Intellectual Revolutions PDF

INTELECTUAL REVOLUTION THAT DEFINE SOCIETY  Scientific Revolution  Science is as old as the world itself  Scientificrevolution was the period of enlightenment when the developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transform the views of society abo...

INTELECTUAL REVOLUTION THAT DEFINE SOCIETY  Scientific Revolution  Science is as old as the world itself  Scientificrevolution was the period of enlightenment when the developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transform the views of society about nature  Scientificrevolution also led to the creation of new research fields in science and prompted the establishment of a strong foundation for modern science KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION:  EMPHASIS ON OBSERVATION AND EXPERIMENTATION: SCIENTISTS BEGAN TO RELY ON DIRECT OBSERVATION AND EXPERIMENTATION TO TEST THEIR THEORIES.  DEVELOPMENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD: THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD, A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO INQUIRY THAT INVOLVES OBSERVATION, HYPOTHESIS FORMATION, TESTING, AND ANALYSIS, BECAME A CORNERSTONE OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH.  REJECTION OF TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY: SCIENTISTS CHALLENGED THE AUTHORITY OF THE CHURCH AND OTHER TRADITIONAL SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE.  ADVANCEMENTS IN MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS: SIGNIFICANT ADVANCEMENTS WERE MADE IN MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS, LEADING TO A NEW UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNIVERSE. MAJOR FIGURES AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS:  NICOLAUS COPERNICUS: PROPOSED THE HELIOCENTRIC MODEL OF THE UNIVERSE, PLACING THE SUN AT THE CENTER.  GALILEO GALILEI: USED A TELESCOPE TO MAKE GROUNDBREAKING OBSERVATIONS OF THE HEAVENS, SUPPORTING COPERNICUS'S HELIOCENTRIC MODEL.  JOHANNES KEPLER: DISCOVERED THE LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION, PROVIDING MATHEMATICAL EVIDENCE FOR THE HELIOCENTRIC MODEL.  ISAAC NEWTON: DEVELOPED THE LAWS OF MOTION AND UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION, PROVIDING A UNIFIED FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING THE PHYSICAL WORLD.  FRANCIS BACON: ADVOCATED FOR A NEW METHOD OF SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY BASED ON OBSERVATION AND EXPERIMENTATION.  RENÉ DESCARTES: DEVELOPED A PHILOSOPHICAL SYSTEM BASED ON DOUBT AND REASON, EMPHASIZING THE IMPORTANCE OF CLEAR AND DISTINCT IDEAS. Science can be defined;  Science as idea – it includes ideas, theories, and all available systematic explanations and observations about the natural and physical world  Science as a intellectual activity – it encompasses a systematic and practical study of the natural and physical world Science can be defined;  Science as a body of knowledge – it is a subject or a discipline, a field of study, or a body of knowledge that deals with the process of learning about the natural and physical world  Science as a personal and social activity – it explained that science is both knowledge and activities done by human being to developed better understanding of the world around them REVOLUTIONS  Copernican  Mesoamerican  Darwinian  Asian  Freudian  Middle east  Information  African SOCIETY  emerged in the fifteenth century and is derived from the French “Société. The French world, in turn, had its origin in the Latin “Societas", a friendly association with others, from " Socius" meaning companion, associate, and comrade or business partner. A community , nation, or board grouping of people having common traditions ,institution and collective activities and interest. A. COPERNICAN  In 1543, a revolutionary idea from Nicolas Copernicus that opposed the geocentric views of the universe arose again.  who argued that the Ptolemaic model was a good portrait of positions of the planet but as time passed by it was not precise anymore.  He argued that the epicycles of planetary motion contributed to the retrograde motion of the planets. Heliocentric Theory  considered the sun as the center of the universe  shaped the modern thinking of which the sun is believed to be the center of the solar system. DARWINIAN REVOLUTION  THEDARWINIAN REVOLUTION REFERS TO THE SEISMIC SHIFT IN SCIENTIFIC THINKING THAT OCCURRED IN THE MID-19TH CENTURY, PRIMARILY DUE TO THE PUBLICATION OF CHARLES DARWIN'S GROUNDBREAKING WORK, ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION. THIS BOOK INTRODUCED THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION, FUNDAMENTALLY ALTERING OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE ON EARTH. KEY CONCEPTS OF THE DARWINIAN REVOLUTION:  EVOLUTION: THE GRADUAL CHANGE IN THE GENETIC MAKEUP OF A POPULATION OVER TIME, LEADING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW SPECIES.  NATURAL SELECTION: THE PROCESS BY WHICH ORGANISMS WITH TRAITS THAT ARE BETTER SUITED TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT ARE MORE LIKELY TO SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE, PASSING ON THOSE TRAITS TO THEIR OFFSPRING.  COMMON DESCENT: THE IDEA THAT ALL LIVING ORGANISMS SHARE A COMMON ANCESTOR. FREUD’S REVOLUTION  Freud's revolution may be viewed as the discovery of a way of locating in the mind objective entities which can be studied like physical things. If Freud's is representative of scientific revolutions, perhaps what Thomas Kuhn has described as a change of paradigm might generally consist of the demonstration of new entities.  This particular revolution occurred in the setting of a prevalent concern about the entities underlying all of the sciences. FREUD'S REVOLUTION: THE PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH  SIGMUND FREUD IS CONSIDERED ONE OF THE MOST INFLUENTIAL FIGURES IN THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY. HIS THEORIES AND METHODS, COLLECTIVELY KNOWN AS PSYCHOANALYSIS, REVOLUTIONIZED OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE HUMAN MIND AND BEHAVIOR. KEY CONCEPTS OF PSYCHOANALYSIS  THE UNCONSCIOUS MIND: FREUD BELIEVED THAT A SIGNIFICANT PORTION OF OUR MENTAL ACTIVITY OCCURS BELOW THE LEVEL OF CONSCIOUS AWARENESS. THIS UNCONSCIOUS MIND IS THOUGHT TO CONTAIN REPRESSED THOUGHTS, DESIRES, AND CONFLICTS THAT CAN INFLUENCE OUR BEHAVIOR.  ID, EGO, AND SUPEREGO: FREUD PROPOSED A TRIPARTITE MODEL OF THE PERSONALITY, CONSISTING OF THE ID (THE IMPULSIVE, PLEASURE-SEEKING PART), THE EGO (THE RATIONAL, PROBLEM-SOLVING PART), AND THE SUPEREGO (THE MORAL CONSCIENCE). THESE THREE COMPONENTS INTERACT TO DETERMINE OUR THOUGHTS, FEELINGS, AND ACTIONS.  DEFENSE MECHANISMS: FREUD IDENTIFIED A NUMBER OF DEFENSE MECHANISMS, SUCH AS REPRESSION, DENIAL, AND PROJECTION, THAT WE USE TO PROTECT OURSELVES FROM ANXIETY AND CONFLICT.  PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES: FREUD PROPOSED A THEORY OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT, SUGGESTING THAT OUR PERSONALITIES ARE SHAPED BY OUR EXPERIENCES DURING CHILDHOOD. HE IDENTIFIED FIVE STAGES: ORAL, ANAL, PHALLIC, LATENCY, AND GENITAL. FREUD'S THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES  FREE ASSOCIATION: PATIENTS ARE ENCOURAGED TO SAY WHATEVER COMES TO MIND, WITHOUT CENSORING THEIR THOUGHTS. THIS IS BELIEVED TO HELP UNCOVER UNCONSCIOUS MATERIAL.  DREAM ANALYSIS: FREUD BELIEVED THAT DREAMS ARE SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATIONS OF UNCONSCIOUS WISHES AND DESIRES. BY ANALYZING DREAMS, THERAPISTS CAN GAIN INSIGHTS INTO THEIR PATIENTS' INNER LIVES.  INTERPRETATION: THERAPISTS INTERPRET THEIR PATIENTS' WORDS AND BEHAVIORS TO IDENTIFY UNDERLYING MEANINGS AND CONFLICTS. INFORMATION REVOLUTION  Refers to the global economic paradigm prevalent from the late 1990s onward, characterized collectively by unprecedented advancements in technological innovation and the rapid global proliferation, appropriation, application, and use of new digital Information and Communication Technologies in everyday life.  Describes current economic, social, and technological trends beyond the industrial revolution. INFORMATION REVOLUTION  The Information Revolution is a period of rapid technological advancement characterized by the development and widespread use of digital technologies, particularly computers and the internet. This revolution has transformed the way we communicate, work, learn, and interact with each other.  Key characteristics of the Information Revolution:  Digitization of information: The conversion of analog information (such as books, newspapers, and music) into digital format, making it easier to store, transmit, and access.  Development of the internet: The creation of a global network of interconnected computers, enabling the exchange of information and communication on a massive scale.  Advancements in computer technology: The development of increasingly powerful and affordable computers, making them accessible to a wider range of people.  Rise of digital media: The emergence of new forms of media, such as websites, blogs, social media, and streaming services.  IMPACT OF THE INFORMATION REVOLUTION:  Globalization: The Information Revolution has facilitated globalization by connecting people and businesses around the world.  Economic growth: The development of new technologies and industries has fueled economic growth.  Social change: The Information Revolution has led to significant changes in social interactions, communication patterns, and cultural norms.  Education and learning: The availability of digital resources has transformed the way we learn and educate ourselves.  Challenges and concerns: The Information Revolution has also  INFORMATION REVOLUTION  Themain feature of the information revolution is the growing economic, social and technological role of information.  Information-related activities did not come up with the Information Revolution. They existed, in one form or the other, in all human societies, and eventually developed into institutions, such as the Platonic Academy, Aristotle's Peripatetic school in the Lyceum, the Museum and the Library of Alexandria, or the schools of Babylonian astronomy.  MESO AMERICAN A significant region of agricultural development, especially given relatively close proximity to the Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Mexico for fishing? It was one region of many dotted around the globe developing agriculture during the few thousand years of the Neolithic era. MESO AMERICAN  Mesoamerica is a historical region in Central America and southern Mexico that was home to a number of ancient civilizations. These civilizations developed complex societies, advanced cultures, and impressive architecture. MAJOR MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS:  Olmec: Considered the "mother culture" of Mesoamerica, the Olmec flourished between 1400 and 400 BCE. They were known for their colossal stone heads, ceremonial centers, and their influence on later Mesoamerican civilizations.  Maya: The Maya civilization was one of the most advanced in Mesoamerica, with a complex system of writing, mathematics, and astronomy. They built magnificent cities like Tikal, Chichen Itza, and Palenque.  Aztec: The Aztecs were a powerful empire that dominated Mesoamerica in the 15th and 16th centuries. They built a vast city-state known as Tenochtitlan, which was later conquered by the Spanish.  Teotihuacan: A large and influential city-state that flourished between 100 BCE and 700 CE. Teotihuacan was known for its massive pyramids, temples, and its role as a cultural and commercial center. COMMON FEATURES OF MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS:  Agricultural societies: Mesoamerican civilizations were primarily agricultural, relying on maize, beans, and squash as their staple crops.  Polytheistic religions: They believed in multiple gods and goddesses, often associated with natural phenomena and human activities.  Hieroglyphic writing: Many Mesoamerican civilizations developed complex systems of writing, using hieroglyphs to represent words and ideas.  Advanced architecture: They built impressive structures, including pyramids, temples, and palaces, often using stone and adobe.  Trade networks: Mesoamerican civilizations engaged in extensive trade, exchanging goods and ideas across the region. MESO AMERICAN SUCCESSFUL FOOD PLANTS 1. mutant corn with husk 2. beans 3. squashes 4. chili peppers 5. cotton The Asian Revolutions: A Wave of Change  The term "Asian Revolutions" typically refers to a series of political and social upheavals that swept across Asia in the mid-20th century. These revolutions were often inspired by nationalist and anti-colonial sentiments, and they aimed to overthrow existing regimes and establish new, independent nations. Key Asian Revolutions:  Chinese Revolution (1949): The Chinese Communist Party, led by Mao Zedong, defeated the Nationalist government and established the People's Republic of China.  Indian Independence Movement (1947): India gained independence from British colonial rule, leading to the partition of the country into India and Pakistan.  Indonesian Revolution (1945-1949): Indonesia declared its independence from the Netherlands, leading to a war for independence that culminated in Dutch recognition of Indonesian sovereignty.  Vietnamese Revolution (1945-1975): Vietnam fought for independence from French colonial rule and later against American intervention, ultimately achieving unification under communist rule.  Korean War (1950-1953): The Korean Peninsula was divided into North Korea and South Korea, leading to a war that ended in a stalemate. Common Themes and Influences:  Nationalism: The Asian revolutions were driven by a strong sense of nationalism and a desire for self- determination.  Anti-colonialism: Many of the revolutions were directed against colonial powers, such as Britain, France, and the Netherlands.  Ideological influences: Some revolutions were influenced by communist or socialist ideologies, while others were more focused on nationalist or democratic principles.  Cold War tensions: The Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union often played a role in shaping The Middle East Revolutions: The Arab Spring  The Arab Spring was a series of pro-democracy protests and uprisings that swept across the Middle East and North Africa  in 2010 and 2011. These revolutions were inspired by the Tunisian Revolution, which began in December 2010, and quickly spread to other countries in the region. Key countries affected by the Arab Spring:  Tunisia: The birthplace of the Arab Spring, Tunisia experienced a peaceful revolution that led to the overthrow of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali.  Egypt: Protests in Egypt led to the overthrow of President Hosni Mubarak and the establishment of a military-backed transitional government.  Libya: The Libyan civil war, sparked by the Arab Spring protests, resulted in the overthrow and death of Muammar Gaddafi.  Yemen: Protests in Yemen led to the resignation of President Ali Abdullah Saleh and the formation of a transitional government.  Bahrain: Protests in Bahrain were met with a violent crackdown by the government, but they did lead to some political reforms. Common Themes and Influences:  Economic grievances: Many of the protests were fueled by economic hardship, unemployment, and rising prices.  Political corruption: The protesters were often frustrated with the corruption and authoritarianism of their governments.  Social media: Social media platforms played a crucial role in organizing and mobilizing the protests.  Inspiration from other revolutions: The success of the Tunisian Revolution inspired similar uprisings in other countries. Impact of the Arab Spring:  Political change: The Arab Spring led to the overthrow of several authoritarian regimes and the establishment of more democratic governments.  Regional instability: The revolutions also led to increased political instability and violence in some countries, particularly Syria and Libya.  Economic challenges: The political upheaval in the region had a significant impact on the economies of many countries, leading to job losses and economic decline.  Ongoing challenges: Despite the initial successes of the Arab Spring, many countries in the region continue to face challenges related to democracy, human rights, and economic development. ARAB SPRING GOALS  ECONOMIC FREEDOM  HUMAN RIGHTS  EMPLOYMENT  ELECTION  REGIME CHANGE The African Revolutions: A Wave of Independence  Theterm "African Revolutions" typically refers to the wave of decolonization movements that swept across Africa in the mid-20th century, leading to the independence of many African nations from European colonial powers. Key African Revolutions:  Algerian War of Independence (1954-1962): Algeria fought for independence from France, leading to a protracted and bloody conflict that ultimately resulted in Algerian victory.  Ghanaian Independence (1957): Ghana became the first African country to achieve independence from European colonial rule, setting an example for other nations in the region.  Kenyan Independence (1963): Kenya gained independence from British colonial rule, leading to the formation of a new nation-state.  South African Anti-Apartheid Movement (1940s-1990s): The anti- apartheid movement in South Africa fought against racial segregation and discrimination, culminating in the release of Nelson Mandela and the end of apartheid.  Mozambican Revolution (1964-1975): Mozambique fought for independence from Portuguese colonial rule, leading to a protracted civil war that lasted for decades.  Common Themes and Influences:  Nationalism: The African revolutions were driven by a strong sense of nationalism and a desire for self-determination.  Anti-colonialism: Many of the revolutions were directed against European colonial powers, such as Britain, France, and Belgium.  Ideological influences: Some revolutions were influenced by communist or socialist ideologies, while others were more focused on nationalist or democratic principles.  Cold War tensions: The Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union often played a role in shaping the course of these revolutions. Impact of the African Revolutions:  Formation of new nations: The African revolutions led to the creation of numerous independent African nations, reshaping the political landscape of the continent.  Economic challenges: The newly independent nations faced significant economic challenges, including poverty, lack of infrastructure, and dependence on foreign aid.  Political instability: In some cases, the transition to independence was followed by periods of political instability and conflict.  Cultural resurgence: The African revolutions also led to a cultural renaissance, as Africans reclaimed their heritage and celebrated their unique identities. Summaries of each Revolutions A. Copernican - this caused the paradigm shift of how the earth and sun were placed in the heavens/universe. It is the idea that rejected Ptolemaic model (earth is the center of the solar system) and proved the heliocentric model (Sun is the center of the solar system having the earth revolving around it.) B. Darwinian - this has brought a great impact on how people approach Biology forever. This revolution provided a different than the "theory of Creation". The Darwinian revolution started when Charles Darwin published his book "The Origin of Species" that emphasizes that humans are the result of an evolution. Summaries of each Revolutions C. Freudian - This theory has started to revolutionize Psychiatry with Sigmund Freud. This includes the "Freudian Theory of Personality" that involves the human development contributes to his/her personality and also his "psychoanalysis" that is the process for achieving proper functioning if a human does not complete his/her developmental stage. D. Information - This has been the era in which technology has been prevalent. It is also known as the Computer Age that has brought so much change on how are we living today. Summaries of each Revolutions E. Meso-American - It has contributed a lot ideas or discoveries for Archaeology. The temples and pyramids left a lot about of Architecture that leads us to study more of it. F. Asian - The revolution itself taught Asian countries about freedom and independent nationhood along the improvement brought by it internally. Summaries of each Revolutions G. Middle East - The revolutions in the Middle East were a product of the development and growth of individual nationalism, imperialism, for the efforts to westernize and modernize Middle Eastern societies, and to push the declining power of the Ottoman Empire in the Arab region. H. African - The fight against colonialism and imperialism in Africa.