Renaissance and Reformation PDF

Renaissance and Reformation What do we know about the Renaissance? Word Association: With your partner, come up with 5 words (or names) that you associate with the Renaissance. Be ready to share with the class. Before we start, we have some Vocab. Open up Canvas and find the Renaissance and Refor...

Renaissance and Reformation What do we know about the Renaissance? Word Association: With your partner, come up with 5 words (or names) that you associate with the Renaissance. Be ready to share with the class. Before we start, we have some Vocab. Open up Canvas and find the Renaissance and Reformation Vocab. Precursors ◆ The Renaissance is often considered to be the beginning of “modern history” ◆ There are no “true” dates for the beginning or end of this period. ◆ It began in the 14th century and the advancements during this short time added up to more than the previous 1,000 years. ◆ The Renaissance ended the Middle Ages. ◆ The Middle Ages witnessed the first truly sustained urbanization of Northern and Western Europe. Middle Ages ◆ The Middle Ages also saw: ⬥ The Crusades ⬥ The rise of Monasticism (devoting one’s life to religion) ⬥ The fall of the Byzantine Empire ⬥ *The domination of the Roman Catholic Church ◆ The Catholic Church dominated philosophy, religion, morals, politics, art, and education (this is a big deal). ◆ 14th century Europe was a time of disintegration. ◆ The Hundred Years War between France and England was a long and bloody conflict. ◆ Disease and war killed off about 1/3 of the population. Death and Change ◆ The 1300’s also witnessed “The Black Death” that some scholars believe killed up to 60% of the population. ◆ However these figures are hard to estimate as data was rarely kept. ◆ This is important because feudal systems that had existed for decades and generations now fell apart. ◆ Feudalism: The king protects the people of his land and they swear allegiance to him in return. Decline of Feudalism ◆ Feudalism’s decline: ⬥ People disliked the highly stratified class system ⬥ Peasants revolted and demanded more land but were ignored ⬥ Declined population = skilled labor becomes crucial ⬥ The Crusades opened new trade routes and produced more towns ⬥ Peasants moved out of the kingdom to these towns ⬥ Nobles eventually paid the king in money rather than fight in battles so the king was not as protected ⬥ The king begins to take back land and consolidate power too much ⬥ Centralized governments are created limiting a king’s power ⬥ Armed men began collecting wages as a job Power of the Church ◆ Under the feudal system, the king was still under the Pope of the Catholic Church. ◆ King Henry VIII of England broke away from the church to form The Church of England. ◆ The significant consequence of this is that the Catholic Church lost much of its power over the public, leading to the rise of national monarchies and city-states. Constantinople ◆ When Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, one of the world’s most rich and cultured cities in the world changed forever. ◆ Scholars in the city had preserved centuries of Greek writings and ideologies. ◆ During the siege, many of these scholars left the city and their collections but moved west into areas where they most likely contributed to the Renaissance’s beginning. ◆ As the Catholic Church’s influence declined under Henry, scholars would take advantage of this opportunity for change. City States ◆ Italy was different from the rest of Europe because it was not under a feudal system but was made up of city-states. ◆ These urban areas were busy producing textiles and trade goods. ◆ Over 250 city states existed. ◆ Some major ones were Venice, Milan, Florence, and Rome. ◆ It would be in these cities that humanism would develop. City States The Medicis ◆ Giovanni de Medici was a self made man. ◆ Born to a widow in 1360 he received an opportunity to work with his cousin at the Bank of Medici. ◆ He becomes wealthy and “invests” money into an old friend’s ambition to become Pope. ◆ His decision pays off and Baldassara Cossa is named Pope John XXIII and Cossa hands over the papal account to the Medici Bank. ◆ This move ensures the Medici’s become one of the richest families in all of Florence, Italy. The Medicis ◆ Giovanni de Medici had two sons, Lorenzo and Cosimo. ◆ Cosimo becomes the capo (leader) of the family and invests a great deal of wealth in the arts and education. ◆ He commissions Donatello, Michelozzo, and Gozzoli, and becomes known as The Godfather of the Renaissance. ◆ Another Lorenzo is born into the family in 1449 (Cosimo’s grandson) and commissions Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo Buonarroti. ◆ This is a big deal because artists were paid before they worked… without Medici money, who would fund the work? Early Artists The Big Deal ◆ PAY ATTENTION ◆ Now, we know everything in the Middle Ages was based on the Catholic Church. ◆ If there was a painting, it had a Catholic theme. ⬥ Jesus ⬥ Angels ⬥ Specific color schemes ⬥ Elements such as the sky representing heaven, etc. ◆ As the power of the Church declined as we already learned, it allowed a new group called humanists to adopt new means. The Big Deal Humanists ◆ Humanists revived Greek ideologies such as Protagoras’ concept that “man is the measure of all things.” ◆ This is different because beforehand, the Church, namely God and religion was the measure of life. ◆ Life itself gained value, not just living for God. ◆ Greek architecture, sculpture, writings, and art became a model for innovation in Florence and northern Italy. ◆ Humanists believed that studying the classics as the center of education would help people understand the world around them. ◆ Human values were emphasized over religion for the first time. Humanists ◆ Remnants of ancient Rome in Italy reminded people of the prosperity that it had once held. ◆ As cities such as Florence grew, more people with money came in and invested in the ideas of humanism. Leonardo da Vinci ◆ Born April 15, 1452 in the “Golden Age” of the Renaissance. ◆ He had an unrivaled passion for knowledge and became an engineer, scientist, mathematician, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician, writer, and artist. ◆ Renowned as one of the world’s greatest painters, the majority of his works are often overshadowed by The Last Supper, Mona Lisa, and the drawingVitruvian Man. ◆ Leonardo da Vinci had over 4,000 pages of notes and drawing on human anatomy and many designs for inventions that were far beyond his years but set a sound base for future inventors. Leonardo da Vinci ◆ His works on anatomy were a big deal because few dared or had the talent to record such information in great aesthetic and precise detail. ◆ People before the Renaissance were not concerned with the human body (hence humanism = importance on humans). Leonardo da Vinci ◆ The Vitruvian Man: Significant because it was a display of science and nature in one. Da Vinci wanted to portray the proportions of the male figure as the notes written under the drawing read. Leonardo da Vinci ◆ The Last Supper: Aside from its popularity developed from its significance in The da Vinci Code, the Last Supper is a sign of the Renaissance’s development in art because of two important features of the painting. Firstly, the perspective you can see that every single element of the painting directs one's attention straight to the midpoint of the composition, Christ's head. ◆ Secondly, as discussed before, the faces of the apostles at the table are all portrayed with emotion. This was by no means the first painting of the Last Supper, but it was the first where the people in attendance were painting, well, like real people. Leonardo da Vinci ◆ \ Leonardo da Vinci ◆ The Mona Lisa: The Mona Lisa has been recognized as one of the most famous paintings of all time. The mystery of who is portrayed in the portrait has long been debated. Michelangelo ◆ Born March 6, 1475. ◆ Similar to Leonardo da Vinci, he was a “Renaissance Man” (someone who is talented in many things). ◆ His most famous works are David, and The Sistine Chapel. ◆ David (pictured) was one of the first detailed and proportionally correct sculptures of a man “as a man”. Michelangelo ◆ Sistine Chapel: Pope Julias II wanted Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. Interestingly, Michelangelo said no, stating that he was not a painter, but a sculptor by practice. After some time, he gave in because he needed the money. For four long years he painted, constantly being pestered by the Pope to hurry. Not only is the work beautiful, but it signifies the power the Pope had. Gutenberg: Printing ◆ The Renaissance was also the birth of mass communication on a faster scale. ◆ Printing had existed since ancient times but was done with clay blocks or carved wood blocks that could not be rearranged quickly or wore down often. ◆ Sometimes full pages were carved/molded without means to edit or change them. ◆ C. 1397, Johannes Gutenberg was born. ◆ He became a goldsmith/metal worker and contracted with some men around 1450 to print bibles. Gutenberg: Printing ◆ He used his experiences to make blocks out of metals that were more durable. ◆ They were also able to be rearranged as he made individual characters rather than full words/pages. ◆ By 1455, Gutenberg’s press had produced the 1,282 page Gutenberg Bible. The Spread of Ideas ◆ The printing press allowed ideas to be spread much faster. ◆ By 1500 over 1,000 presses were operating in Europe and are said to have produced over 9 million copies of 40,000 works. ◆ The printing press fueled the Renaissance’s spread out of north Italy and the works coming off the press carried humanist ideas to other scholars. ◆ Universities became more common and served as centers of new thoughts. ◆ It also allowed information to be recorded on a regular basis and made it easier to translate works as well. The Northern Renaissance ◆ The Northern Renaissance differed slightly from the one occurring in Italy. ◆ Scholars and artists continued to implement humanist ideologies but put them into works of literature rather than fine art works. ◆ Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam (Netherlands) is one of the most important Christian humanists. ◆ He combined Christian ideas and humanism to develop his own religion known as “the Philosophy of Christ.” The Northern Renaissance ◆ His philosophy urged people to believe that Christianity should show people how to live good lives rather than provide a system of beliefs that people must practice in order to reach salvation. ◆ The inwardness, rather than traditions associated with religion (fasting, pilgrimages, relics, etc.) was more important. ◆ His works during the Renaissance lead into the Reformation. William Shakespeare ◆ Shakespeare was born sometime around 1564 (date unknown) during the middle of the Renaissance. ◆ He is arguably one of the most famous playwrights in world history. ◆ He used many pre-existing ideas in his works but included a vast amount of humanist topics. ◆ His knowledge of natural science is expressed in many plays and poems. ◆ His characters also had many emotions, they discussed their thoughts, they fell in love, and were presented in a realistic manner. William Shakespeare ◆ Julius Caesar, Act I, Scene 2 "Men at some time are masters of their fates: The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, But in ourselves..." This is an essential part of humanism, that mankind has the ability to determine his or her destiny and not be ruled by some external force William Shakespeare ◆ "What a piece of work is a man! how noble in reason! how infinite in faculty! in form and moving how express and admirable! in action how like an angel! in apprehension how like a god! the beauty of the world! the paragon of animals!" In a number of ways, Hamlet was being sarcastic, for he goes on to compare man to dust. Yet, this is still a rather bold statement that perhaps has a ring of truth to it. Keep in mind that Shakespeare was living at a time when the Church was still a major force in society. He was working in that paradigm. Whether he himself had humanistic qualities is a mystery, but perhaps when he has villain Shylock speak in The Merchant of Venice, he gives an insight into the essential equality of all humans. The Reformation Begins ◆ Renaissance thought emphasized people to think and reason for themselves. ◆ Along with this came the questioning of traditional authority from the Roman Catholic Church that had been losing power for decades. ◆ Economic reasons also fueled a reformation as many people were tired of the wealth the Catholic Church held. ◆ People also disliked the heavy taxes and large amounts of land the church possessed as well as its involvement in political matters. ◆ Church practices were also called into question by western. ◆ Some knew that the church were selling indulgences – telling people their sins would be forgiven if they paid the church or its members to forgive them. The Reformation Begins ◆ (cont’d) The church said that faith alone could not justify man and send him to heaven. They said charity and good work could. ◆ Simony was another issue. This is the buying and selling of church positions. ◆ Pope Leo X approved of this practice because he could use the money to make St. Peter’s Basilica. ◆ Desiderius Erasmus as we have learned was another precursor. ◆ Some people would later say “he laid the egg that Luther hatched”  Martin Luther ◆ Born in November of 1483 in Germany. ◆ He dropped out of law school and devoted himself to a monastic life. ◆ He even earned a Doctorate of Theology at the University of Wittenberg in 1512. ◆ Luther protested against the materialistic life of church officials and the ultimate power of the Pope. ◆ He believed the bible was the final authority on religious matters, not the Pope. ◆ He also wanted to have the bible printed in German so he could let people read it and interpret it freely instead of having to read Latin. ◆ He felt faith was a free gift to man from God and was the only way to salvation.  Martin Luther ◆ He is the author of the famous 95 Theses written in 1517. ◆ *Remember Gutenberg’s press! This wasn’t the first time someone wrote against the church but it was the first time it was done effectively since it could be produced so easily. ◆ Accepted date of nailing to Wittenberg Church: October 31, 1517. ◆ After his ideas were translated and printed in German, Luther and his followers established the first Protestant religion known as Lutheranism. ◆ F: Faith saves people, not working off sins in hell ◆ U: Ultimate authority of the church is God, not the Pope ◆ N: Nobody is more important in God’s eyes. Everyone is equal  The Reformation ◆ Other men such as Ulrich Zwingili from Switzerland, John Knox in Scotland, and John Calvin in France, were also declaring their unhappiness with the Catholic Church. ◆ Calvinism: ◆ P: Predestination. God already has chosen who would go to heaven. ◆ O: Our moral lives reveal if we are chosen. ◆ W: Work ethic honors God. ◆ Calvinism is another sect of Protestant Religions.  Counter Reformation ◆ In 1545 the Council of Trent was called to order in reaction to the growing Protestant influence in Europe. ◆ Martin Luther had been excommunicated from the church 24 years ago and had continued his leadership and founding of Lutheranism. ◆ To maintain its power, Catholics launched a spiritual mission to appease the complaints of church members. ◆ The Council wanted to stop the spread of Protestant churches. ◆ Catholic leaders decided to uphold the belief of supreme power by the Pope. ◆ They did however stop the practice of selling indulgences and ended the practice of simony.  Counter Reformation ◆ The church also created The Index of Forbidden Books, a list of books Catholics were not allowed to read. ◆ The Inquisition was also established (church courts) which took very harsh methods against heretics, especially in Spain. ◆ Lastly the Jesuit order was founded which became known as the Society of Jesus. ◆ This was a devout group of followers who helped defend and preserve Catholic teachings.  The Legacy ◆ The importance of the Reformation is simple: ⬥ It broke down the power of the Catholic Church ⬥ Paves the way for powerful monarchies (discussed later) ⬥ Paves the way for religious tolerance ⬥ Gives rise to Protestant Church  Cause/Effect Chart ◆ Humanist values led people to question church authority ◆ Some clergy were corrupt, worldly, or poorly educated ◆ Martin Luther’s 95 Theses ◆ The Printing Press helped spread ideas ◆ Many Protestant sects developed ◆ Church leaders reformed the Catholic Church ◆ Religious intolerance and anti-Semitism increased ◆ Religious conflicts spread across Europe