geological The number of state universities and colleges has been increasing since1946. However, their growth Sciences, Natural Sciences Research, Chemistry, has not been based on a rational plan. Partisan Biology and Mathematical Sciences. political considerations often determined the creation, location and staffing of these institutions. EVIDENCE OF ANCIENT KAMPAMPANGAN LIFE: The rise of professional organizations of scientists CANDABA SWAMPS and engineers followed closely the growth of higher education in the Philippines. The earliest Pinac, the Candaba swamp is one of the oldest organizations were in medicine and pharmacy, settlements in Central Luzon professions which were the first to be introduce At present, from January to May, it is mostly used during the colonial era. for rice and watermelon planting. From June to The Philippine Medical Association (PMA) actively December, when rainy season would flood the worked to improve standards of medical education area, fishing becomes a major activity by limiting enrollment in medical colleges and One of the most famous wetlands for migratory adding courses required for the medical degree. birds and a well-known bird watching area Academic members of the profession have led in The Candaba swamp emerged during the end of questioning the relevance of Western-oriented the Pliocene Epoch (5.3 to 2.6 MYA) through the medical curriculum to Philippine conditions accumulation of sediments from Angat and The Science Act created the National Science Pampanga Rivers Development Board (NSDB) to formulate policies Candaba is considered as one of the oldest for the development of science and coordinate the settlements in Luzon work of science agencies. The Act also created the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission(PAEC)and CANDABA NEOLITHIC ADZE the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) and placed these, along with the NRCP, H. Otley Beyer, 1930 under the NSDB. Recovered adze made of basalt. − Philippine Inventors Commission(1964) considered a National Cultural Treasure − Philippine Coconut Research Dated Around 3000 BC, Institute (1964) Was used to cut down trees and shape and carve − Philippine Textile Research Institute(1967) boats. − Forest Products Research and Industries Development Commission(1969) CANDABA SWAMP − Metals Industry Research and Development Metal Age and Protohistoric Period Center (MIRDC) Donya Simang Site − the SFP Known ruler: Dionisio Kapolong (son of Rajah − Philippine Science High School (PSHS) Lacandula) − Philippine Council for Agriculture and Regular travels up north through Pampanga River Resources Research(PCARR) Tradewares as heirloom pieces, dowry, status The creation of these science agencies symbol undoubtedly shows increasing government concern and support for the development of DONYA SIMANG Philippine science and technology. In 1974, a national science development program 2002 was also included in the government's Four-Year an archaeological site, the area yielded various  artifacts, especially earthenware, trade ceramics, y.a metals and other ecofacts that can be dated and Using fossilized teeth, hand and foot bones analyzed Found in Callao Cave, Northern Luzon (2007) Dr. Wilhelm Solheim: identified some with the incised and combed carved designs as examples of Beyer’s Iron Age Pottery dating Between 1000 MODULE D: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS to 1500 AD. The designs suggest that there were WHAT MAKES SOMETHING REVOLUTIONARY? used for special ritual performances Brings about change by challenging a long CANDABA SWAMP ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE? standing belief. One of the results that comes after a revolution is Evidences of metal craft technology change. Clue #1: Iron slags It is a change in a way we see things around us and Clue #2: richness of vocabulary of natives for an explanation we give for observed phenomenon. metals implements Intellectual revolution wouldn’t be possible without Important for hunter-gathering and warfare someone or a group of person challenging a long Evidences of trade with China, standing belief. Thailand, Vietnam and maybe even Japan A belief that has been taken only or as the sole Elaborate burial practices (grave goods) explanation through something that is observed − Shreds of undecorated rims, Donya Simang through nature. 1000 AD − Sherd with carved design, probably older than 1000 AD INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS IN HUMAN − 13th-14th century trade ceramics from China HISTORY 1. Copernican Revolution MODERN INVENTIONS 2. Germ Theory of Disease Pasteurization – remove contamination thru heat 3. Information Revolution Petroleum Refinery - conversion of crude oil into useful products, including fuel oils, gasoline COPERNICAN REVOLUTION (petrol), asphalt, and kerosene. Telephone - Alexander Graham Bell, 1876 Discovery and observation of the universe Mechanical Calculator Ancient Greeks − Known for their curiosity about natural phenomena IN THE PHILLIPINES − They looked up to the skies and sought to Salamander Amphibious Tricycle come up with explanations with what they see Salt Lamp − As early as the 4th century BCE, said that the OL trap Earth was sphere and the stationary center of Medical Incubator the universe – Plato and Aristotle EJeepney − Anaximander stated the same thing in the 6th century BCE. The stars and planets, Plato and Aristotle further postulate, were carried around MARIA OROSA the Earth on spheres or circles arranged in order of distance from the center Google Honors food scientist banana ketchip inventor Eudoxus of Cnidus war hero − He proposed that “Uniform circular motion” for all heavenly bodies around the Earth which HOMO LUZONESIS were at the center − All heavenly bodies are in concentric, Armand Mijares crystalline, or transparent spheres around the Philip Piper Earth Human evolutionary research − The spheres were made of incorruptible Late Pleistocene period or around 50,000 to 67,000 substance called “Aether” and moved at  different speeds to create the rotation of the Nicolaus Copernicus (1514) bodies around our planet − Proposed an explanation in favor of the − He and his contemporaries also believed in heliocentric view of the universe the Primer Mover that initiates all motions in − He also suggested that it was the Earth’s the universe movement that explains the rising and setting − This theory of an Earth-center universe is of the Sun, the cycle of the seasons and the called the Geocentric Theory movement of the stars − He said that the Earth rotates on its axis and it Aristarchus of Samos (310-230 BC) takes a year for it to complete the revolution − First to propose the Heliocentric Theory based around the Sun and he was also able to on the large size of the Sun correctly explain retrograde motion of the − He had sound method but inadequate data so planets his theory was not welcomed by those who − His book was “De Revolutionibus Orbium could not imagine the Earth not being at the Coelesteum” (On the Revolutions of the center − Heavenly Spheres) was completed in 1532. In it, he discussed his model of the solar system Hipparchus of Nicea (165-127 BC) and how the planets moved around the Sun. − Greatest astronomer of the classical period But because this model opposed the − Produced star maps and catalogues of 850 geocentric model so favored by many. stars Including the Church, it was not published until − Introduced the idea of precession of the 1543. equinoxes − He died soon after this. True enough, the book − The positions of the stars were shifted in a was banned by the Church in 1616 systematic way. This indicated that it was not the stars were moving but rather than the Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler (17th observing platform – the Earth. In the Century) Precision of the Equinoxes, he discussed the − Provided the much-needed scientific support eccentricity of the sun’s apparent orbit and for his theory certain inequalities of the motions of the moon − Resulted in Galileo’s trial and imprisonment for − Determined the lengths of the seasons and heresy accurately measured a year − In the latter part of the 17th century, Isaac − Known for his systematic use of trigonometry Newton’s work on universal laws of gravitation in Astronomy (he had no telescope back then) provided the rest of the missing pieces of Copernicus’ model of a heliocentric universe Ptolemy (150 AD) − This led to it eventually becoming accepted in − Astronomer and geographer of the later Europe and eventually to the rest of the world classical age of Alexandria − Furthered the work of Hipparchus GERM THEORY OF DISEASES − Planets move in epicycles are along the deferent or big circles Different microorganisms and vaccines developed − This was his explanation for the behaviour of against them some planets like Mars where it occasionally Before the Germ Theory was widely accepted as appeared to move backward with respect to one of the explanations as why people get sick, the stars before moving forward again there were various theories provided why humans − Because European scholars relied on Greek get sick: source for their education, for centuries most 4 Humors people followed the teachings of Aristotle and − The Ancient Greeks believed that humans Ptolemy. By the 15th and 16th century are made up of 4 humors: however, astronomers were facing problems. Black Bile, Yellow Bile, Sea farers saw that the maps were inaccurate. Phlegm, Blood The astronomical calendars of the past were Balance = Healthy becoming inaccurate. Plotting religious Imbalance = Disease holidays became problematic Other explanations were rooted in astronomy, religion, magic and supernatural phenomena  (played an important role in the early history of − Resulted in significantly less infections and science) death after surgery − Pioneered aseptic techniques Miasma Theory − Supported that diseases was because of “bad Robert Koch (1876) air” or “noxious air” from the decomposition of − He proved that germ theory of disease through organic matter an experiment called as Koch’s postulates − Believed that inhaling this air will cause disease First, he saw rod-shaped bacterium in the − There was belief that disease was a punishment blood of the cattle that died of a disease for bad behaviour called anthrax called Bacillus anthracis: o Rod shaped bacterium Girolamo Fracastoro (1546) o Found in soil − Italian physician that proposed that diseases o Infects cattle, like sheep and cows and that an epidemic are caused by minute entities can be fatal to them called spores − He cultured the bacterium and then injected − Used the term ‘formites’ for objects like clothes them in healthy animals and they became sick and linen that may harbor these spores and and died therefore, help spread the disease − He collected blood samples from them and saw − Spores can stay on formites and when in the same rod-shaped bacterium from before contact, can make people sick − This helped establish that some disease, such − It did not gain much traction because people as those that result in outbreaks and epidemics, found it hard to believe that invisible particles are caused by microorganisms can account for catastrophic events such as − This paved the way for other significant leaps in pandemics (this was 200 years before the health and medicine, such as the development discovery of the compound microscope) of preventive procedures such as vaccination Louis Pasteur (1864) − Introduced the “Pasteurization” to prevent INFORMATION REVOLUTION spoilage of milk caused by microorganisms Communication is one of our needs as citizens of − Demonstrated microorganisms called yeasts- this world responsible for fermenting sugar to alcohol in Some early means of communication: the absence of air − Smoke signals − His help was sought after to help fight silkworm − Beating of drums disease was caused by fungus − Drawings (observation of their − But Pasteur discovered during his time of surroundings) investigation it was caused by a different − Spoken word microorganism called Protozoan − Written word − Bass & Pasteur works provide more support to Medium for recording: the theory that small organisms can cause − Cave walls and natural dyes or inks disease − Stone tablets Ignaz Semmelweis (1840) − Paper and ink − Observed that physicians who do not routinely − Digital Cave Painting wash their hands in between patients or procedures are more likely to spread infections − Oldest way form of communication like puerperal or childbirth fever − Found in Chauvet-Pont-d’Arc Cave, Ardeche, − He promoted washing hands in between − France patients which reduced patient infections − Done between 33,000 to 30,000 BCE − Presented animals like bisons Joseph Lister Angono Petroglyphs − Made a similar observation to Semmelweis but − Accidentally discovered in 1965 by the National this time in the field of surgery Artist Carlos “Botong” Francisco when he was − He started to disinfect his surgical instrument taking a group of boy scouts on a camping trip with carbolic acid − Petroglyphs were discovered in the walls of  caves in Angono, Rizal − Declared as National Cultural Treasures, 1973 − Composed of characters etched on the rocky walls of caves and are estimated to be around 2,000 years old Cuneiform − Oldest system of writing which was developed by the Sumerians who lived along the Mesopotamia between 3,100 and 3,000 BCE − Most efficient because each symbol stands for a syllable, several syllables put together form the words − The Sumerians etched their writing on clay tablets Baybayin − In the Philippines, there already exists a system of writing called Baybayin, long before the Spaniards came − In Pampanga specifically, our ancestors used an alphabet called kulitan – composed of Indung sulat (consonant) and Anak sulat (vowels); written top to bottom − The cave walls eventually were replaced by clay tables. Later, with the development of paper and ink we no started to see the alphabets forming written words Johannes Gutenburg (1454) − Invented the printing press which caused print media to take a huge leap forward − From books that were copied by hand, limiting their supply, and increasing the chances of errors being inserted, manuscripts can be edited before mass printing Doctrina Christiana (1593) − Earliest printed book in Philippines – a prayer booklet − Basic teaching of Christianity − Industrial Revolution produced the telegraph and the typewriters Telegraph/Telephone − Produced during the Industrial Revolution − Made it possible to send messages long distances − Computing Machine/Turing Machine (1963) o A brilliant mathematician named Alan Turing described a computing machine that could carry out any possible/automatic computation on its own o Became one of the foundation for the development of the computer o His machine caused us to attribute thinking and decision making to machines; capabilities we only attribute to living organisms like humans.