SS8 Chapter 3 Slides (Up to ch. 3 quiz) PDF

Chapter 3: How Did the Western Worldview Grow Out of the Renaissance? How did new religious views become part of the Western Worldview? Pg. 90-93  Causes of the Reformation Hundred Years War and Black Death Scientific Advances which contradicted the Church The Corruption within the Ca...

Chapter 3: How Did the Western Worldview Grow Out of the Renaissance? How did new religious views become part of the Western Worldview? Pg. 90-93  Causes of the Reformation Hundred Years War and Black Death Scientific Advances which contradicted the Church The Corruption within the Catholic Church Printing Press (Bible translated)  Two views of religion in Western worldview during the Renaissance Individuals should follow Individuals should the rules, rituals, and question and respond to teaching of the RCC the Bible personally Humanists questioned: ○ The pope’s and clergy’s behaviours ○ The need to follow the Church laws and rituals that they were expected to follow without questioning  Reformation Some wanted change within the RCC → started Protestant [REFORM]ation ○ Did not intend to separate from RCC or start a new Red word: church, but it did Mother tongue: one’s native Printing press was invented = the Bible was translated language from into vernacular languages = more people could read it in birth their mother tongue Less need for clergy to interpret the Bible because more Literate: able to people became literate read and write printing press → ↑ literacy ↑ spread of ideas (including humanism)  Martin Luther German Augustinian priest and professor Wanted to reform practices of the RCC, he believes that: ○ Rituals of the Church are not enough to get into heaven (doing good deeds, etc.) ○ People should seek personal religious understanding ○ individuals should not pay the Church to receive forgiveness for their sins Got many humanists’ and Germans’ support ○ Germans wanted more power in their regions (politically and economically) ○ Church reform printed in German, created a sense of nationalism and identity as citizens of a state  Martin Luther In 1517, he wrote a pamphlet with 95 Church reforms that he disagreed with the RCC Leo III, the pope at the time, declared 41 of these to be Protestant: heresy A member of Luther’s books burned in Rome, and he was expelled from any of the RCC in 1521 Western He started the Protestant movement, many Germans joined Christian ○ PROTESTant because they were protesting some churches that practices of the RCC are not Roman Many saw this movement as an opportunity for freedom Catholic and individual choice, especially in religion The Reformation caused a split in Christianity with the formation of these new Protestant religions  CHRISTIANITY CATHOLIC PROTESTANT  About Martin Luther ✞Lived from 1483-1546 in Germany ✞Father encouraged him to study law ✞A sudden religious experience inspired him to become a monk ✞He became troubled over the possibility of not going Represents the essentials of the to heaven Gospel: The black cross represents the total depravity of man and the tremendous sacrifice Christ made ✞He turned to the Bible, and confession for comfort by giving up his life for the ungodly. The red heart represents the love ✞In the Bible he found the answer he was looking for of God in sending His own Son to give his life for the salvation of the elect.  “The righteous shall by his faith.” Romans 1:17 Luther realized that only faith (in the ultimate goodness of Jesus), not good deeds, could save a person. No good works, rituals, etc. would save a person if they did not believe.  Luther’s 95 Theses ✞ A list of things he thought were wrong with the Catholic Church (95 Complaints) in Latin ✞ He criticized: ✞ The Power of ✞ The Extreme ✞ Indulgences the Pope Wealth of the (Catholic Church concept of Salvation)  Luther’s 95 Theses ✞Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs ✞Posted his 95 Theses on a church door in Germany ✞Gained support from people and criticism from the Church Luther’s 95 Theses (translated to English) Luther’s 95 Theses in plain English (rough translation)  Religious Reform Scotland - John Knox created Presbyteries or the councils of men, to govern the Church, This change in Church structure and hierarchy developed into the Presbyterian Church England - King Henry VIII developed the Anglican Church ○ Wanted to control the property of the Church in England ○ Wanted to have his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled Spain - RCC was the state religion (Monarch didn’t allow Spain to practice any other religion) ○ Spanish Inquisition Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand ordered to find heretics and disbelievers Thousands of Jews and Muslims persecuted and expelled  Religious Reform Switzerland - John Calvin formed Calvinism ○ Believed and practiced only what was written in the Bible, that church and the state should not be separated, and put emphasis on hard work and personal responsibility France - French humanists left RCC and became Huguenots Holland - Dutch Reformed church, influenced by many nearby countries’ reformation at the time  In Summary of Religious Reform In Europe ✞Switzerland = Calvinists ✞England = Anglicans ✞Scotland = Presbyterians ✞Holland = Dutch Reform ✞France = Huguenots ✞Germany = Reform Church ✞Spain = Spanish Inquisition (to be continued in next unit)  The Effects of the Reformation Medieval society used religion to organize society: ○ Bible was the authority ○ Catholic Church united Europe ○ Faith and reason used to resolve problems ○ If you lived a good life, your trip to heaven was guaranteed  Martin Luther challenged the Church: o Justification by faith alone (not just the Church’s views) Major divisions in Europe: o Calvinism- emphasized individuality, hard work and personal responsibility o Anabaptism- communal lifestyle, cooperation o Catholicism- obedience, service and charity, confession How Did Ideas of National Identity and Citizenship Begin to Develop During the Renaissance? Pg. 94-97  Small Political Units→States→Countries The idea of nation began at the end of Nation: a group of people, mainly Renaissance. Why did states become of common descent, history, countries? and language, often forming a 1. Urban Societies: power shift from rural to state or urban area, better trade laws and less inhabiting a territory trade barriers = more $ 2. New identity: common language, religion, life beliefs  States to countries continue 3. Gunpowder: Monarchs used tax money to get Mercenary: gunpowder (from China) and hire mercenary selling services for money, soldiers, they can now overpower nobles and take especially their land, forming even larger states military services 4. Printing Press: books on histories of the countries = common histories and heroes for people = sense of national identity 5. Exploration: new discoveries = collective pride, new colonies, more prestige and wealth Changes in European Society Show Changing Worldviews Social Systems People see themselves more as citizens, now more willing to give allegiances to the monarchs Exploration of new lands made people feel more optimistic and value the importance of exploration Citizens could move out of their social class more easily, but serfdom still continued Public services now provided by central government Modern states’ power became a competition for the Church Political and Economic Systems Monarchs centralized government structure and shows more authority Government taxes paid for permanent armies Government paid for national projects (ie. exploration, wars, etc) Laws set by the king and his people to have better control of the country National economic policies (trade and tax rules) controlled trade and business Culture Common national languages Middle & upper class became literate = could read more about their society’s history Religious works in vernacular languages = more national identity National language chosen for each country Closing Explore the variety of languages students in your classroom study or speak. Record the languages studied and spoken in the class. Present your findings in graph form. Are your results representative of languages spoken across Alberta? across Canada? Knowledge of languages in Alberta Knowledge of Languages in Canada  How Did a Spirit of Exploration Become Part of the Western Worldview? Pg. 98-102  By the Renaissance, Europeans had traded with peoples beyond their borders for thousands of years. expansionism: ○ Land trade routes expanded during the Roman a government Empire policy encouraging territorial or ○ City states (Genoa, Venice, etc.) traded with Asian economic and Islamic civilizations through the Mediterranean expansion to other sea in the Middle Ages and into the Renaissance countries, often by As Italy became wealthier by trade, the rest of Europe force wanted to compete by looking for new trade routes The Age of Exploration (or the Age of Discovery) arrived ○ Early 1400 to 1600s ○ increasing geographic knowledge and new sailing technologies ○ European expansionism began to spread  Factors Affecting Expansionism The Need for New Trade Routes Europeans used the Silk Road for Far East trade, but it couldn't meet their needs Merchants joined forces to fund trips to bring back goods, sharing profits and making trade more important. Many Italian merchants often used the phrase “In the Name of God and of Profit” Western countries were far from the East, depending on middlemen. They wanted direct trade and exploration Rulers funded voyages to find new routes to the East When Constantinople fell in 1453, trade routes changed. Finding new ways to reach Asia became crucial for Europe  New Ideas and Knowledge Geography Aristotle taught a flat, round world like a dish, while Ptolemy believed in a spherical world with one ocean. Belief that sailing west would reach Asia was influenced by Ptolemy's idea. Ptolemy's miscalculation of the Earth's circumference led European explorers to underestimate the time to sail westward to Asia. Scientists, including Copernicus, suggested the Earth was round, giving sailors confidence to explore westward without fear of falling off the edge of the world. It's unclear how much Western European explorers knew about earlier Viking voyages to the New World. Ptolemy’s World Map  New Ideas and Knowledge Interest in Learning More About the World Because of Humanism, writers began travelling and documenting their journeys, causing people to want to learn more about the world and explore In the Renaissance, Italian traders and sailors became wealthy and boosted the cities they lived in. The carrack was the beast of To stay competitive, sailors and ships needed better burden of the Age of Exploration. technologies and knowledge in trade. Magellan had an all-carrack fleet with which he set out to Advances in cartography, navigation, and shipbuilding circumnavigate the globe in 1519. allowed ships to travel further. The carrack and caravel were new ships that merged cartography: the science of mapmaking Arab navigation and design with European techniques, circumnavigate: to go around the enhancing navigation and design technologies. whole of the Earth’s circumference  New Ideas and Knowledge Interest in Learning More About the World In the 12th century, the compass from China was initially used for land travel, not sailing. In the 15th century, European sailors adopted the astrolabe, an Islamic invention for navigating by stars at night, enabling travel beyond sight of land. Before the astrolabe, sailors used landmarks and the sun for navigation, limiting travel distance during the night and far from land. The astrolabe extended journeys, leading to the discovery of new worlds. The printing press invention facilitated wide distribution of maps and navigational tables, allowing easy sharing of sailing knowledge and charts across Europe.  Henry the Navigator Started a navigation school in Portugal. Scholars from Europe and the Middle East gathered under his guidance to improve sailing techniques, instruments, sail designs, and mapping, including latitude concepts. He was the first to require his captains to keep logs of their journeys, using information from one expedition for planning the next, a practice still used today He also required his captains to conscript speakers of the languages of the explored areas. Local inhabitants became interpreters, assisting explorers in interacting conscript: to force someone to join or enlist appropriately with colonized people in an enterprise He did not go on any expeditions How Did the Age of Exploration Begin? Pg. 103-108  Increase of consumerism and accumulation of money led to a race to find new land Countries involved: Portugal, Spain, France, England… what do they all have in common geographically? consumerism: focusing on collecting and using material goods or products  Portugal Went south east along the west coast of Africa to look for sea route to India and China Lisbon became a new trade capital Established port city of Macau Bartholomew Diaz the sailor - first to reach the Cape of Good Hope Vasco da Gama, explorer - first European to cross the Indian Ocean to India  Spain Was envious of Portugal’s wealth and power Pope divided the world outside of Europe between Portugal and Spain, and he gave the coasts of Africa and India to Portugal Sailed west to look for sea route to Asia Didn’t know the Americas were between Europe and Asia Christopher Columbus: ○ He thought he reached close to Japan, but it was an island in the Caribbean ○ Never reached mainland North America, but he believed he reached Asia ○ Not supported by King of Portugal b/c they didn’t think earth was spherical (impossible to sail westward to the other side) ○ Supported by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella (Spain)  Spain Magellan (me-JELL-en): ○ Discovered the Strait of Magellan (passageway at the tip of South America) that lead to another ocean ○ Named Pacific Ocean (b/c of the calm, pacifying waters) ○ Continued sailing west to Indonesia ○ First (ship) to successfully circumnavigate the globe  England John Cabot sent in 1497 Queen Elizabeth I showed interest in exploration in 1560s after Spain and Portugal became wealthy from claiming new lands 1560 Martin Frobisher searched for a northwest passage through northern Canada to India/China b/c Spain and Portugal controlled the other sea routes to the East By 1600s, England had established the most colonies along the North American Atlantic Coast and in the West Indies  France Was distracted by wars with England and Italy in the early Renaissance Saw Portugal and Spain found wealth in the Americas, now wanted the riches in the new lands Jacque Cartier was funded by the French monarchy, explored St. Lawrence River and the Haudenosaunee settlement (now Montreal)  Age of Exploration Activity