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STS MODULE 1 5. Epistemology and Ontology: ○ Ontology: The study of the Key Points: nature of reality, questioning...

STS MODULE 1 5. Epistemology and Ontology: ○ Ontology: The study of the Key Points: nature of reality, questioning what reality truly is. 1. Defining Reality: ○ Epistemology: The study of ○ Reality includes everything knowledge and what can be perceivable by the five known about reality, with both senses (sight, smell, touch, scientific and interpretive etc.). approaches offering different ○ It is also described as "that insights. which does not go away if 6. Common Sense as Knowledge: you stop believing in it" ○ Common sense is (Philip K. Dick). considered knowledge if it is 2. Theoretical and Real Worlds: based on evidence or reliable ○ Itt differentiates between the theories. theoretical world, where ideas, concepts, and theories exist, and the real world, which is observed and experienced. ○ It points out that our perception of reality shapes our knowledge of the world, indicating that knowledge is built upon what we experience in reality. 3. The Relationship Between Reality and Knowledge: ○ Knowledge is defined as facts, experiences, or organized information based on one's perception of reality. ○ Reality shapes our understanding and knowledge of the world. 4. Approaches to Reality: ○ Scientific Approach: Reality is independent of human perception and can be studied objectively. ○ Interpretive Approach: Reality is constructed through our experiences and interactions. STS MODULE 2 Systematic observation and Key Points: reasoning Empirical and logical 1. Historical Development of approaches that Science: define modern ○ Miletus/Milesians: Thales science. of Miletus (624-546 BC) ○ Ptolemy (Claudius Early Greek Ptolemaeus, AD 127-145) philosophy and Early astronomical science. models. "What is reality made Astronomer and of?" mathematician Rejects supernatural Proposed the and seeks logic geocentric model From mythological to which places the rational explanations Earth in the center for natural and all other celestial phenomena bodies around it.. ○ Pythagoras (571-491 BC) Heliocentric model Mathematics and later disproved proof in science. Shaped ancient and Pythagorean medieval science and theorem. astronomy for Truth shouldn’t just be millennia. accepted but proven. ○ Francis Bacon (1561-1626) Interesting Fact: Foundations of 1. He said that modern science. eating beans Scientific method and was sinful. inductive reasoning. 2. Drowned a Nature's rules are student for discovered through revealing observation, irrational reduction, and numbers methodical Emphasized the experimentation. importance of proof, a Basis of the empirical cornerstone of approach used in scientific inquiry. modern scientific ○ Aristotle (384-322 BC) investigations. Development of ○ René Descartes systematic thought. (1596-1650) Introducing induction Rationalism in methods and science. deduction  “cogito, ergo sum” ○ Technology has evolved from ("I think, therefore I primitive tools in the Stone am"). Age to advanced modern Logic trumps inventions. observation. 5. Impact of Technology: Skepticism and ○ Benefits: Easier access to rationality impact information, enhanced scientific methods in communication, improved abstract domains like health, and quality of life. mathematics. ○ Sacrifices: Increased social ○ Karl Popper (1902-1994) isolation, dependency on “a true scientist technology, job loss, should look to falsify environmental degradation, theory with and potential security/privacy observation that concerns. contradict them” 6. Theory vs. Law: Similarities (foundation behind ○ Based on tested hypotheses the scientific method) ○ Supported by empirical data; 2. Characteristics of a Scientific ○ Widely accepted by the Statement (Judge William scientific community. Overton’s Ruling) ○ Falsifiable ○ Guided by natural law 7. Theory vs. Law: Definitions ○ Explanatory by reference to ○ Theory: Explains why natural law something happens. ○ Testable against the ○ Law: describes a natural empirical world phenomenon ○ Tentative conclusions 8. Technology and Society: ○ Falsifiability Definition 3. Scientific Method: ○ Application of scientific ○ Observation, hypothesis knowledge creation, data analysis, and ○ Group of individuals living in conclusion comprise the an organized community. scientific method. 9. Abridged History of Technology ○ Theories are well-supported, ○ Stone Age: Wood and stone while laws explain natural implements, fire. facts without hierarchy in ○ Bronze Age: Metalworking. "truthfulness." ○ Iron Age: Advanced 4. Science vs. Technology: metalwork ○ Science focuses on ○ Modern technology advances understanding the natural transportation, world, while technology communication, medical, etc. applies scientific knowledge for practical purposes. STS MODULE 3 Medieval Period Inventions: Printing press, Key Points microscope, telescope, mechanical clock, glasses Ancient Period Advancements in warfare technology 1. Asia and Africa Modern Inventions ○ Natufians: Early transition from hunter-gatherers to agriculture Petroleum refinery, telephone, ○ Sumerian Civilization: mechanical calculator, pasteurization Developed cuneiform, irrigation, sailboats, wheel, Philippine Science and Technology plow ○ Babylonian Civilization: Known 1. Pre-colonial Period for the Hanging Gardens of ○ Early agriculture: Rice planting Babylon in Cagayan Valley (3400 years ○ Egyptian Civilization: ago) Developed papyrus, ink, ○ Banaue Rice Terraces (2000 hieroglyphics, cosmetics, years ago) water clock ○ Boxer Codex: 307 Spanish ○ Chinese Civilization: Invented pages, Life in Luzon and silk, tea production, Visayas by Charles R. Boxer gunpowder; built the Great ○ Currency: Piloncitos Wall ○ Laguna Copper Plate 2. Europe Inscription (900 AD) ○ Greek Civilization: Known for ○ Candaba Swamp: alarm clock, water mill, and Archaeological evidence of advancements in art, metal craft, trade, burial literature, science, philosophy practices ○ Roman Civilization: Developed ○ newspaper (Acta Diurna), 2. Recent Inventions and Discoveries bound books, and the Corvus ○ Salamander Amphibious (naval innovation) Tricycle 3. The Americas ○ Salt lamp ○ Migration via Beringia (Bering ○ Medical incubator Land Bridge) ○ OL trap ○ Paleoindian Period: Clovis and ○ Maria Orosa: Invented banana Folsom points for hunting ketchup ○ Agricultural Revolution: Led to ○ Discovery of Homo luzonensis Mesoamerican civilizations by Armand Mijares (50,000 to (Olmecs, Mayans, 67,000 years old) Teotihuacan, Aztecs)  ○ Challenged the long-held STS MODULE 4 belief that Earth was the center of the universe Key Points 2. Germ Theory of Disease 1. Copernican Revolution Early Theories: Early Theories: ○ Four humors theory ○ 4th century BCE: Plato and Black bile (Earth) Aristotle's geocentric theory Yellow bile (Fire) ○ Eudoxus of Cnidus: "uniform Phlegm (Water) circular motion" on spheres Blood (Air) ○ Aristarchus of Samos ○ Miasma theory (Bad air) (310-230 BC): heliocentric Key Contributors: theory ○ Girolamo Fracastoro (1546): ○ Hipparchus of Nicea Proposed spores and fomites (165-127 BC): Star maps, ○ Louis Pasteur: Developed precession of equinoxes, 850 pasteurization (1864), Stars studied silkworm disease, ○ Ptolemy (150 AD): Epicycles Agostino Bassifungus and deferents ○ Ignaz Semmelweis: Linked ○ Galileo Galilei and Johannes hand washing to reduced Kepler: Gave scientific puerperal fever evidence to Copernican ○ Joseph Lister: Developed Theory aseptic techniques (1840) ○ Galileo was imprisoned for ○ Robert Koch: Established heresy. Koch's Postulates ○ Isaac Newton: Laws of Father of Germ gravitation Theory Nicolaus Copernicus: Impact: ○ 1514: Proposed heliocentric ○ Revolutionized model understanding of disease ○ Rising and setting of transmission and treatment ○ the sun ○ Crucial for modern medical ○ Cycle of the seasons practices and public health ○ 1543: Published "De measures Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium" (“On the 3. Information Revolution revolutions Early Communication Methods: ○ of the heavenly ○ Smoke signals ○ spheres”, 1532) ○ Beating of drums ○ Banned:1616 ○ Drawings ○ Spoken word ○ Written word  Medium for recording ○ Led to rapid advancements ○ Cave walls and natural in technology and global Cave paintings (e.g., communication Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc Cave, 33,000-30,000 BCE) Angono Petroglyphs, 2000 Bce Carlos Francisco,1965 National Cultural Treasure, 1973 ○ Dyes or inks ○ Stone tablets ○ Paper and ink ○ Digital Ancient writing systems: Cuneiform (3100-3000 BCE), Baybayin Kulitan (kapampangan) Indung sulat (consonant) Anak sulat (vowel) Written top to bottom Key Developments: ○ Printing Press by Johannes Gutenberg (1454) Doctrina Christiana: Earliest Printed Book (Philippines) ○ Telegraph ○ Newspapers ○ Computing Machine by Alan Turing (1936) Impact: ○ Transformed how information is recorded, shared, and processed