120 Rules of Grammar PDF

. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL RULE01: Difference between “Each” and “Every” 1.They are always followed by a singular verb. Examples:- (I)Each student is very talented. [Singular verb is used] (II)Each of my students is very talented. [Singular verb is used] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL In sentence (I), “each” performs the function of Adjective (words used to describe or modify nouns or pronouns). The word it describes is the noun “student”. In sentence (II), “each” performs the function of Pronoun (word that is used instead of a noun or noun phrase). In both the cases, we use the singular verb “is”. *NOTE: Each refers to a plural number of people or items, but it considers each person or item as an individual or dissimilar unit, it does not consider the group collectively. [Individualistic Approach] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Every also refers to a multiple number of people or items; but it considers these people or items as part of a similar collective group. [General Approach] *NOTE: “Each” can play the role of both “Pronoun” and “Adjective”. However, “Every” is used as an “Adjective” only. Examples:- (I)Every student is very talented. [Correct] (II)Every of my students is very talented. [Incorrect (X)] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL In sentence (I), “Every” is used as an Adjective. The word it describes is the noun “student”. In sentence (II), “Every” is used as a Pronoun which is incorrect. *NOTE: “Each” is used for two or more than two items or people but “Every” is used only for more than two items or people. We cannot use “every” for exactly two things (In such case, “every” can be replaced by “both”). Examples:- Each person on this earth has to die one day. [more than two persons] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Every person I know has watched the movie. [more than two persons] He has a book in each hand. [Correct] He has a book in every hand [Incorrect](Every cannot be used with two things] *NOTE: "Every", but not "each", can be used with abstract nouns. Examples:- They have every reason to be happy with their new home. [Correct] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL They have each reason to be happy with their new home. [Incorrect] RULE02: “Both” and “not” cannot be used together. In such case, we can use “Neither…nor” which is used when we want to say that two or more things are not true. Examples:- Both Ram and Shyam are not going to visit this place. [Incorrect] Neither Ram nor Shyam is going to visit this place. [Correct] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL This is a war which both sides cannot win. [Incorrect] This is a war which neither side can win. [Correct] *NOTE: “Neither” allows us to make a negative statement about two people or things at the same time. “Neither” goes before singular countable nouns. We use it to say “not either” in relation to two things. RULE03: Usage of Relative Pronouns – who, whom, which and that. (1) “Who” and “whom” are mainly used for people. However, these pronouns can also be Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL used to refer to animals that are mentioned by name and domesticated by people (i.e. Domestic Animals). Examples:- The witnesses whom I interviewed gave conflicting evidence. [Used for people] The people who just boarded the plane are in a rock band. [Used for people] The vacuum scared our dog Rocky, who was sleeping on the rug. [Used for a pet] (2) “Which” is used for animals in general or things (i.e. Non- domestic Animals and Non- living things). Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Examples:- Vinita visited the park with a dog, which likes to chase squirrels. [Used for an animal] The bomb, which killed 15 people, was the worst of a series of terrorist outrages. [Used for a non-living thing] (3) “That” can be used for people, animals or things (i.e. No restrictions) Examples:- The car that Jasprit bought runs on electricity and gas. [Used for a thing] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL The musician that won the award is Indian. [Used for a person] The dog that is chasing the squirrels belongs to Brijesh. [Used for an animal] *NOTE: All, any, the only , the same, none, much, none , much, no, the little, the few, something, anything, nothing and superlative degrees are all followed by “that” only. They cannot be followed by “who” or “which” Examples:- This is the same book which you were reading. [Incorrect] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL This is the same book that you were reading. [Correct] This is the same person that I want to marry. He spent up the little amount which he had.[Incorrect] He spent up the little amount that he had. [Correct] This is the best that I can do for you. *NOTE: “Whoever” vs. “Whomever”: (1)Whoever is a subjective pronoun. It serves as a subject of a verb. Examples:- Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Whoever is hungry can have the leftover pizza. (Whoever is the subject of the verb is, like "He is hungry.") Give the package to whoever comes for it. (Whoever is the subject of the verb comes, like "He comes for it.") I am happy with whoever wins. (Whoever is the subject of the verb wins, like "He wins.") Whoever is also correct as a subject complement, with linking verbs such as is, are, and will be. Examples:- Whoever it was did not leave her name. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Whoever they are, I like their confidence. (2) Whomever is an objective pronoun. It serves as an object of a verb or a preposition. Examples:- Please invite whomever you choose. (Whomever is the object of the verb choose, like "You choose him.") Whomever Kate marries is none of our business. (Whomever is the object of the verb marries, like "Kate marries him.") I am eager to work with whomever Dale selects as my partner. (Whomever is the Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL object of the verb selects, like "Dales selects her.") RULE04: There are three types of conditional sentences: TYPE CONDITION I condition possible to fulfill II condition in theory possible to fulfill III condition not possible to fulfill Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL (too late) Let’s understand their form: TYPE IF - MAIN CLAUSE CLAUSE I Simple will-future or Present (Modal + infinitive) shall/can/may/must + V1 II Simple Past would + V1 or, Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL could/might/should + V1 III Past Perfect would + have + past participle (V3) or, could/might/should + have + past participle (V3) Examples:- If I study, I will pass the exam. [Type I] If I studied, I would pass the exam. [Type II] If I had studied, I would have passed the exam. [Type III] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL If your files are in order you may/can leave at once. If you want to lose weight you must eat less fat diet. If I lived near my metro station I would be in time for work. If I were you I would plant some saplings round the house. If we had found him earlier we could have arrested him saved the crime. Had you obeyed orders this fire accident would have been averted. *NOTE: The given rule is not applicable in the case of universal truth. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Examples:- If water reaches 100 degree celcius, it boils. [Universal truth] If you heat water, it turns into vapour. [Universal truth] RULE05: The general rule for usage of the phrase "one of the" is: “One of the + PLURAL NOUN + that/who etc. + SINGULAR/PLURAL VERB” Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL So, the noun following the phrase "one of the" is always a plural noun The RELATIVE PRONOUN (WHO/THAT/WHICH) is absolutely crucial here: (1)When the relative pronoun “who/that” is not used – i.e. if "one of the NOUNs" is actually the SUBJECT of the verb - then we use a singular verb. Examples:- There are many birds on the tree. One of the birds is red. [“One of the birds” is used as the Subject] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL (2) When the relative pronoun “who/that” is used – i.e. if "one of the NOUNs" is not actually the SUBJECT of the verb - then we use a plural verb. Examples:- (I)That is one of the birds that fly over my house at night. (II)She is one of the mothers who are really working hard to make both ends meet. In sentence (I), “that” acts as the subject for the verb "fly", and “that” in this sentence Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL refers to birds (plural noun) and thus, “fly” (plural verb) is used. In sentence (II), “who” acts as the subject for the verb "are", and “who” in this sentence refers to mothers (plural noun) and thus, “are” (plural verb) is used. (3)If the sentence follows the form, “The only one of the + PLURAL NOUN + WHO/THAT etc.”, a SINGULAR verb is required. Examples:- Rina is the only one of the girls who has ever been to India. [Singular verb] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL This is the only one of the novels which is interesting. [Singular verb] RULE06: If there is a combination of “Number + Unit + Noun” or, “Number + Unit + Adjective” in a sentence, we always use the singular form of the Unit. Examples:- He saw a ten inch snake. [Unit – Singular] She gave me two five hundred rupee notes. [Unit – Singular] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL *NOTE: If there is a combination of “Number + Unit” in a sentence, a singular Unit will be used if the sentence is not self explanatory , otherwise a plural Unit will be used if the sentence is self explanatory. Examples:- He had five dozen. [Singular Unit]{ Not self explanatory, hence we have used a singular noun} I have five rupees. [Plural Unit]{Explanatory ; hence we have used a plural noun} Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL *NOTE: In a sentence, if there is more than one Unit, Units are always arranged in ascending order. Examples:- Thousands of lakhs of students took the test. [Units arranged in ascending order] Note: Students take a test and teachers give a test. *NOTE: Use of words like “handful, glassful and fistful” as measuring units: Such units are called arbitrary units Singular Plural Handful Handfuls Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Glassful Glassfuls Fistful Fistfuls Spoonful Spoonfuls Mouthful Mouthfuls Cupful Cupfuls Examples:- He pulled out a handful of coins from his pocket. [Unit – Singular] I use two handfuls of pasta per person. [Unit – Plural] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Drink a glassful of water with this medicine. [Unit – Singular] She drank two whole glassfuls of orange juice. [Unit – Plural] He has a fistful of acting awards. [Unit – Singular] All of a sudden we just started having fistfuls of money. [Unit – Plural] RULE07: Expressions of time, money, speed, weight, height and distance, when used or covered in one way, usually take a Singular verb. However, when these expressions are used or covered in various ways, a Plural verb is used. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Examples:- (I)Ten miles needs to be covered completely on foot. [Singular verb] (II)Ten mile need to be covered partly by car and rest on foot. [Plural verb] In sentence (I), the complete distance (i.e. ten miles) has to be covered by just one means (i.e. on foot), thus a singular verb “needs” is used. In sentence (II), the complete distance (i.e. ten miles) has to be covered by two means (i.e. by car and on foot), thus a plural verb “need” is used. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL (III)Five thousand rupees is his salary. [Singular verb] (IV)Five thousand rupees were spent on food and entertainment. [Plural verb] (V)Six weeks is not long enough. [Singular verb] (VI) Five kilograms is his weight. RULE 08: Certain cases of comparisons: Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Examples:- (I)Gold is more precious than all metals. [Incorrect] (II)Gold is more precious than any other metals. [Correct] Look at the above two examples carefully; in the first sentence, “Gold” is itself a metal and is being compared with all metals which include even gold as a metal. Thus, at a point of time, the meaning of the sentence becomes – “Gold is more precious than gold”, which makes the sentence wrong. However, in the second case, gold is compared with any other metals, which Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL means gold is precious than any metal other than gold. This makes the statement meaningful and logical. (III)Diamond is more precious than all metals. [Correct] The above sentence is correct as Diamond being a non-metal is compared to all metals. (IV)Kalidasa was more famous than all English poets. [Correct] (V)Kalidasa was more famous than all poets. [Incorrect] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL In sentence (IV), Kalidasa is compared with all English poets, which is correct as Kalidasa was not an English poet. However, in sentence (V), Kalidasa is compared with all poets, which include even Kalidasa. This makes the sentence wrong or meaningless. RULE09: Prepositions of Time: “Since” and “For”. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL The words “for” and “since” are used in sentences where the speaker wants to talk about something that started in the past and continues into the present. The preposition “for” is used to talk about an amount of time or space. The amount of time could be seconds, minutes, hours, days, months or even years. The amount of time does not need to be exact. For is used for “duration” Since is used to denote “Point of start” Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL The preposition “since” is used to refer to a point of time. “Since” can refer to a point after a specific time or event in the past or, it can refer to a particular point beginning sometime in the past and continuing until the present time. The particular point in time could be anything – last Tuesday, 2008 or midnight. Examples:- He has been here for 6 months and still cannot speak a word of German. [for + a period of time] I've only known her since the beginning of last week. [since + a particular point in time] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL He has been learning English since childhood. *NOTE: “for” is used to specify a period of time while “since” is used to specify a particular point in time. *NOTE: Only the Perfect Tense or Perfect Continuous Tense is used before “since” and “for” when they denote time.. Examples:- It has been raining since 8 a.m. [Present Perfect Continuous Tense] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL I have had this watch since 1965. [Present Perfect Tense] *NOTE: “since” is always followed by “Simple Past” tense. Examples:- I had been waiting for him since the time I had completed my graduation. [Incorrect] I had been waiting for him since the time I completed my graduation. [Correct] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL RULE10: When two actions occurred in past, the action which happened earlier is denoted by using Past Perfect Tense and the action which happened later is denoted by using Simple Past Tense. Examples:- He had finished the work after we had met him. [Incorrect] He finished the work after we had met him. [Correct] The patient died before the doctor arrived. [Incorrect] The patient had died before the doctor arrived. [Correct] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL I finished the book after I had returned from college. RULE11: We use a Possessive Adjective (my, our, his, her, their, your) before a Gerund. Examples:- I hope you don’t mind me borrowing your car. [Incorrect] I hope you don’t mind my borrowing your car. [Correct] In the above examples, notice that the only difference is ‘me’ versus ‘my’. “My” is the possessive form of the pronoun ‘I’ or ‘me’. For example, “my book” and “my idea” are Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL possessives. The book and the idea belong to me. “Me” is the objective case of the pronoun. Thus, the second example is correct—the sentence that uses the possessive “my” because we use a possessive before a Gerund and “borrowing” is a gerund. Here “borrowing” plays the role of a noun. “Gerund” ------------> When V1+ING is used as a noun I know his reading every night has helped him pass the test. [Possessive and Gerund – focus is on reading] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL I hope you don’t mind my staying with you next week. [Possessive and Gerund – focus is on staying] My father doesn't like my going outside with Ram. RULE12: Law of Inversion: Inversion means putting the verb before the subject. It is a literary technique in which the normal order of words is reversed, generally for emphasis or special effect. Two types of Inversion: (1)Partial Inversion Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL (2)Complete Inversion Structure of Sentence (Normal Sentence): “Subject + helping verb + Main verb + …” Examples:- My students are working very hard. [Normal sentence] I have never seen such a beautiful place. [Normal sentence] In case of inversion, we start a sentence with the helping verb instead of the Subject. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Structure of Sentence (Inversion): “Helping verb + Subject + Main Verb + …” Examples:- Never have I seen such a beautiful place. [Inversion] In the given example, inversion is used to emphasize the fact that in my whole lifetime I have not seen such a beautiful place. We generally use Inversion when we begin the sentence with an Adverb. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Examples:- Rarely did he go there. [Adverb + helping verb + subject + main verb + …] Seldom have I seen such a beautiful view. [Adverb + helping verb + subject + main verb + …] Consider the above two examples, whenever we begin a sentence with an Adverb, Law of Inversion is followed, according to which Adverb will always be followed by a helping verb. And whenever the Adverb is followed by a helping verb, we call that a Partial Inversion. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL In the case of Complete Inversion, a main verb is used after the Adverb. Examples:- Here comes the King! [Adverb + main verb + …] There goes all our money! [Adverb + main verb + …] *NOTE: The case of “No sooner…than…” No sooner had I entered the class when it began to rain. [Incorrect] No sooner had I entered the class than it began to rain. [Correct] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL In the above two examples, “No sooner” is used as an Adverb which is followed by a helping verb “had”. But it is to be noted that “No sooner” always comes with “than” and not with “when”. *NOTE: Some more examples:- He never goes to temple. Neither she does. [Incorrect] He never goes to temple. Neither does she. [Correct] In the above examples, the first part of the sentence is complete. In the second part, the Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL sentence is starting with an adverb “Neither” which will follow the law of inversion. Thus, the helping verb “does” will come before the subject “she”. RULE13: Whenever we use normal places like school, college, church, bed, table, hospital, market, prison, jail, court, temple, mosque, university etc. for primary purpose (for which they are being made), the article “The” is not used before them. But when these places are used for secondary purpose, the article “The” is used before them. Examples:- Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Children go to school every day. [Primary purpose] He goes to temple. [Primary purpose] His home is just beside the temple. [Secondary purpose] We go to church on fridays. [Correct] We go to the church on fridays. [Incorrect] The politician was sent to jail. [Correct] The politician was sent to the jail.[Incorrect] *NOTE: It is important to understand the difference between primary purpose and secondary purpose. The primary purpose refers to work for which they are being made while Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL secondary purpose refers to any work other than for which are they are being made. Examples:- He goes to temple. [It means he goes there to worship] He goes to the temple. [It means he goes there to do any work other than worship] RULE14: Whenever adverbs like “No sooner”, “Hardly”, “Scarcely”, etc. are used in the beginning of a sentence, they are always followed by a helping verb. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Examples:- Hardly had I begun to speak when I was interrupted. Scarcely had we started our meal when the phone rang. No sooner had I arrived than they all started to argue. *NOTE: Note that adverbs “hardly, scarcely and barely” are always followed by “when”, while “No sooner” is followed by “than”. RULE15: Use of Reflexive Pronoun as the Object of a sentence. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL The object of a sentence is the person or thing that receives the action of the verb. It answers the question “whom” or “what”?. There are certain words which are always followed by an object: enjoy, avail, absent, pride, adjust, reconcile, acquit, amuse, resign, avenge, exert, apply, adapt, etc. When these words are not followed by an object in the sentence, we use the reflexive pronouns as their object. Examples:- (I)He enjoyed himself at the party. [Object] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL (II)She availed herself of the opportunity and thus got a promotion. [Object] (III)They enjoyed picture last evening. [Object] (IV)The former IPS officer acquitted himself effectively. (V)He absented himself from the class In the first sentence, the reflexive pronoun “himself” does the function of an object. It can be understood by finding the answer of, “He enjoyed whom?” – “himself”. Similarly, in the second sentence, the word “availed” is followed by the object “herself”. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL However, in the third example, the word “enjoyed” is followed by the object “picture”. Thus we do not need to put a reflexive pronoun as its object. *NOTE: There are certain words which are not followed by reflexive pronouns as their object: “keep, stop, turn, qualify, bathe, move, rest, hide, etc.” Examples:- He hid himself in the room. [Incorrect] He hid in the room. [Correct] She has qualified herself for the post. [Incorrect] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL She has qualified for the post. [Correct] RULE16: There are certain words which are never followed by Reflexive pronoun: hide, keep, stop, turn, shave, bathe, etc. Examples:- He hid himself in the cave and thus saved his life. [Incorrect] He hid in the cave and thus saved his life. [Correct] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL In the given examples, we cannot use the word “himself” as the word “hid” is not followed by a reflexive pronoun. RULE17: Whenever the two subjects are connected by “as well as, together with, along with, and not, in addition to, like, unlike, with, rather than, except, no less than, nothing but, more than one”, the verb agrees with the first Subject. Examples:- John, as well as Mary, wants to drop the course. [Singular verb] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Ram, as well as his friends, keeps asking me many questions. [Singular verb] The publisher, as well as the writers, has come. [Singular verb] The club members, along with his owner, were arrested. [Incorrect] The club members, along with his owner, was arrested. [Correct] He, and not his friends, are found guilty. [Incorrect] He, and not his friends, is found guilty [correct] In the given examples, the Subject prior to “as well as” is Singular, so a singular verb Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL “wants” is used. Similarly, in the second case, “Ram” is a singular Subject which requires a singular verb “keeps”. *NOTE: We follow the same rule (i.e. the verb agrees with the first Subject) when two subjects are connected by “governed by”, “accompanied by”, “but”, “besides”, “led by”, “run by”, etc. Examples:- California, along with Florida, is among the most popular US tourist destinations. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL The teachers, along with the Principal, are entering the class. [Subject is plural in this case] RULE18: Difference between Noun and Verb for similar sounding words, like (a)Advice – Noun (b)Advise – Verb (a)Practice – Noun (b)Practise – Verb (a) Belief-- Noun (b) Believe-- Verb Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Examples:- I advise you to practise a lot since practice makes a man perfect. I'm quite good at tennis but I need to practise my serve. Practice makes a man perfect He gave me a piece of advice It is my belief that my students are very talented. I believe my students. *NOTE: To locate noun in the sentence, we generally try to find the answer of ‘what’, ‘who’, or ‘whom’. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL RULE19: There are three cases of pronouns The Subject Objecti Possessi Possessi cases of ive ve ve ve Persona Pronou Pronou Adjecti pronou l ns ns ves ns Pronou n First I Me My Mine person we us our ours Second You you your yours person Third She Her Her Hers person He Him His His It It Its --- Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL They them their theirs Comparisons are usually done between the same things. So whenever we compare, we compare Subjective case to Subjective case and Objective case to objective case. Examples:- 1.My parents scold me more than he. [Correct] 2.My parents scold me more than him. [Correct] 3.She is taller than me [INCORRECT] 4.She is taller than I[Correct] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Consider the above examples; in the first case, the subjective case “my parents” is compared with the subjective case “he”. If we elaborate the meaning of the sentence, it would be – “My parents scold me more than he does.” In the second case, the objective case “me” is compared with the objective case “him”. If we elaborate the meaning of the sentence, it would be – “My parents scold me more than they scold him.” Both sentences 1 and 2 are correct but they have different meanings. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL She likes chocolates more than me. [Incorrect] She likes chocolates more than I. [Correct] In the first sentence, we cannot compare “chocolates” with the objective case “me”. Chocolates cannot be compared with a person. So “me” is wrong However, the second sentence compares a subjective case with another subjective case. She is compared to I Hence it is correct. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL He is as tall as I. [Correct] He speaks more frequently than she[Correct] In the above examples, there is no object, so we cannot use an objective case. RULE20: Who vs. Whom? “Who” is used as a subjective pronoun, and “Whom” is used as an objective pronoun. That simply means that “who” is always as a subject to a verb, and that “whom” is always working as an object in a sentence. As simple and important as that distinction is, many Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL people have difficulty deciding on the proper usage of “who” and “whom” in sentences. To clear this doubt, simply substitute the personal pronoun “he/him” or “she/her” for “who/whom.” If he or she would be the correct form, the proper choice is “who”. If “him” or “her” would be correct, use “whom.” Examples:- Mrs. Dixit consulted an astrologer whom she met in Sonpur. [She met him in Sonpur.] Jack is the man whom I went fishing with last spring. [I went fishing with him.] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Jyoti is the girl who got the job. [She got the job.] Whom can we turn to in a time of crisis? [Can we turn to her?] The delegates differed as to who they thought might win. [Not “whom”. Here the entire clause is the object of the preposition. Substitution is particularly helpful in cases such as this. They thought he might win.] Some more examples:- She is one of the professors who I think is a mathematician. He is the man whom everyone admires. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL She met the people who they say are helping all aspirants. They hired the man whom we interviewed last week. RULE21: Certain words like “separation, excuse, mention, favour, pardon, leave, report, sight, etc.” do not take Possessive case before them. Examples:- Your separation pains me a lot and I become sad. [Incorrect] Separation from you pains me a lot and I become sad. [Correct] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Consider the above two examples; in the first case, we cannot use “your” with “separation” as “your” is a Possessive Adjective. However, the first sentence can be rewritten to make it grammatically feasible without altering its meaning, as can be seen in the second sentence. I want your favour, will you please help me? [Incorrect] I want favour from you, will you please help me? [Correct] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL The first sentence is grammatically incorrect as we cannot use “your favour”. However it can be written as “favour from you”, as in the second sentence. His mention in the story received great applause from audience. [Incorrect] Mention of him in the story received great applause from audience. [Correct] The first sentence is grammatically incorrect as we cannot use “His mention” as “his” is also a Possessive Adjective. However, the first sentence can be rewritten to make it grammatically correct without Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL altering its meaning, as can be seen in the second sentence. At his sight the robbers fled. [Incorrect] At the sight of him, the robbers fled. [Correct] *NOTE: Possessive Case: your, his, her, my, their, our, its, etc. RULE22: We use “each other” and “one another” to show that each person in a group of two or more people does something to the others. There is very little difference between each other and one another. “Each other” is Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL generally used for two people while “one another” is used for more than two people. Examples:- All citizens should love each other. [Incorrect] All citizens should love one other. [Correct] In the first sentence, “all citizens” refer to more than two people. So, “each other” should be replaced by “one another”, as in the case of second sentence. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Peter and Mary helped each other. [Peter helped Mary and Mary helped Peter] We sent one other Christmas cards. [We sent them a Christmas card and they sent us a Christmas card] *NOTE: Difference between “other” and “another”: Other is an adjective meaning 'different' or 'the second of two items'. Other can be used with singular or plural nouns. Other can also be a pronoun to refer to things or people. The plural form is others. However, When we use ‘an’ before ‘other’, we write it as one word: another. It means Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL 'additional' or 'one more'. Another can be used before a plural noun when that noun is preceded by a number, or words/phrases such as a couple of, few etc. Examples:- Some children learn quickly but other children need more time. Have you got any other questions? Only half of the guests have arrived. Where are the others? [Plural] This cake is delicious. Could I have another slice please? The investigation will take another two weeks/couple of weeks. [Plural] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL This place isn’t great. Is there another place we could go to? [Another can also mean ‘an alternative’ or ‘different’] RULE23: The use of “Seldom or never”: The word “Seldom” is an Adverb and when a sentence begins with “seldom”, the law of inversion will be followed. Examples:- (I)Seldom or never he comes to my house. [Incorrect] (II)Seldom or ever he comes to my house. [Incorrect] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL (III)Seldom, if ever does he come to my house. [Correct] (IV)Seldom or never does he come to my house. [Correct] *NOTE: We can either use “Seldom or never” or “Seldom, if ever”, but we cannot use “Seldom or ever”. *NOTE: The use of phrase “Little or nothing”: The phrase “Little or nothing” means “Hardly anything”. In this case also, we can either use “Little or nothing” or “Little, if everything”, but we cannot use “Little or everything”. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Examples:- I can find little or nothing on this table. [Correct] I can find little, if anything on this table [Correct] I can find little if nothing on this table. [Incorrect] I can find little or anything on this table. [Incorrect] RULE24: Whenever we use “very” with Superlative degree, article “the” is always used before “very” i.e. “the very superlative”. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL “Very” modifies present participle used as adjective, adverb and adjective in positive degree. Eg. It is a very interesting novel. However, when we use “much” with Superlative degree, article “the” is used before the superlative i.e. “much the superlative”. “Much” is used with comparative degree and past participle. Eg. He is much interested. He is much smarter. Examples:- Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL He is the much best student of my class. [Incorrect] He is very the best student of my class. [Incorrect] He is the very best student of my class. [Correct]{ It means really} He is much the best student of my class. [Correct]{It means decidedly} He is much smarter than all other students. [Correct] I was very exhausted after the match. [Correct] RULE25: The use of “Enough”: “Enough” plays the role of both Adverb and Adjective. When it is used as an Adverb, it Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group. When it is used as an Adjective, it qualifies a noun or a pronoun. When “enough” plays the role of an Adjective, “enough” is placed before the noun or pronoun i.e. “enough noun”. When “enough” plays the role of an Adverb, “enough” is placed after the adjective i.e. “adjective enough”. Examples:- He has enough sugar. [Used as an Adjective] She is smart enough. [Used as an Adverb] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL On neither of those trips was there enough sun to get any decent photographs. [Used as an Adjective] Test reports indicate that it develops enough power for the job and is flexible. [Used as an Adjective] You are not big enough for basketball. [Used as an Adverb] A landing between the ground and first floors is ample enough to be used as a study. [Used as an Adverb] RULE26: The use of Adverb “as”: Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL “as” can be used as an adverb with these given words – “treat, define, regard, describe, respect,depict, portray,view, know, etc.” However, “as” cannot be used as an adverb with these two words – “elect, name, think, consider, call, make, choose, appoint, etc.” Examples:- Biology is defined as the science of living beings. He is regarded as God in India. She described Gary as shy. His latest film is described as a 'romantic comedy'. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL She is treated as a child. She was elected Chair of the Board of Governors. He has just been appointed director of the publishing division. He thinks her a fool. The teacher called him stupid. RULE27: The use of Conjunction “although”: “Although”, meaning “in spite of something”, is a subordinating conjunction. This means that the clause which it introduces is a subordinate clause, which needs a main clause to make it complete. Sometimes Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL “although” as a subordinate clause may take “yet” in the main clause. However, “although” as a subordinate clause never takes “but” in the main clause. Yet is optional. It can or cannot be used. Examples:- Although she is rich, she thinks twice before spending a penny. [Correct] Although she is rich, yet she thinks twice before spending a penny. [Correct] Although she is rich, but she thinks twice before spending a penny. [Incorrect] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL RULE28: There are certain verbs which do not exist in “-ing” form. These are: POSSESSI PERCEPTI FEELING ON ON Own See Love Belong Smell Know Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Have Taste Think Include Hear Hate Possess Feel Want Owe Appear Need Contain Seem Desire Compromis Resemble Wish e Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Notice Like Consist Examples:- I am owning a car. [Incorrect] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL I own a car. [Correct] I am loving it. [Incorrect] I love it. [Correct] This sauce is tasting strange. [Incorrect] This sauce tastes strange. [Correct] This perfume is smelling like roses. [Incorrect] This perfume smells like roses. [Correct] She has always been hating jazz. [Incorrect] She has always hated jazz. [Correct] All the luggage is belonging to me. [Incorrect] All the luggage belongs to me. [Correct] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL *NOTE: Sometimes the word “loving” is used as an adjective, which should not be confused with a verb. Examples:- He is a very loving person. [Used as an Adjective] He described his work in loving detail. [Used as an Adjective] *NOTE: When “have” is used in the sense of possession or belongingness or ownership, we cannot use “having”. However, apart from this, we can use “having” as perfect participle or in other cases. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Examples:- (I)I am having a book. [Incorrect] (II)I have a book. [Correct] (III)I am having lunch now. [Correct] (IV)Having done the work, he went to play. [Correct] In sentence (I), “have” denotes possession, so we cannot use “having” and it should be replaced by “have” as rightly done in sentence (II). In sentences (III) and (IV), “have” is not used in the sense of possession or belongingness or Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL ownership, thus “having” is correctly used in these two sentences. RULE29: There are certain words which are always used in Perfect Tense: “ever, never, yet, already, now, just now, until, now, always, occasionally, often, lately, recently, so far, upto now, upto the present” Examples:- The concert had already begun by the time we arrived. [Correct] I went to Paris last summer. Have you ever been there? [Correct] I have not spoken to her yet. [Correct] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL He has gone just now. [Correct] He went there already. [Incorrect] He had gone there already. [Correct] Aman completed his work upto now. [Incorrect] Aman has not completed his work upto now. [Correct] The train already left. [Incorrect] The train has already left. [Correct] RULE30: Subject-Verb Agreement with Collective Nouns: Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL When a collective noun denotes that the whole group is working together on the same task, we use a singular verb. Examples:- The audience is watching the movie. [every audience is watching together] The army is marching towards the Himalayas. [whole army (personnel) is moving together] The jury is taking a decision. [all the members of the jury is taking decision together] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL When a collective noun denotes that the whole group is working on different tasks, we use a plural verb. Examples:- The audience are taking the seats. The army are changing their dresses. The jury are divided in their opinion. *NOTE: Words like “police, vermin, cattle,clergy,gentry,poultry,folk,peasantry, people, infantry, cavalry, etc.” are “plural nouns” and not “collective nouns”. Plural noun always takes a plural verb. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL So these words always take plural verbs. Examples:- The police are investigating the case. Cattle are wandering in the farm. People want to attain all worldly pleasures.. *NOTE: Sometimes the word “people” is used in the meaning of “a country” instead of “persons”, in that case we use a singular verb.Peoples means countries or people belonging to different nationalities. “Peoples” in that case is correct. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL RULE31: There are certain words which are always followed by the preposition “to”. These are: Prefer Superior Inferior Injurious Junior Ancillary Addicted Senior Exterior Known Ulterior Posterior Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL *NOTE: Any word suffixed with “-ior” will always be followed by the preposition “to”. Examples:- For babies, breastfeeding is superior to bottle-feeding. Too much alcohol is injurious to your health. Would you prefer to pay by cash, cheque, or credit card? They promoted a man who was junior to me and made him my boss. Paragraph 19 was merely ancillary to paragraph 16. I prefer tea to coffee. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL *NOTE: The words “marry” and “known” are always followed by the preposition “to” in the Passive voice. Examples:- Rama is married to Sita. I am known to him. I am known by him.--------> Incorrect RULE32: The use of phrase “as… as” and “so… as”: These blanks are filled up with the adjectives of positive degree. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Examples:- If we pass on the information, he's as good as dead. I'm not so desperate as to agree to that. *NOTE: “as… as” can be used to denote both positive and negative sentences while “so… as” can only be used only to denote negative sentences. Examples:- He is as good as Ram. [Correct] He is not as good as Ram. [Correct] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL He is not so good as Ram. [Correct] He is so good as Ram. [Incorrect] RULE33: In a sentence depicting comparison, whenever the word “times” comes up, it is never followed by a comparative degree. Examples:- (I)This book is three times larger than that book. [Incorrect] (II)This book is three times heavier than that book. [Incorrect] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL (III)It is twice cheaper than that. [Correct]{Times is not written , hence it is correct} (IV)This book is three times as large as that book. [Correct] (V)It is twice costlier than that. [Correct] (VI)It is two times as costly as that. [Correct] In sentence (I), the word “times” and the comparative degree “larger” cannot be used together. The sentence should be rewritten either as sentence (IV) to make it grammatically correct. In sentences (III) and (V), there is no use of the word “times” and thus we can use the Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL comparative degree to bring up the comparisons. RULE34: Some common errors of NARRATION: Indirect Speech is always a statement. Structure of a statement Subject + Helping Verb + Main Verb +............. Structure of a question Wh word + Helping verb + Subject + Main Verb +............... Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Hence a helping verb comes after a subject in the case of a statement and before a subject in the case of a question. Examples:- He asked me where are you going. [Incorrect] He asked me where I was going. [Correct] He asked me what was my name. [Incorrect] He asked me what my name was. [Correct] She says that she is a little bit nervous. [Direct speech was an Assertive sentence] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL The teacher ordered me to shut the door. [Direct speech was an Imperative sentence] He exclaimed with great joy that he had won the match. [Direct speech was an Exclamatory sentence] We asked him if he was ill. [Direct speech was an Interrogative sentence] He prayed that I might live long. [Direct speech was an Optative sentence] She wished she had been rich. [Direct speech was an Optative sentence] But, all the indirect speeches are always statements. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL RULE35: If two subjects are connected by the words "or," "nor," "neither/nor," "either/or," or "not only/but also", we use the verb according to the nearest subject. Examples:- Either the bears or the lion has escaped from the zoo. [Nearest subject “lion” is singular] Neither the lion nor the bears have escaped from the zoo. [Nearest subject “bears” is plural] Not only the teachers but also the Principal is happy. [Nearest subject “Principal” is singular] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Not only dogs but also cats are available at the animal shelter. [Nearest subject “cats” is plural] RULE36: Comparison between two qualities of an object: Whenever two qualities of an object are compared, we always use the word “more”. We don’t use comparative degree in that case. Examples:- This pen is redder than white. [Incorrect] This book is heavier than larger. [Incorrect] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL This shirt is more white than red. [Correct] This umbrella is more beautiful than strong. [Correct] RULE37: Whenever “more than one” or “many a” is used to quantify a noun, it is always followed by a singular noun and a singular verb. And whenever “Many, A good many, A great many” are used to quantify a noun, they are always followed by a plural noun and a plural verb. Example:- A great many devotees are protesting to build ram mandir. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Many tigers are missing from the national park. Structure: More than one + singular noun + singular verb Many a + singular noun + singular verb A great many + plural noun + plural verb A good many + plural noun + plural verb Examples:- More than one student is absent today. [Singular verb] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Many a student is absent today. [Singular verb] *NOTE: Also consider the following examples: One student is absent today. [Singular verb] A great many students are absent today. [Plural verb] Many students are absent today. [Plural verb] RULE38: Whenever we get the word “doubt” or “doubtful” in a sentence, we use the Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL connector either “if” or “whether”. However, in case we get the words “no doubt” and “not doubtful”, we use the connector “that”. Examples:- I have no doubt whether it will rain or not. [Incorrect] I have no doubt that it will rain or not. [Correct] There is a doubt that he goes there or not. [Incorrect] There is a doubt whether he goes there or not. [Correct] He has no doubt if Shyam is his best friend. [Incorrect] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL He has no doubt that Shyam is his best friend. [Correct] RULE39: NARRATION, Sequence of Tenses: The tense of the verb does not change even if the Reporting verb is in past tense for the following cases: (1)Universal truth: Examples:- (I)He told me that honey was sweet. [Incorrect] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL (II)He told me that honey is sweet. [Correct] (III)He told me that the honey is sweet. [Incorrect] (IV)He told me that the honey was sweet. [Correct] In sentence (I), the sentence is incorrect because “honey is sweet” is a universal truth and should be written in Simple Present Tense in indirect speech as well. This makes the statement (II) correct. In sentence (III), the sentence is incorrect because “the honey is sweet” is not a universal truth as “the honey” denotes a particular type of honey. Thus, the indirect Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL statement should follow the tense form of main clause as correctly done in statement (IV). *NOTE: Sequence of Tenses suggests that if the principal clause of the sentence is in Past Tense, subordinate clause will also be in the Past Tense. (2)Historical Facts: Examples:- The teacher said, “Kalidas is the Shakespeare of India.” [Direct Speech] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL The teacher said that Kalidas is the Shakespeare of India. [Indirect Speech] (3)Proverbs: Examples:- Rohit said, “Where there is a will there is a way.” [Direct Speech] Rohit said that where there is a will there is a way. [Indirect Speech] (4)Habitual Facts: Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Examples:- He said, “I snooze my alarm every day.” [Direct Speech] He said that he snoozes his alarm every day. [Indirect Speech] RULE40: Use of little, the little and a little: We use these quantifiers with uncountable nouns according to their following meanings: (1)Little: Hardly any (2)A little: Some but not much (3)The little: All that is available Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Examples:- I cannot make tea since there is little milk. [Hardly any milk] A little knowledge is dangerous. [ Some but not much] He utilized the little water that was available. [ All that is available] *NOTE: Use of few, a few and the few: We use these quantifiers with countable nouns according to their following meanings: (1)Few: Hardly any (2)A few: Some but not many (It has a positive meaning) Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL (3)The few: All that are available Examples:- Few members attended the meeting. [Hardly any member attended the meeting.] There were a few members present. [Some members were present.] He lost the few friends he had. [All those he had] *NOTE: Use of some and any: The general rule is that “any” is used for questions and negative sentences while “some” is used for positive sentences. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Both may be used with countable and uncountable nouns. Examples:- Do we need any rice? No, we don’t need any rice. We have some rice in the cupboard. Would you like some water? May I have some more chocolate? But in some cases “Some” is used with interrogative sentences Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL When we know that the answer will be yes, we can use “some”. Eg. Do you have some water??? It is correct because we know already that the answer will be yes. RULE41: Objective Case of the pronoun comes after the Preposition. SUBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE CASE CASE I me Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL We us You you They them He him She her It it Examples:- None but he is going to the party. [Incorrect] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL None but him is going to the party. [Correct] All except he liked the performance. [Incorrect] All except him liked the performance. [Correct] In the first sentence, “but” plays the role of preposition, so it must be followed by a pronoun of objective case. Similarly, “except” in the third sentence is a preposition which should be followed by the pronoun of objective case. *NOTE: “But” plays the role of both “Conjunction” and “Preposition”. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Verb is also followed by the pronoun of Objective case. Examples:- Let him do that work. [“Let” acts as a verb here] They agreed to let us live there rent- free. [“Let” acts as a verb here] Some more examples:- Ram as well as he is going to the party. [Correct] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL There is good friendship between you and him. [Correct] It is to be noted that in the first sentence, “as well as” is not used as a preposition, so the subjective case “he” is correctly used. In the second sentence, “between” is a preposition so objective case is used after it. RULE42: (1) In case of pronouns as the Subject, when all the three persons are used as the Subject of the sentence and are connected by ‘and’, the sequence of 231 of the Pronouns is followed if they give a Positive Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Sense to the sentence and a plural verb is used. We use 2nd person, then 3rd person is used and finally 1st person is used. 1 Speaker I First Person 2 Listener You Second Person 3 Non Active He Third Person Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Examples:- You, he and I are good friends. [the sequence of 231 of the pronouns] (2) In case of pronouns as the Subject, when only two persons are used as the Subject of the sentence and are connected by ‘and’, the sequence of (2,3); (2,1); (3,1) of the Pronouns is followed if they give a Positive Sense to the sentence and a plural verb is used. Examples:- You and she are good friends. [the sequence of (2,3) of the pronouns] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL You and I are playing chess. [the sequence of (2,1) of the pronouns] He and I were watching T.V. [the sequence of (3,1) of the pronouns] (3) In case of pronouns as the Subject, when all the three persons are used as the Subject of the sentence and are connected by ‘and’, the sequence of 123 of the Pronouns is followed if they give a Negative Sense to the sentence and a plural verb is used.They generally talk about some mistake,blame or guilt. Examples:- Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL I, you and he are guilty. [the sequence of 123 of the pronouns] I, you and he are robbers. [the sequence of 123 of the pronouns] (4) In case of pronouns as the Subject, when only two persons are used as the Subject of the sentence and are connected by ‘and’, the sequence of (1,2); (2,3); (1,3) of the Pronouns is followed if they give a Negative Sense to the sentence and a plural verb is used. Examples:- I and you have committed a crime. [the sequence of (1,2) of the pronouns] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL You and he are sinners. [the sequence of (2,3) of the pronouns] I and he were guilty. [the sequence of (1,3) of the pronouns] If all the pronouns are plural , we use the order 123 in all cases. We, you and they are going to watch a movie. RULE43: Some Superfluousness Errors: Superfluousness means that more than required is given in the sentence. It means extra. Consider these examples:- Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL (I)India broke all previous records in today’s match. [Incorrect] The above sentence is Superfluous as “records” always specifies “previous”. Using them together makes the statement superfluous. It should be rewritten as – India broke all records in today’s match. [Correct] (II)I want wet water. [Incorrect] Water is already wet and we all know it. Hence this sentence contains extra words and superfluousness error is there. I want water. [Correct] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL In the above example, “water” is always “wet”, so we cannot use these two words together as it will give us the superfluous meaning. (III) Suppose if you won the Oscar, what would you do? [Incorrect] Suppose you won the Oscar, what would you do? [Correct] In the above example, the usage of 'if' with 'suppose' is superfluous. Hence, either 'suppose' or 'if' should be used. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL *NOTE: Use of “supposing if”: “If” is not needed with “supposing”. It's a wrong usage. Use only “supposing”. (IV) The army retreated back from the conflict zone in Kashmir. [Incorrect] The army retreated from the conflict zone in Kashmir. [Correct] Again in the above example, 'back' won't be used here. 'Retreat' itself means – to withdraw, retire etc. We use only “retreat”. (V) The sage was reborn again in Vijayanagara. [Incorrect] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL The sage was reborn in Vijayanagara. [Correct] *NOTE: Never use 'again' after verbs like – Rebirth/Reborn/rebuild/regain/reiterate/recast etc. (VI) Manu is equally as good as Sharma. [Incorrect] Manu and Sharma are equally good. [Correct] Manu is as good as Sharma. [Correct] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL In the above example, the usage of 'as' should strictly be discarded. Use only 'equally' or 'as good as' separately. (VII) The manager and the chairman decided on a mutual agreement on profit. [Incorrect] The manager and the chairman decided on an agreement on profit. [Correct] In this case the usage of 'mutual' is wrong. Hence, use only 'agreement'. “Agreement” is always mutual. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL *NOTE: 'Mutual friend' is wrong to say. Instead we can say 'common friend'. Likewise, we should say – 'common interest' instead 'mutual interest'. (VIII) She forbade me not to leave her alone. [Incorrect] She forbade me to leave her alone. [Correct] In the above example, ‘Not' is never used after until/unless/forbid/prohibit/prevent/dissuade/d eny/refuse/lest. (IX) He's a coward man/person. [Incorrect] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL He is a coward. [Correct] The usage of 'coward man' is wrong because ‘coward’ itself means a person who lacks courage. Hence, the use of 'man' is illogical. (X) She left the house with bag and baggage. [Incorrect] She left the house, bag and baggage. [Correct] 'Bag and baggage' is an idiom which means 'with all belongings'. Hence, using ‘with’ with the idiom is wrong. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL (XI) Passing marks are thirty three. [Incorrect] Pass marks are thirty three. [Correct] The usage of 'passing marks'/'linking language'/'linking network'/'dressing sense’ is wrong. Instead, we should use 'pass marks'/'link language'/'link network'/'dress sense'. (XII) I suddenly came across him on the train. [Incorrect] I came across him on the train. [Correct] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL In the above example, Omit 'suddenly' as 'come across' means to meet suddenly. Some more superfluous errors: (1)final destination. [Destination is always final] (2)rough estimate. [Estimate is always rough] (3)rough approximation. [Approximation is always rough; not exact] (4)past history. [History is always past] (5)return back. [Return itself means come back] (6)coming future. [Future is always coming] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL (7)reason because. [Reason itself means cause so] (8)consensus opinion. [Consensus itself means collective opinion or agreement] (9)final conclusion. [Conclusion is always final] (10)Funeral service. [Funeral itself a ceremony and service] *NOTE: “enter into” is also an example of superfluous error. However, when “enter into” is used as a phrasal verb, it means “investigation”. RULE44: Use of Apostrophe (‘s): Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Apostrophe (‘s) is not used with non-living things. Examples:- Table’s legs. [Incorrect] Door’s bolt. [Incorrect] Pen’s ink. [Incorrect] Book’s page. [Incorrect] Chair’s legs. [Incorrect] These can be rewritten as: Legs of the table. [Correct] Bolt of the door. [Correct] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Ink of the pen. [Correct] Page of the book. [Correct] Legs of the chair. [Correct] *NOTE: There are some exceptions to this rule. When we talk about time, weight,distance,place, idiom, unit, personification, or heavenly body, we can use Apostrophe (‘s) with them. Examples:- One week’s vacation. [Correct] Four dollars’ worth. [Correct] Today's date. [Correct] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL The ship's bells. [Correct] The city's parks. [Correct] Malaysia's land. [Correct] Nature’s call [Correct] At stone’s throw[ Correct] *NOTE: The following pronouns are already possessive and do not require apostrophes: yours, ours, its, theirs, his, hers, and whose. RULE45: Whenever a point of time in the past is mentioned in the sentence (i.e. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL yesterday, 10 days ago, etc.), we always use “Simple Past” tense. Examples:- I have gone to the market yesterday to purchase a car. [Incorrect] I went to the market yesterday to purchase a car. [Correct] The company's shares have dived by 90p to 165p on the stock market last week. [Incorrect] The company's shares dived by 90p to 165p on the stock market last week. [Correct] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL RULE46: There are certain words like “unique, excellent, perfect, ideal, entire, complete, etc.” which are never used with “most”. The table is as follows chief round uniqu total whole singul e ar Recta squar excelle Spher extre annua ngula e nt ical me l r golde deaf blind right Empt circul n y ar Wron impos perfec Entire extern ideal g sible t al solar Perfec Comp Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL t lete Examples:- He is the most excellent student. [Incorrect] He is an excellent student. [Correct] This is the most unique product of our company. [Incorrect] This is a unique product of our company. [Correct] He is completely perfect. [Incorrect] He is perfect. [Correct] I think you’re the most perfect person I’ve ever met. [Correct] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL RULE47: Words like “Quite” and “all” are never used together in a sentence. Examples:- He is quite all well. [Incorrect] He is quite well. [Correct] He has done quite all the work. [Incorrect] He has done all the work. [Correct] *NOTE: Do not get confused with the similar sounding words like “Quiet” and “Quite”. Quiet is a Noun which means the state of being silent. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Quite is an Adverb which means completely. RULE48: Determination of tense based on words like “ago” and “before”: We generally use Simple Past Tense when the word “ago” is mentioned in the sentence. In the case of “before”, we use Past Perfect Tense. Examples:- He had gone two seconds ago. [Incorrect] He went two seconds ago. [Correct] She had submitted the work five hours ago. [Incorrect] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL She submitted the work five hours ago. [Correct] The patient died before the doctor came. [Incorrect] The patient had died before the doctor came. [Correct] In the last sentence, two actions have happened in the past, so for the earlier action we use “had + V3” and for the latter action we use “V2”. RULE49: Use of Possessive sign: (1)Common Possession: When two nouns are closely connected or implying the common Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL possession, the possessive sign is put to the latter(last one). Examples:- 1.Ram and Shyam’s car is being decorated for Balram’s marriage. [Correct] 2.Ram and Shyam’s cars are being decorated for Balram’s marriage. [Correct] Both the sentences are correct In the first sentence, there is one car which belongs to both Ram and Shyam [Common Possession] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL In the second sentence, there is more than one car which belongs to both Ram and Shyam [Common Possession] (2)Split Possession: Each of two or more connected nouns implying separate possession must take the possessive sign. Examples:- Ram’s and Shyam’s car is being decorated for Balram’s marriage. [Incorrect] Ram’s and Shyam’s cars are being decorated for Balram’s marriage. [Correct] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL In the above examples, the possessive sign with each subject denotes that at least two cars are being decorated one of Ram and other of Shyam (i.e. Ram’s car and Shyam’s car), so a plural noun “cars” is used and it will take a plural verb. RULE50: Some common errors of Possession: We often make mistake by using “it’s” in place of “its”. Both these terms have separate meanings. “It’s” denotes “It is”, while “its” denotes possession. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Examples:- The child is carrying it’s book. [Incorrect] The child is carrying its book. [Correct] Its called a miracle. [Incorrect] It’s called a miracle. [Correct] RULE51: Rule for using “A number of” and “The number of”: We use the following structures with these two: “A number of + Plural Noun + Plural Verb” “The number of + Plural Noun + Singular Verb” Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Similar rule is there for “A variety of” and “The variety of” Examples:- A number of students are waiting here. The number of students is fifty. A number of tickets were sold almost immediately. The number of employees taking legal action over work-related disease is increasing. RULE52: Use of the phrase “It is time” , “It is high time” or “It is about time”: Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL With the phrases like “It is time” and “It is high time”, we follow either of the two conditions: (1)The phrase should be followed by “to + V1” if there is no Subject attached to it. Examples:- It is time to work hard. It is time to ask for a raise. (2)If the phrase is directly followed by a Subject, we use the verb form “V2” (past tense) after the subject. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Examples:- It is time he worked hard. [followed by the subject “he”] Gosh! It’s almost midnight. It is time we went home. [followed by the subject “we”] *NOTE: We use the expression “it’s time + subject + past verb form” to refer to the present moment. RULE53: Use of preposition with the word “Angry”: Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL (1)We use the preposition “with” with “angry” whenever we refer a person or living thing for the purpose. Examples:- I got really angry with her. I am angry with Shyam because he did not go to the class. (2)We use the preposition “at” with “angry” whenever we refer something other than person or living thing. Examples:- Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL The local residents were angry at the lack of parking spaces. They are angry at the way they have been treated. *NOTE: We follow the same rule with word “Annoy”. RULE54: Whenever the word “know” is used in a sentence, it is not directly followed by the infinitive “to”. We use the words like “how, when, why, where, etc.” to make the sentence grammatically feasible. Examples:- Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL I do not know what all the fuss is about. I do not know how to make tea; hence you should help me out. I don't know to make tea [Incorrect] Do you know where the Post Office is? RULE55: The adverb “else” is always followed by “but” while the adverbs “other, and rather” are always followed by “than”. Examples:- It is nothing else but mere foolishness. Everybody else has agreed but you. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL He met no other person than Ram. I think I would rather stay at home this evening than go out. RULE56: The words like “sort, type, kind, etc.” are always followed by a Singular verb. Examples:- This type of articles is sold in the market. This sort of camera is very expensive. Any kind of racism is abhorrent to me. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL RULE57: Use of the prepositions “in”, “Inside” and “into”: (1)The preposition “inside” implies “movement”. Whenever we move from outside to inside, we use “inside”. Examples:- I came inside the class. He tried to get inside her mind. *NOTE: “Inside out” is completely different from “In” and “Inside”. It means if something is inside out, it has the usual inside part on the outside and the usual outside part on the inside. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL There is one more meaning of “Inside out” which is “completely” Examples:- I know my husband inside out. [completely] She had her sweater on inside out. (2)The preposition “in” implies “static”. Whenever something referred is already inside, we use “in”. Examples:- Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL I am in the class. The chlorine in the pool makes my eyes sore. (3)The preposition “into” implies “coming toward something”. Whenever we move to a position in or inside something, we use “into”. It is also used to show a change in state. Examples:- Come into the house. He threw the letter into the fire. Can you translate this passage into German? The fruit can be made into jam. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL He jumped into the well. She wove her ideas into a story. RULE58: Use of the prepositions “with” and “by”. (1)We use “with” when we refer non-living things. Examples:- We write with a pen. [Pen being a non- living thing] She wiped her lipstick off with a tissue. [Tissue being a non-living thing] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL He hit the dog with a stick. [Stick being a non- living thing] (2) We use “by” when we refer living things. Examples:- The motorcycle was driven by a tiny bald man. The book was translated by a well-known author. Any painting by Van Gogh is worth a fortune. *NOTE: Whenever we talk about “watch”, we use “by”. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL What is the time by your watch? [ In your watch in incorrect] Examples:- She had promised to be back by five o'clock. [referring time] I have got to be home by seven. [referring time] RULE59: We do not use the preposition “from” with the word “start”. Examples:- My exams start from Monday. [Incorrect] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL My exams start on Monday. [Correct] In the first sentence, the preposition “from” gives the meaning that my exams will start on Monday, it will again start on Tuesday and it will continue doing so. Thus, an event started once cannot start again and again. To avoid this error, we use the correct preposition “on” which implies that event has started on Monday only. Some more examples:- He will start his preparation from Monday. [Incorrect] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL He will start his preparation on Monday. [Correct] However, we can rewrite this sentence using “from” this way:- He will prepare for the exams from Monday. [Correct] *NOTE: “from” implies continuation. RULE60: In a general case of infinitive we always use the form “To + V1”. But in certain special cases, we use the form “To + V1+ing”. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL There are certain words which always follow “To + V1+ing” form:- (1)be + used + to + V1+ing (2)accustomed to + V1+ing (3)addicted to + V1+ing (4)with a view to + V1+ing (5)look forward to + V1+ing (6)given to + V1+ing (7)prone to + V1+ing (8)devoted to + V1+ing (9)in addition to + V1+ing (10)confess to (11)disposed to Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL (12)come to Examples:- She was given to staying in bed till lunchtime. These measures have been taken with a view to increasing the company's profits. I look forward to hearing from you. He is rather prone to making tactless remarks. She has devoted herself to getting justice for her son. I am not accustomed to being treated like this. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL *NOTE: When we use the form “V1+ing” as a noun, it is called Gerund. RULE61: The choice between the two indefinite articles – ‘a’ & ‘an’ – is determined by sound. Words beginning with consonant sounds are preceded by ‘a’ and words beginning with vowel sounds are preceded by ‘an’. Vowels – a, e, i, o, and u Consonants – b, c, d, f, … z Examples:- An NCC cadet. [Vowel sounding word] Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL A UNICEF participating nation. [Consonant sounding word] An umbrella. [Vowel sounding word] An M. Tech. graduate. [Vowel sounding word] A utensil. [Consonant sounding word] A university. [Consonant sounding word] A unicorn. [Consonant sounding word] A year. [exception][With every word that starts with “y” and “w” we use article “a”] A European university A Universit y A Uniform Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL A one-rupee note A Union A one-eyed girl A unanimous decision. RULE62: Usage of definite ARTICLE “The”: (1)Series of Mountains, Bays/Gulfs,Group of islands, Canals, Aeroplanes, Ships, Planes, Religious books, Government branches, Armed forces, Names of Deserts,Political parties, Musical instrument, Rivers, Oceans, Seas, and things which are “unique” in themselves: These nouns are always preceded by a definite article “The”. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Examples:- The Sahara. [Name of Desert] The Pacific. [Name of Ocean] The Nile. [Name of river] The Coral sea. [Name of sea] The Himalayas. [Name of mountain range] The Guitar [Musical Instrument] One important point to note is that Names of mountain ranges are preceded by article “THE” but mountains peaks are never preceded by article “the” Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL The Himalayas is correct but the Mount Everest is wrong. We only use “Everest” (2)Names of Newspaper: These nouns are always preceded by a definite article “The”. Examples:- The Times of India. The Hindu. The Indian Express. (3)Names of Countries (Only the ones which are written in Abbreviated forms): These Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL nouns are always preceded by a definite article “The”. Examples:- The USA. The UK. The UAE. The USSR. (4)Superlative Degree: The nouns of superlative degree are always preceded by a definite article “The”. Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL Examples:- The best book. The darkest cloud. (5)Comparative Case: “The” is used in two cases: CASE 1: The higher you go, the cooler it is. The faster you walk, the sooner you reach. The more sugar you put in the dish, the sweeter it is. CASE2: He is the better of the two. She is the poorer of the two women Use code: “NBLIVE” to avail 10% off on unacademy plus subscription. FOR ANY QUERY CALL OR WHATSAPP AT 9953592800.. ENGLISH WITH NIMISHA BANSAL He is the better candidate of the two for the job (6)Metaphor: Sometimes “the” is used before a metaphor. In case of a metaphor one thing is treated as another thing. Examples:- He is the Mahatma Gandhi of our class. Delhi is th

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