SP2 Grammar Reference PDF

Grammar reference Starter Unit interrogativa respuestas cortas be afirmativa negativa...

Grammar reference Starter Unit interrogativa respuestas cortas be afirmativa negativa I got a dog? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t. afirmativa negativa Have you got a dog? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t. forma contracción forma contracción he got a dog? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t. completa completa Has she got a dog? Yes, she has. No, she hasn’t. I am I’m I am not I’m not it got a dog? Yes, it has. No, it hasn’t. You are You’re You are not You aren’t we got a dog? Yes, we have. No, we haven’t. He / She / He’s / She’s / He / She / He / She / Have you got a dog? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t. It is It’s It is not It isn’t they got a dog? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t. We / You / We’re / You’re / We / You / We / You / They are They’re They are not They aren’t Para formular preguntas se utiliza have + sujeto + got + objeto. Se utiliza be para nombrar o describir. En inglés conversacional se utilizan respuestas cortas. He is American. Él es estadounidense. A: Has she got a sister? A: ¿Tiene una hermana? They are red flowers. Son flores rojas. B: Yes, she has. B: Sí. En las conversaciones, se tiende a emplear formas there is/there are contraídas. We’re from London. Somos de Londres. afirmativa negativa She’s 14. Tiene 14 años. singular There’s a TV. There isn’t a cinema. Para formar el negativo, se añade not después de be. plural There are some CDS. There aren’t any books. Normalmente se contrae not (n’t). ( ). interrogativa respuestas cortas interrogativa respuestas cortas afirmativa negativa Yes, there is. singular Is there a cinema? No, there isn’t. Am I right? Yes, I am No, I’m not. Yes, there are. Are you right? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t. plural Are there any apples? No, there aren’t. Is he / she / it right? Yes, he / she / it is. No, he / she / it isn’t. Are we / you / Yes, we / you / No, we / you / they Se puede utilizar there is/are para hablar de la they right? they are. aren’t. posición o la existencia de objetos. Para formar el negativo se añade n’t después de is Al hacer preguntas invertimos el orden de las palabras o are. y be se sitúa antes del sujeto. En las preguntas, se cambia el orden de las palabras y Are you cousins? (x You are cousins?) ¿Sois primos? be se coloca ante de there. have got can/can’t afirmativa negativa afirmativa negativa I / You’ve got a cap. I / You haven’t got a cap. I / You / He / She / can I / You / He / She / can’t speak He / She / It’s got a cap. He / She / It hasn’t got a cap. It / We / You / They sing. It / We / You / They Chinese. We / You / They’ve got a cap. We / You / They haven’t got a cap. Se utiliza can para expresar capacidad y permiso. Se utiliza have got para hablar sobre posesión. She can snowboard Sabe surfear en la nieve. En las conversaciones, se suelen emplear formas They can go to the party on Saturday night. contraídas. Pueden ir a la fiesta del sábado por la noche. He’s got a new mobile. Tiene un móvil nuevo. La tercera persona (he/she/it) no termina en -s. Para formar el negativo, se añade n’t (not) después de Para hacer preguntas se cambia el orden de las have y antes de got. palabras. She hasn’t got a big family. Can I go to the toilet, please? ¿Puedo ir al baño? No tiene una familia muy grande. 100 Grammar reference Grammar practice S be 5 Write questions and short answers with have got about the people in the table. 1 Circle the correct words. 1 Jason is / am my cousin. a bike a cat 2 I am / is 12 years old. Anna ✗ ✓ 3 We is / are from Glasgow. Lisa and Jack ✓ ✓ 4 My teacher is / are Mr Wilson. David ✗ ✗ 5 You is / are in my class. 6 It is / are windy today. 1 Has Anna got a bike ? No , she hasn’t. 2 Complete the sentences with the negative 2 ? form of be. Use contractions. ,. 1 They aren’t from Italy. 3 ? 2 She my teacher. ,. 3 I 12 years old. 4 ? 4 We in your class. ,. 5 You late. 6 It cold today. 5 ? ,. 3 Write the questions. 6 ? 1 How / you / old / ? ,. How old are you? 2 What / your name / ? there is/there are 3 Where / he from / ? 6 Tick the correct column. There is … There are … 4 she / a student / ? ✓ a table. some books. 5 they / in your class / ? some desks. 6 we / late / ? a bookshelf. a computer. some flowers. have got 4 Circle the correct options. can/can’t 1 ’ve got three cats. a He b She c They 7 Complete the sentences with the correct form 2 hasn’t got brown hair. of can and a verb from the box. a He b You c They go make open play ride speak 3 ’ve got a blue T-shirt. a I b She c It 1 I can’t play rugby. (✗) 4 ’ve got an exam tomorrow. 2 Isabel a bike. (✓) a He b We c She 3 They Spanish. (✓) 5 ’s got a new computer. 4 My mum really good pizzas. (✓) a Lisa b Max and Lisa c They 5 Tim and Sara to the party. (✗) 6 haven’t got a big house. 6 We this box. (✗) a She b My friend c They Grammar practice 101  Grammar reference Unit 1 Los adverbios de frecuencia se utilizan para indicar la frecuencia con la que hacemos algo. Van después del Presente simple: afirmativa y negativa verbo be y antes de los otros verbos principales. afirmativa I’m never late. Nunca llego tarde. He always does his homework. I like chat shows. Siempre hace los deberes. You like chat shows. He / She / It likes chat shows. like, love, hate + ing We / You / They like chat shows. Después de love, like, don’t like, hate y don’t mind se utiliza la forma -ing de los verbos. Se utiliza el presente simple para expresar hechos, I love watching comedy films. hábitos y rutinas. Me encanta ver películas de humor. We don’t live in the city centre. Detrás de estos verbos también se pueden utilizar No vivimos en el centro de la ciudad. nombres directamente. She goes to school at 8.30 am. He doesn’t like soap operas. Va al colegio a las 8.30 de la mañana. No le gustan los culebrones. Ortografía: tercera persona Presente simple: preguntas con respuesta La tercera persona del singular (he/she/it) del presente del tipo sí/no simple acaba en -s. interrogativa respuestas cortas speak – he speaks hablar – él habla afirmativa negativa put – she puts poner – ella pone I watch cartoons? Yes, I do. No, I don’t. Cuando un verbo termina en consonante + y, se Do you watch cartoons? Yes, you do. No, you don’t. sustituye la y por -ies para las formas he/she/it. fly – it flies volar – vuela he watch cartoons? Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t. Does she watch cartoons? Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t. carry – she carries llevar – ella lleva it watch cartoons? Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t. Cuando un verbo termina en -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x y -o se we watch cartoons? Yes, we do, No, we don’t. añade -es. Do you watch cartoons? Yes, you do, No, you don’t. misses pierde relaxes se relaja they watch cartoons? Yes, they do, No, they don’t. washes lava does hace watches mira Para formular preguntas con respuesta del tipo sí/no se utiliza do / does + sujeto + infinitivo. negativa Para responder se utilizan respuestas cortas con do/ I don’t (do not) like does, y no se repite el verbo principal. A: Do you like westerns? You don’t (do not) like westerns. A: ¿Os gustan las películas del oeste? He / She / It doesn’t (does not) like B: Yes, we do. (x Yes, we like.) B: Sí. We / You / They don’t (do not) like Presente simple: preguntas con partículas La negativa del presente simple se forma con el sujeto interrogativas + don’t (do not) + infinitivo. I don’t speak French. No hablo francés. partícula do/does sujeto verbo interrogativa Para la tercera persona se utiliza doesn’t (does not). He doesn’t like cartoons. What do you study? No le gustan los dibujos animados. Who does she like? Adverbios de frecuencia Where does he study? When do they play? always usually often sometimes never Para formular preguntas con partículas interrogativas 100% 0% se hace así: partícula interrogativa + do / does + sujeto + verbo. What time do you finish school? 102 Grammar reference ¿A qué hora sales del colegio? Grammar practice 1 Present simple: affirmative and like, love, hate + -ing negative 5 Write sentences with like, love, hate and 1 Complete the table with the correct verbs in don’t mind + -ing. the third person. 1 I / love / watch / soap operas I love watching soap operas. fly know relax stay try watch 2 Jason / not mind / get up / early 3 We / like / go / to the cinema -s -es -ies 1 knows 3 5 4 My dad / hate / listen / to the radio 2 4 6 5 Haley / not mind / wait / for her friends 2 Complete the sentences with present simple form of the verbs in brackets. 6 Jess and Nick / love / talk / about films 1 Marta and Maria like horror films. (like) 2 Micky cartoons. (love) 3 We to the cinema on Saturdays. (go) Present simple: Yes/No 4 I film magazines. (read) questions 5 My friend a film blog. (write) 6 They popcorn during films. (eat) 6 Write Yes / No questions and short answers. 1 Sally / like historical films / ? (✓) 3 Write sentences with the present simple. Does Sally like historical films? Yes she does. 1 We / not like / martial arts films 2 Martin / watch comedies / ? (✗) We don’t like martial arts films. 2 Harry / not watch / chat shows 3 you / talk about films with your friends / ? (✗) 3 I / read / film blogs 4 your brother and sister / go to the cinema / ? (✓) 4 My friends / not go / to the cinema 5 they / have lots of films on this channel / ? (✓) 5 Julia / enjoy / comedies Present simple: Wh- questions 6 They / not buy / DVDs 7 Write the question for each answer. 1 What do you study ? I study English. Adverbs of frequency 2 ? 4 Circle the correct words. He lives in New York. 1 Mike always does / does always his homework 3 ? in front of the TV. They get home in the afternoon. 2 They often are / are often busy at the weekend. 4 ? 3 Gina and Martin usually watch / watch usually I watch TV every evening. comedies. 5 ? 4 I sometimes get / get sometimes DVDs from I go to the cinema with my sister. the library. 6 ? 5 My sister never is / is never late for a film. She likes horror and war films. 6 We usually rent / rent usually films. Grammar practice 103  Grammar reference Unit 2 Para hacer preguntas se utiliza be + sujeto + verbo + -ing. Presente continuo: afirmativa, negativa e En las respuestas cortas no se utiliza el verbo + -ing. interrogativa Presente simple y presente continuo afirmativa negativa Se utiliza el presente simple para expresar hechos, I’m eating. I’m not eating. hábitos y rutinas y a menudo va acompañado de adverbios de frecuencia. You’re eating. You’re not eating. Se utiliza el presente continuo para hablar sobre He / She / It’s eating He / She / It isn’t eating. acciones que están sucediendo en el momento en que We / You / They’re eating. We / You / They aren’t eating. hablamos. Se utiliza at the moment y (right) now con el presente continuo. Se utiliza el presente continuo para hablar sobre Nombres contables e incontables acciones que están sucediendo en el momento en que hablamos. La mayoría de nombres son contables, lo que significa La forma afirmativa se construye utilizando sujeto + que se pueden contar de forma individual. Tienen be + verbo + -ing. forma singular y forma plural. Para la forma negativa, se añade not después de Se utiliza a con los nombres contables en singular que be y antes del verbo con -ing. Normalmente se empiezan con consonante. contrae not. Se utiliza an con los nombres contables en singular que empiezan con vocal. Ortografía: forma -ing. Algunos nombres son incontables, lo que significa que Con la mayoría de los verbos, se añade -ing al no se pueden contar de forma individual. No tienen infinitivo. forma plural. see – seeing ver – viendo some, any, a lot of, much/many watch – watching mirar – mirando contable plural incontable Con los verbos terminados en -e, se elimina la -e y se añade -ing. afirmativa I’ve got some / a lot I’ve got some / a lot have – having tener- teniendo of sweets. of homework. write – writing escribir – escribiendo negativa There aren’t any / There isn’t any / much / Con los verbos que terminan en vocal + consonante, many / a lot of sweets. a lot of homework. se duplica la consonante y se añade -ing. interrogativa Are there any / many / Is there any / much / get – getting obtener – obteniendo a lot of sweets? a lot of homework? run – running correr – corriendo How many sweets How much are there? homework is there? (partícula be sujeto verbo + -ing interrogativa) Some y any expresan una cantidad indefinida. Se utilizan junto con nombres contables en plural y – Am I spending? nombres incontables. Normalmente some se utiliza – Is he / she / it shopping? en frases afirmativas y any en frases negativas e – Are we listening? interrogativas. – Are you watching? Se utiliza a lot of en frases afirmativas, negativas e interrogativas tanto con nombres en plural como con – Are they skating? incontables. Who is she meeting? Se utiliza much en frases negativas con nombres incontables. respuestas cortas Se utiliza many en frases negativas con nombres I am. I’m not. contables. Yes, he / she / it is. No, he / she / it isn’t. Se utiliza how many en preguntas con nombres contables en plural y how much en preguntas con we / you / they are. we / you / they aren’t. nombres incontables. 104 Grammar reference Grammar practice 2 Present continuous: affirmative, 3 Who / she / meet / ? negative and questions 4 What / Jenny / watch / ? 1 Complete the table with the correct verbs in the -ing form. 5 Why / we / wait / ? do get look make run write 6 What / Joe / wear / ? add -ing remove the -e double the consonant and add -ing and add -ing Present simple and present 1 doing 3 5 continuous 2 4 6 5 Complete the sentences with the correct verbs in the present simple or present continuous form. 2 Complete the sentences with the present continuous form of the verbs in brackets. buy not do drink eat not talk visit 1 Lots of people are shopping in the mall today. (shop) 1 We ’re eating pizza right now. 2 I for a new dress. (look) 2 I my homework at the moment. 3 My mum a book in the café. (read) 3 They often the mall on Saturdays. 4 She coffee. (not drink) 4 Lisa usually orange juice for breakfast. 5 My brother a computer game. (play) 5 My mum sometimes books in that shop. 6 We a lot of money. (not spend) 6 Joe on his mobile right now. 3 Write present continuous questions and short Countable and uncountable nouns answers about the people in the table. 6 Tick the correct column. visit the mall study grammar Pablo ✗ ✓ countable uncountable Tina and Neil ✓ ✗ money ✓ Mark ✗ ✗ time book 1 Is Pablo visiting the mall ? shop No , he isn’t. music 2 ? ,. café 3 ? ,. 4 ? some, any, a lot of, much/many ,. 7 Complete the sentences with words in the box. 5 ? ,. any many much lot some (x2) 6 ? ,. 1 I haven’t got much time. Only 5 minutes. 2 I’ve got chocolate in my bag. 4 Write the questions. 3 There are a of people in the mall. 1 What / you / buy / ? What are you buying 4 How bags have you got? 5 They haven’t got money. Nothing! 2 Where / they / go / ? 6 Suzanne is buying new trainers. Grammar practice 105  Grammar reference Unit 3 Para formar el pasado simple en negativo se utiliza sujeto + didn’t (did not) + infinitivo sin to. Did no was/were: afirmativa y negativa cambia al cambiar de persona. afirmativa negativa He didn’t grow up in England. No creció en Inglaterra. I / He / She / It was calm. I / He / She / It wasn’t calm. was/were: interrogativas We / You / They were calm. We / You / They weren’t calm. interrogativa respuestas cortas Was y were son las formas del pasado simple del Yes, I / he / she / it was. Was I / he / she / it friendly? verbo be. No, I / he / she / it wasn’t. He was a tennis player. Era tenista. Yes, we / you / they were. Were we / you / they friendly? They weren’t actors. No eran actores. No, we / you / they weren’t. Pasado simple: afirmativa y negativa Para formular preguntas con el verbo be en pasado, afirmativa se utiliza was/were antes del sujeto. I / You / He / She / It / We / They lived in Paris. Was he a champion? ¿Era campeón? En las respuestas cortas, se utiliza yes/no y se repite El pasado simple se utiliza para expresar el verbo. acontecimientos y acciones finalizados en el pasado. A: Was he a champion? B: Yes, he was. We played basketball yesterday. A: ¿Era campeón? B: Sí. She went to the theatre school. Para formular preguntas informativas, se pone la Ayer jugamos a baloncesto. partícula interrogativa de tipo Wh- delante de was/ Fue a la escuela de teatro. were. Where was she born? ¿Dónde nació? Pasado simple: ortografía Pasado simple: interrogativas verbos regulares añadir -ed want – wanted stay – stayed (partícula did sujeto infinitivo interrogativa) verbos acabados añadir -d en -e like – liked live – lived I / you verbos acabados eliminar la -y y añadir -ied – Did he / she / it agree? en consonante copy – copied study – studied we / you / they + -y What did you decide? verbos acabados doblar la consonante final y añadir -ed en consonante + shop – shopped stop – stopped respuestas cortas vocal + consonante Yes, I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they did. No, I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they didn’t. Algunos verbos son irregulares en el pasado simple y no siguen ningún patrón. Las preguntas en pasado simple se formulan con did + do – did get – got have – had sujeto + infinitivo. Did no cambia. hacer – hizo obtener – obtuvo tener – tuvo Did it rain yesterday? ¿Llovió, ayer? Ver la lista de verbos irregulares en la página 128. Para formular preguntas informativas, se pone la Con el pasado simple se pueden utilizar expresiones partícula interrogativa de tipo Wh- delante de did. como yesterday, last night, last week, last Where did you get your trainers? weekend y last summer. ¿Dónde te compraste las zapatillas? I got a new laptop yesterday. Ayer me compré un ordenador portátil nuevo. ago Se utiliza ago con el pasado simple y con un periodo de sujeto didn’t infinitivo otras palabras tiempo para hablar de cuándo pasó algo en el pasado. I / You / He / Ago se pone después del periodo de tiempo. didn’t watch TV last night. I started this school three years ago. She / It / We / didn’t grow up in London. You / They Empecé en este colegio hace tres años. 106 Grammar reference Grammar practice 3 was/were: affirmative and Past simple: questions negative 5 Write past simple questions and short 1 Complete the text with was(n’t) or were(n’t). answers about the people in the table. At school, I 1 wasn’t (not) very good at sport Helen Sam and Abby Richard but I 2 good at dancing. My friends eat pizza ✗ ✓ ✓ 3 all crazy about football. They 4 (not) interested in dancing. I saw my go shopping ✓ ✗ ✗ first ballet when I 5 12 years old. It 6 amazing! 1 Did Helen eat pizza ? No , she didn’t. 2 ? Past simple: affirmative and ,. negative 3 ? ,. 2 Complete the table with the verbs in the box. 4 ? dance like stop study travel try wait ,. 5 ? ,. add -ed ending in remove -y double the 6 ? -e, add -d and add final consonant ,. -ied and add -ed 1 waited 2 4 6 6 Complete the question for each answer. 3 5 7 1 A: What did you drink ? B: I drank some lemonade. 2 A: Where ? 3 Write sentences with the past simple. B: He went to a concert. 1 Tim / play / football / yesterday 3 A: When ? Tim played football yesterday. B: They started school in September. 2 Joanna / go skiing / last winter 4 A: Who ? B: She met her sister. 3 Gina and Tony / grow up / in Canada 5 A: What ? B: He ate some sandwiches. 4 We / not want / to practise the piano 6 A: Why ? B: They stayed at home because it was raining. 5 I / not play / tennis at school ago was/were: questions 7 Put the words in the correct order. 1 We / two days / played / ago / football 4 Write questions with was and were. We played football two days ago. 1 Where / she born 2 a few minutes / saw / I / ago / her Where was she born ? 2 What / her first film 3 ago / finished / an hour / She / her homework ? 3 What / her favourite subjects at school 4 made / ago / a long time / He / a film ? 4 you / interested in acting at school 5 was / two months / ago / My birthday ? 5 your father / a film director 6 in Italy / We / ago / were / two weeks ? Grammar practice 107  Grammar reference Unit 4 Pasado simple y pasado continuo Se utiliza el pasado continuo para hablar de una Pasado continuo: afirmativa, negativa e acción continuada que se está produciendo en el interrogativa pasado. El pasado simple se utiliza para hablar de afirmativa negativa una acción puntual que interrumpe otra acción continuada. Normalmente se utiliza when antes del I was reading. I wasn’t working. pasado simple y while antes del pasado continuo. He / She / It was reading. He / She / It wasn’t working. I was talking to my mum when I heard the news. We / You / They were We / You / They weren’t Estaba hablando con mi madre cuando oí las reading. working. noticias. I heard the news while I was talking to my mum. (partícula be sujeto verbo + interrogativa) ing Oí las noticias mientras estaba hablando con mi madre. – Was I running? could/couldn’t – Was he / she / it falling? – Were we jumping? afirmativa negativa – Were you watching? I / You / He / I / You / He / could swim couldn’t use – Were they playing? She / It / We / She / It / We / 50 metres. a computer. You / They You / They What were you climbing? Who was she chasing? interrogativa respuestas cortas respuestas cortas afirmativa negativa I was. I wasn’t. Could I / you / Yes, I / you / he / No, I / you / he / he / she / it / Yes, he / she / it was. No, he / she / it wasn’t. she / it / we / you / she / it / we / you / we / you / they we / you / they were. we / you / they weren’t. they could. they couldn’t. use a computer? Se utiliza el pasado continuo para hablar de una Se utiliza could/couldn’t para hablar de la capacidad acción continuada que se está produciendo en el y la posibilidad en pasado. pasado. Las frases afirmativas se forman con sujeto + When I was five I could swim 20 metres. was/were + verbo + -ing. Cuando tenía cinco años podía nadar 20 metros. He was running to school. Corría hacia el colegio. He couldn’t call earlier because he was in a meeting. Para formar el negativo, se pone n’t (not) después de was/were y antes del verbo + -ing. Normalmente No pudo llamar antes porque estaba en una not se contrae. reunión. They weren’t walking quickly. No caminaban deprisa. Could tiene siempre la misma forma. La tercera En las preguntas se utiliza was/were + sujeto + persona (he/she/it) no termina en -s. verbo + -ing. He couldn’t speak three languages. Were you watching TV in bed last night? No sabía hablar tres idiomas. ¿Estabas mirando la tele en la cama, anoche? Para formular preguntas se cambia el orden de las En las respuestas cortas no se utiliza verbo + -ing. palabras. Yes, he was. (x Yes, he was talking.) Sí. Could you speak English at the age of five? Para formular preguntas se pone la partícula ¿Cuando tenías cinco años sabías hablar inglés? interrogativa de tipo Wh- antes de be. What were you doing at 8 pm yesterday? ¿Qué hacías ayer a las 8 de la tarde? 108 Grammar reference Grammar practice 4 Past continuous: affirmative, 5 ? ,. negative and questions 6 ? 1 Complete the sentences with the past ,. continuous form of the verbs in the box. Past simple and past cook drink read steal talk watch continuous At 3 pm yesterday afternoon … 5 Complete the sentences with the past simple 1 Peter was reading a book. or the past continuous. Use the verbs in 2 Julia on the phone. brackets. 3 Jason and Angie dinner. 1 I was reading (read) in bed when I heard 4 we TV. (hear) a loud noise in the street. 5 I a cup of tea. 2 No one (watch) when the burglars 6 the thieves the diamonds. (break) into the bank. 3 The diamonds (disappear) while the 2 Complete the sentences with the negative form guards (have) lunch. of the past continuous. Use contractions. 4 While we (watch) TV, the alarm 1 Peter wasn’t playing football. (not play) (go) off. 2 Julia emails. (not write) 5 While we (look) out of the window, 3 Jason and Angie in the garden. (not sit) police officers (enter) the bank. 4 We our bikes. (not ride) 6 The burglars (count) their money 5 I a sandwich. (not eat) when the police (catch) them. 6 The thieves any noise. (not make) could/couldn’t 3 Write questions with the past continuous. 1 What were you doing ? (you / do) 6 Complete the sentences with could or couldn’t and the verb in brackets. 2 Where ? (they / go) 1 I could speak French when I was five. (speak) 3 Who ? (she / talk to) 2 She because she was afraid of 4 Why ? (he / leave) water. (not swim) 5 Where ? (Jacky / sit) 3 Sam all of the ex-American 6 What ? (your friends / presidents in primary school. (name) watch) 4 Tony the piano when he was six. (play) 4 Write questions and short answers about what 5 We because he spoke very quietly. Jessica, Luke, Nina and Luis were doing at 5 pm (not hear) yesterday. 6 Lyn a bike when you she was a Jessica Luke and Nina Luis child. (not ride) watch TV ✗ ✓ ✗ do homework ✓ ✗ ✓ 1 Was Jessica watching TV ? No , she wasn’t. 2 ? ,. 3 ? ,. 4 ? ,. Grammar practice 109  Grammar reference Unit 5 must/mustn’t Adjetivos comparativos y superlativos afirmativa negativa comparativo superlativo I / You / He / must wear I / You / He / mustn’t talk She / It / We / school She / It / We / adjetivos cortos añadir -er: añadir -est: in an exam. You / They uniform You / They high higher highest adjetivos cortos doblar la doblar la Se utiliza must para hablar de una obligación o de acabados consonante final y consonante final y fuertes recomendaciones. en vocal + añadir -er: añadir -est: You must watch this TV programme, it’s great. consonante Tienes que ver este programa, es genial. big bigger biggest Se utiliza mustn’t para expresar prohibición y consejo adjetivos añadir -r: añadir -st: contra algo. Se añade n’t (not) detrás de must. acabados en -e They mustn’t talk in the cinema. safe safer safest No deben hablar en el cine. adjetivos eliminar la -y y eliminar la -y y Must no cambia según la persona y después de must acabados en -y añadir -ier: añadir -iest: los infinitivos no llevan to. tidy tidier tidiest They must get to school before 9 am. adjetivos largos poner more antes poner most antes Deben llegar al colegio antes de las 9 de la del adjetivo: del adjetivo: mañana. comfortable more most comfortable comfortable should/shouldn’t adjetivos afirmativa negativa irregulares good best I / You / He / should I / You / He / shouldn’t better She / It / We / tidy the She / It / We / leave clothes bad worse worst You / They house. You / They on the floor. Se utilizan los adjetivos comparativos para comparar Se utiliza should y shouldn’t para aconsejar o una cosa con otra y se hace así: be + adjetivo recomendar. comparativo + than. You should study for the exam. My room is tidier than my sister’s room. Deberías estudiar para el examen. Mi habitación está más ordenada que la de mi Should no cambia según la persona y después de hermana. should los infinitivos no llevan to. Se utilizan los adjetivos superlativos para decir que They should help their parents with the housework. una cosa o persona tiene el máximo posible de una Deberían ayudar a sus padres con las tareas de calidad en particular y se hace así: the + adjetivo la casa. superlativo. My parents have got the biggest bedroom. Mis padres tienen la habitación más grande. 110 Grammar reference Grammar practice 5 Comparative and superlative must/mustn’t adjectives 4 Complete the sentences with must or mustn’t 1 Complete the table with the comparative and the verb in brackets. form of the adjectives in the box. 1 You mustn’t talk during the lesson. (talk) 2 You your homework on time. (do) comfortable expensive nice 3 You sandwiches in the classroom. interesting safe tall (eat) 4 You your friend’s homework. (copy) 5 You on the chairs. (stand) add -r or -er more + adjective 6 You listen carefully to the teacher. more comfortable (listen) should/shouldn’t 2 Complete the sentences with the correct 5 Complete the sentences with should or shouldn’t and the verbs in the box. comparative form of the adjectives in brackets. forget go (x2) leave stay wear 1 My house is smaller than your house. (small) 2 Jack’s room is than Katrina’s room. 1 It’s cold today. You should wear a warm coat. (tidy) 2 The train leaves at ten. We the 3 Laura’s homework is than Abby’s house at nine. homework. (good) 3 It’s raining. You your umbrella. 4 This new hotel is than the old hotel. 4 It’s late. You to bed now. (comfortable) 5 I’ve got an exam tomorrow. I up late 5 The sofa is than the armchair. tonight. (expensive) 6 A: I’ve got toothache. 6 The traffic in the morning is than the traffic at night. (bad) B: You to the dentist. 3 Circle the correct options. 6 Are these sentences correct? Correct the 1 A: I think New York is more exciting / incorrect sentences. the most exciting city in the world! 1 We should to get up early tomorrow. ✗ B: I don’t agree. I think that London is more We should get up early tomorrow. exciting / the most exciting than New York. 2 Pupils don’t must wear trainers at school. 2 A: I think that buses are safer / the safest than trains. 3 You mustn’t using your calculator during the exam. B: I don’t agree. I think that trains are safer / the safest form of transport. 4 We must visit New York, it’s an incredible city. 3 A: I think that Tokyo is more expensive / the most expensive city in the world. 5 He shoulds book the hotel now, not later. B: I read that Singapore is more expensive / the most expensive than Tokyo. 6 People must to buy a ticket before getting on 4 A: What do you think is the best / better way to the train. exercise? B: People think it’s running, but I reckon swimming is better / the best than running. Grammar practice 111  Grammar reference Unit 6 First conditional will/won’t action/situation (if-) result afirmativa negativa If we buy this laptop, we’ll get a free printer. result action/situation (if-) I / You / He / I / You / He / will pass won’t fail She / It / We / She / It / We / He’ll use your email if you tell him the password. the exam. the exam. You / They You / They interrogativa interrogativa respuestas cortas Will you call Mum for me if I give you the number? afirmativa negativa Se utiliza el first conditional para hablar del resultado Will I / you / he / Yes, I / you / he / No, I / you / he / futuro de una acción o situación. she / it / we / you / she / it / we / you / she / it / we / you / they win? they will. they won’t. If the tablet breaks, I will take it to the shop. Si se estropea la tableta la llevaré a la tienda. Se utiliza will y won’t para hacer predicciones sobre el En las frases condicionales hay dos cláusulas: la futuro. cláusula if- y la cláusula resultado. Se utiliza if + Computers will control our lives in the future. sujeto + presente simple para hablar de la acción En el futuro, los ordenadores controlarán o situación, y sujeto + will + infinitivo (sin to) para nuestras vidas. hablar del resultado. Además, se pone una coma Will/Won’t no cambia según la persona y la tercera después de la cláusula if-. persona (he/she/it) no termina con -s. If we pass all our exams, we’ll have a party. The laptop will help me with my homework. Si aprobamos todos los exámenes haremos una El ordenador portátil me será útil para hacer los fiesta. deberes. La cláusula if- también puede ir en la segunda Para formular preguntas se cambia el orden de las posición dentro de la oración. palabras y no se utiliza do/does. I’ll call you later if I need your help. Will we travel in cars in the future? Te llamaré más tarde si necesito tu ayuda. ¿En el futuro iremos en coche? El negativo se forma con won’t en la cláusula En inglés informal se puede usar la contracción ’ll. resultado o con don’t/doesn’t en la cláusula if-. I’ll go to university in the future. I won’t finish my homework if the laptop breaks. En el futuro iré a la universidad. No terminaré los deberes si se estropea el portátil. (not) as + adjetivo + as If the laptop doesn’t break, I’ll finish my homework. Se utiliza (not) as + adjetivo + as para afirmar que algo o alguien (no) es igual en algún sentido a otra Si el portátil no se estropea terminaré los cosa o persona. deberes. This tablet is as expensive as a laptop. Las preguntas se formulan con will delante del sujeto. Esta tableta es tan cara como un portátil. Will you buy a tablet if the keyboard breaks? My headphones aren’t as good as your headphones. ¿Te comprarás una tableta si se estropea el teclado? Mis auriculares no son tan buenos como los tuyos. Se utiliza la estructura be + as + adjetivo + as. Desktops aren’t as small as laptops. (x Desktops aren’t as smaller than laptops.) Los ordenadores de sobremesa no son tan pequeños como los portátiles. 112 Grammar reference Grammar practice 6 will/won’t 3 This computer programme is the same speed as the old one. 1 Complete the text with will and the words in This computer programme the box. the old one. (fast) 4 These laptops are the same price as the tablets. be (x2) do go study work These laptops the tablets. (expensive) In the future I think I 1 ’ll go to university and 5 This camera is lighter than my smartphone. I2 engineering. I think that engineering My smartphone this 3 very important in the future because camera. (light) there 4 a lot of new developments in science and technology. Then I reckon I 5 research at a university in America First conditional or Australia. After that I think I 6 in a company which invents new technology. 5 Match the sentence halves. 1 If you switch on the computer, … a 2 Circle the correct options. 2 If I don’t leave now, … In the future, children 1will / won’t go to school 3 If you don’t tell me the answer, … because they 2will / won’t study at home. We 3will / 4 We will learn how to create a website, … won’t have electric cars because there 4will / won’t 5 You will get a better job … be any petrol. People 5will / won’t work in factories 6 I won’t pass the exam … because robots 6will / won’t do all of the work. a I’ll show you my new website. 3 Write questions with will. Then write short b if I don’t study tonight. answers. c I’ll miss the train. 1 robots / clean our homes (✓) d if you learn about technology. Will robots clean our homes? Yes, they will. e I won’t help you repair your computer. 2 all countries / speak the same f if we go on this course. language (✗) 6 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the box. 3 airplanes / be faster (✓) finish buy not have got 4 the planet / be warmer (✗) not go call take 5 people / live longer (✓) 1 If the computer crashes, I ’ll take it to the shop. 6 the world / be more peaceful (✓) 2 I’ll go home if the class early. 3 Stacy will play games online if she any homework. (not) as + adjective + as 4 They us or send a text if they miss the train. 4 Complete the second sentence so it has the 5 If Danny doesn’t get the job, he same meaning as the first sentence. Use (not) on holiday. as + adjective + as and the adjectives in 6 Jessica a car if she passes her driving brackets. test. 1 My new computer is smaller than my old computer. My old computer isn’t as small as my new computer. (small) 2 This tablet is more convenient than a laptop. A laptop this tablet. (convenient) Grammar practice 113  Grammar reference Unit 7 will y be going to Will se utiliza para hacer predicciones, mientras que be going to be going to se utiliza para hablar de planes de futuro afirmativa que ya están decididos. I’m We’ll need a bigger house when we have a family. Cuando tengamos familia necesitaremos una He / She / It is going to study Medicine. casa más grande. We / You / They are We’re going to buy a bigger house in a couple of negativa years. I’m not Dentro de un par de años nos compraremos una casa más grande. He / She / It isn’t going to study Medicine. We / You / They aren’t Presente continuo para expresar futuro Se puede utilizar el presente continuo para hablar de interrogativa planes definidos para el futuro. Am I She’s meeting her boyfriend after school. Is he / she / it going to study Medicine? Después del colegio se va a encontrar con su novio. Are we / you / they Con frecuencia se utilizan marcadores temporales de respuestas cortas futuro como tonight, tomorrow, this weekend, this summer, next week, next month y after class/ Yes, I am. No, I’m not. school. Yes, he / she / it is. No, he / she / it isn’t. I’m going to a party on Saturday night. Yes, we / you / they are. No, we / you / they aren’t. El sábado por la noche voy a una fiesta. Se utiliza be going to para hablar de planes de futuro Presente simple para expresar futuro y de intenciones. Se puede utilizar el presente simple para hablar de I’m going to work in another country in the future. horarios, programas o entradas de calendario del En el futuro voy a trabajar en otro país. futuro. Para formar una frase afirmativa se utiliza be + going He finishes work at 7 pm. to + infinitivo. Sale del trabajo a las 7. Para formar frases negativas, be + not + going to + Their train arrives at 8.45 in the morning. infinitivo. Su tren llega a las 8.45 de la mañana. He isn’t going to take a year out. Our summer holidays start on 24th June. No se va a tomar un año sabático. Empezamos las vacaciones de verano el 24 de La preguntas se formulan poniendo be antes del junio. sujeto. Are they going to get married this year? ¿Se van a casar este año? 114 Grammar reference Grammar practice 7 be going to Present continuous for future 1 Complete the sentences with the correct form 4 Write sentences about Leila, Danny, Suzanne of be going to and the verbs in the box. and Liam’s plans. buy get not go study take work Leila Danny and Liam Suzanne 1 I ’m going to study engineering at university. tonight study for a go for play rugby 2 Rita in her dad’s shop this test a pizza summer. with their friends 3 My brother a year out after university. this visit her watch a go shopping 4 My parents a new house weekend grandma football for new next year. match shoes 5 Sam and Linda married 1 Leila’s studying for a test tonight. next year. 2 6 We to summer camp this year. 3 2 Write questions with be going to. 4 1 What are you going to do 5 this summer? (you / do) 6 2 Where next year? (Tina / work) 5 Complete the conversation with the present 3 When ? continuous form of the verbs in the box. (your parents / retire) go (x3) do meet (x2) have 4 this summer? (they / visit Canada) 5 next year? Tim: What 1 are you doing tonight? (you / learn to drive) Leo: I 2 to rugby practice at six, but 6 medicine? nothing after that. Why? (your sister / study) Tim: Sally and I 3 to the new art exhibition at the community centre. It’s on ancient Greece. will and be going to Leo: Sounds interesting. What time 4 3 Decide if each sentence is a plan or a you ? prediction. Then circle the best option. Tim: It starts at eight, but I 5 Sally at 1 I think you will / are going to need an umbrella 7:30 in the café next door. Why don’t you ask today – it’s raining. Luis to come too? 2 We will / are going to study Japanese next year. Leo: He can’t. He 6 dinner at his 3 The tickets are sold out. You won’t / aren’t girlfriend’s house tonight. He 7 going to get in. her parents for the first time! 4 I think it will / is going to be difficult to find a job in the future. Present simple for future 5 Suzanne will / is going to work as a journalist when she leaves university. 6 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the present simple. 6 I’m sure you will / are going to pass the exam – 1 The plane leaves at 3 pm. (leave) with a bit of luck. 2 What time the lesson ? (begin) 3 The teams the final match tomorrow. (play) 4 The shop until next Monday. (not open) 5 My new job tomorrow. (start) Grammar practice 115  Grammar reference Unit 8 Las interrogativas en presente perfecto se utilizan para preguntar sobre experiencias del pasado. Se puede Presente perfecto: afirmativas y negativas utilizar ever para preguntar sobre el periodo que afirmativa/negativa abarca la vida entera. Has she ever won a competition? I / We / You / They have(n’t) been to Paris. ¿Ha ganado alguna vez una competición? He / She / It has(n’t) seen Avatar. Las preguntas con respuesta Sí/No se forman con Se utiliza el presente perfecto para hablar de have/has + sujeto (+ ever) + participio pasado, y acontecimientos y experiencias del pasado que no have/has se repiten en las respuestas cortas. sabemos exactamente cuando pasaron. A: Have you ever ridden a motorbike? B: Yes, I have. I’ve visited a lot of countries. A: ¿Has montado alguna vez en moto? B: Sí. He visitado muchos países. used to Para formar frases afirmativas se utiliza sujeto + have/has + participio pasado. afirmativa negativa I’ve burnt my hand. Me he quemado la mano. I / You / He / I / You / He / Para formar frases negativas se pone n’t (not) She / It She / It didn’t use used to play después de have/has y antes del participio pasado. to play We / You / football. We / You / Habitualmente, not se contrae. basketball. They They They haven’t crashed their car. No han chocado con el coche. interrogativa respuestas cortas Ortografía: participios de pasado afirmativa negativa verbos regulares añadir -ed Did I / you / he / Yes, I / you / he / No, I / you / he / crash – crashed she / it / we / she / it / we / you / she / it / we / you / you / they use to verbos acabados en -e añadir -d they did. they didn’t. write letters? like – liked verbos acabados en eliminar la -y y añadir -ied Se utiliza used to para hablar de acciones que tenían consonantes + -y tidy – tidied lugar de forma regular en el pasado pero que ya no verbos acabados en doblar la consonante final y ocurren en el presente. consonante + vocal + añadir -ed We used to walk to school, now we go by car. consonante slip – slipped Solíamos ir andando al colegio pero ahora vamos en coche. Algunos verbos tienen formas de participio pasado Used to no cambia según la persona verbal. La tercera irregulares y no siguen ningún patrón. persona (he/she/it) no termina en -s. cut – cut cortar – cortado She used to sing in a band. fall – fallen caer – caído Cantaba en un grupo. Ver la lista de verbos irregulares de la página 128. Se utiliza el auxiliar did para formar frases negativas e Presente perfecto: interrogativas interrogativas. He didn’t use to smoke. (x He didn’t used to smoke.) interrogativa respuestas cortas No fumaba. afirmativa negativa Did they use to go to the beach in summer? I (ever) flown? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t. Have ¿Solían ir a la playa en verano? you (ever) flown? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t. En las respuestas cortas se utiliza did, no used to. he (ever) flown? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t. A: Did you use to play guitar? B: Sí. Has she (ever) flown? Yes, she has. No, she hasn’t. it (ever) flown? Yes, it has. No, it hasn’t. A: ¿Tocabas la guitarra? we (ever) flown? Yes, we have. No, we haven’t. B: Yes, I did (x Yes, I used.) Have you (ever) flown? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t. they (ever) flown? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t. 116 Grammar reference Grammar practice 8 Present perfect: affirmative and Present perfect: questions negative 5 Write questions and short answers with the 1 Complete the chart with the past participle of present perfect. each verb. 1 you / have / an accident Have you had an accident ? like trip try stop jump study No, I haven’t. 2 Tracy / ever fall off / her bike ? add -d or -ed remove the last double the final Yes, she. letter and add consonant and 3 Tony / break / his leg -ied add -ed ? 1 jumped 3 5 No, he. 2 4 6 4 they / ever win / the lottery ? 2 Write the past participle of each verb. No, they. 1 have had 5 she / burn / her finger 2 fall ? Yes, she. 3 ride 6 you / ever slip / on a banana skin 4 write ? 5 eat Yes, I. 6 see 3 Complete the sentences with correct form used to of have. 6 Write sentences and questions with used to. 1 I ’ve visited a lot of countries in my life. 1 In the past: go to school by bus 2 He eaten snails, but he wants to try Now: go by bike them one day. We used to go to school by bus, now we 3 Tracy fallen off her bike. go by bike. 4 Sam broken his wrist. 2 In the past: eat meat 5 We ridden a camel, but we’re going Now: only eat vegetables to ride one next year. Jack. 6 A: Do you like skiing? 3 In the past: not like sport B: I don’t know. I done it before. Now: play tennis every weekend They. 4 Complete the sentences with the present 4 In the past: not write a journal perfect form of the verbs in brackets. Now: write in my blog every day 1 Kylie has broken her ankle. (break) I. 2 Kate Alaska. (visit) 5 they / play in a band when they were you at 3 I octopus. (not eat) school 4 My brother a new computer game. ? (invent) No, they. 5 We the latest Harry Potter film. 6 you / ride a motorbike when you were younger (not see) 6 My parents me a new bike. (buy) ? Yes, I. Grammar practice 117  Grammar reference Unit 9 Pronombres reflexivos one/ones I myself it itself One/ones se utiliza para referirse a una persona u you yourself we ourselves objeto cuando no se quiere repetir un nombre en una he himself you yourselves frase. Se utiliza one en singular y ones en plural. she herself they themselves I like all my presents, but this one is my favorite. Los pronombres reflexivos se utilizan cuando una Me gustan todos los regalos pero este es mi misma persona o cosa es sujeto y objeto de un verbo a favorito. la vez. A: Which birthday cards do you prefer? My dad talks to himself when he’s nervous. B: The cheapest ones. Mi padre habla consigo mismo cuando está A: ¿Qué tarjetas de felicitación prefieres? nervioso. B: Las más baratas. Normalmente el pronombre va justo después del verbo. Pronombres indefinidos We enjoyed ourselves at Pete’s birthday party. afirmativas negativas (x We enjoyed at Pete’s birthday party ourselves.) personas someone no one Nos lo pasamos muy bien en la fiesta de everyone anyone aniversario de Pete. objetos something nothing Infinitivo de propósito everything anything El infinitivo de propósito se utiliza para especificar por lugares somewhere nowhere qué hacemos algo. everywhere anywhere They saved money to pay for the wedding. (x They saved money for pay for the wedding.) Los pronombres indefinidos se utilizan para referirse a personas, objetos y lugares de forma general. Ahorraron para pagarse la boda. I want to go somewhere at the weekend. El fin de semana quiero ir a algún lugar. Estas palabras están en singular. Everyone is excited about the wedding. (x Everyone are excited about the wedding) Todo el mundo está emocionado con la boda. Normalmente se utiliza un verbo en forma afirmativa junto con no one, nothing y nowhere. There’s nothing to do here! (x There isn’t nothing to do here!) ¡No hay nada que hacer aquí! Normalmente se utiliza un verbo en forma negativa junto con anyone, anything y anywhere. I haven’t got anything to do today. (x I’ve got anything to do today.) No tengo nada que hacer, hoy. 118 Grammar reference Grammar practice 9 one/ones Reflexive pronouns 1 Circle the correct options. 4 Complete the sentences with the correct 1 A: Which T-shirt do you like, pink or blue? reflexive pronouns. B: The blue one / ones. 1 Do you like looking at yourself in the mirror? 2 A: Which biscuits do you want, chocolate 2 Serena taught to play the guitar. or lemon? 3 I burnt when I was cooking dinner. B: The chocolate one / ones, please. 4 These lights turn on when it’s dark. 3 A: What type of ticket is the best? 5 Jim hurt when he was climbing. B: Which one / ones is the cheapest? 6 We enjoyed at the picnic. 4