120 Rules of Grammar PDF

# 120 RULES OF GRAMMAR ## RULE-1 - Each - Pronoun, adj, used for 2,2+, Abstract noun(x) - Every - adj. used for 2+, Abstract noun (v) Eg- Each Student is very talented. (adj) Every Student is very talented. (adj) Each of my Students is very talented. (Pronoun) I have a marker in each hand. ) Ab...

# 120 RULES OF GRAMMAR ## RULE-1 - Each - Pronoun, adj, used for 2,2+, Abstract noun(x) - Every - adj. used for 2+, Abstract noun (v) Eg- Each Student is very talented. (adj) Every Student is very talented. (adj) Each of my Students is very talented. (Pronoun) I have a marker in each hand. ) Abstract noun- denotes the things that you can't experience with five senses, eg-Laughter love, poverty, reason fy- I have every reason to be happy. •) Each / Every / Either/Neither + Singular verb, & Singular adjective Each Student is preparing for his exam. Each of the Students is preparing for his competition. Each of the + Singular noun → Plural Each Student noun Each of the Students ## RULE-2 "Both" &"not" cannot be used together. Eg-Both Ram & shyam are not going to temple. (X) Neither Ram nor shyam is going to temple. (verb acc and sub- sham-Singular) > Both + as well as can't be used together. 69- Both Ram as well as shyam.(x) Both Ram 'and shyam. (v) •> Possessive adj. comes after Both. Eg. Both my Students (v) My both Students (x) Both + my/theire / here/his/your/ours/its ## RULE-3 •) whom/who.... Human, domestic animal ) which--... Animal, non living things •) That --- All Subjective pronoun-who used objective pronoun-whom used (Chim, her, it, them, you, me, us) Eg- she saw here, who i think is a rockstar. They met them who they say works very hard. she met him who i think was arrested yesterday. sher met him whom the police arrested, Eg- The bomb which killed is people was worst of a series of terercosist outrages. ** All, any, the only, the same, none, much, no, the little, the bew, Something , anything, nothing & Superlative degrees are all bollowed by "That" only. They can't be followed by "who or "which". Eg- This is the same man, that met me yesterday. This is the most important question that every one should read. He spent up the little amount that he had. This is the best that i can do for you. ) If there is no noun/pronoun betore who/whom - whoever/whomever is used. no Antecedent Eg she saw whoever is a rockstar. please invite whomever you choose. whomevere Ramya marries is none of our business ## RULE-4 Type | condition ------- | -------- I | Cond. possible to fulfill II | Hypothetical, cond. possible in theory to fulfill III | cond. not possible to fulfill (Too late) ## RULE-5 (1) It + Simple present/vi+S/es, is/am/are +Vs will-byture, shall (modalt infinitive) can/may/must+ V1 • Eg- It I study, I will pass the exam. (1) It + Simple past would & v, or could/might/should + V1 eg - It i Studied, I would pass the exam. If i were you, I would plant some trees around the house. (Ⅲ) It + past perfect would + have + V3 • Eg- It i had studied, I would have passed the exam. Zereoth condition- universal truth, both it & main are in Simple present. Eg - It you heat water, it truns in to vapour. ## RULE-5 One of the & only one of the (Relative pronoun) One of the-plureal verb used. Only one of the -Singular verb used | It bollowed by who/which / that Eg- she is one of the mothers who are really working very hard. Plural This is only one of the novels which is interesting. singular .. one of the + plural noun + Sing. (verb) *. one of the + plural nount who/which/that + plural verb) Eg- one of there desires is to become a doctor. ## RULE-6 Unit Concept of Number + unit + Noun/adjective unit always Singular ag- Ten inch Snake. five year noun old. adj o) It only Number + unit Sufficient - Plural Insusticient - Singular @g- He had five dozen. N Singular I have five rupees. Plural •) Units arranged in ascending order. units always plural if connected by Ot. 49- Thousands of lakhs of Students took the test. • Random units P Handful - Handtuls bistfully - tistbals Eg- Five handtul Sugare N Unit Noun ware required to make tea He gave me two tire hundered Rupee notes. Number Unit noun ## RULE-7 Weight Height Amount Speed Distance It considered as Single unil و Verb-will be Singular. Gg- 10 miles needs to be covered on boot. 5K rupees is hi's 'Salary. → It these units are not considered one or division occurs, then plural verb used. ag - Ten miles need to be covered partly be car and rest on boot. ## RULE-8) Compare Gold is more precious than all metals (x) "Gold is more precious than all any other metals. (✔) (1st one wrong because gold it selt is a metal, & we can't compare gold with gold) Diamond is more precious than all metals. (۷) (Diamond is non-metal) If A & B are compared, then A shouldnot be a part of B. *> Gold is the most precious of all metal. (v) (Mere no comparision is done) ## RULE-9] Since, for ↓ ↓ Duration Point of Start Period of time Point of time Before Since/for, the sentence should be in Perfect tense - or perfect Continuous tense. > Abter Sincel for, Sentence should be in - Simple past. Eg. I have been teaching since i got married. ## RULE-10 Two Actions occur in past The earlier action - past perbect Hadt V3 The later action Simple past Va/did+Vs Eg- The had lett before she reached to the railway Station, I had tought with her before we had a breakup. The patient had died before his family arranged og Cylinder. ## RULE-11) [possessive Adjective Possessive Adjective is used before Gerund. (Viting). Eg- My bathere doesn't like my waking up late in the morning. My. OLUM your his/her Adjective Theire its Possessive adj Gerund ## RULE-12 Complete Inversion of Statements (Inversimapplicable only when Sentence Starts with adverb.) inversion (Adv+ Main verb+ Subject) Eg. Herre adv M.v Sub comes the king. Therce goes all our money. adv Sub Partial inversion (Advt helping Verb + Sub) Eg- Never have I seen such a beautiful adv h.v Sub place. Rarely did i go there. Seldom have I Seen Such a beautiful adv hv Sub View. No sooner- than Hardly - when Rearly - when Scarcely when Barely - when Combination Eg. No sooner did I entered the class, than it began to rain. adv hov sub Hardly had I entered the class, when it began to rain. Adv M.V Sub ** It is compulsory to use inversion if Sentence Staurts with Adverb. *** It adverb is followed by a , then this tule of inversion is not applicable ## RULE-13 Arcticle THE و Arcticle THE is used for Secondary purpose. for primary purpose the isn't se Eg- His home is Just beside the temple. (Secondary Purpose) childiren go to School everyday. (primary purpose) He goes to temple. (Primary) ## RULE-14 No sooner Than Hardly When Scarcely ] Adverb. When fg. Hardly had I begun to speak when I was interrupted. Scarcely had we started our meal when the phone rang. ## RULE-15 Reflexive pronoun) I- mysellt You-yourself We - Ourselves it-it selt him/her - him/her self They - Themselves Pronoun. Ste * Enjoy, avail, absent, pride, adjust, reconcile, Reflexive acquit, amuse, resign, avange, exert, apply adapt, then words always followed by. ..."objects; it not; reflexive pronouns are used as object. Gg- I availed myselt of the opportunity. I availed the opportunity. Prepositional phrase obj ## RULE-165 Keep, Stop, turn, quality, bathe, move, rest, hide - Not followed by reflexive pronoun.. Eg- He hid himtelb in the room. (x) He hid in the room. ## RULE-17 Verb depends on Conjuction As well as and not Togather with unlike with Along with In addition to ה It two sentences are connected by these conjuctions, Governed by accompained by But Besides led by Verb Acording to 1st Sub & Run by Eg - John as well as Mary, wants to dreap the course. The club members along with his owner, were arrested. He, and not his friends, is found guilty. ## RULE-18 Homophones Advice-Noun-practice (To give) Advise- verb Believe-verb - (do what?) - Practise (to do). Belieb - Noun (answers what?) a lot Since practice makes a man Perfect. Eg- I advise you to Practise advice. He gave me a piece of It is my belief that he is not the killer. I believe my students. ## RULE-19 Relative pronoun Subjective will always be compared with Subjective objective case will always be compared with objective. Eg. I am as tall as he . (√) Sub he Sub My parents Love me more than he / him (v) Sub obj Sub obj Here both he/ him correct due to presence of both obj & sub caise. I admire Ram more than helhim (v) Sub obj I Love chocolates more than he. (Here we can't compare chocolate Sub obj She is taller than I. Sub Sub He is as tall as I. طبات Sub Sub ## RULE-20 Same as sule-3. who- used as subjective pronoun whom- objective pronoun. eg- Jyoti is the girl who got the Job. (she got the Job) S.P Sub Taran consulted a Dr. whom he met in Delhi. (He met him) o. P obj ## RULE-211 (possessive adjective Exceptions) Separation Excuse Mention tion favour Pardon Leave Repon Signt RULE-22 Don't take Possessive Case before them & Your, mine, our, This, her, our, it's, theire etc. ) 1 1 Eg- Your Separation pains me alot. (X) Separation from you pains me alot. (v) I want your favour.(xx) I want a bavour from you. (V) At His mensight the robbers tled. (x) At the sight of him, the robbers dled.(√) ## RULE-22 Reciprocal pronouns • Each other People • One another 2+ People Eg- All Citizens should love each other. (x) All citizens should love one another (v). of other and of two items, it can be pronoun to reber 10 things & People - another - Additional or one more, can be used before a plural noun. Eg- Have you got any other questions? The cake is delicious. Could I have another Slice please? ## RULE-23 PAIR WORDS Seldom or Never Seldom it evert $Little or nothing Little it anything! Paires Eg- Seldom or never he comes home. (x) > 6 : C : C (Inversion isn't bollowed so wrong) Seldom or never bete does come home. (V) (v) I can tind little or nothing on this table. (v) I can find litle, it anything on this table. ## RULE-24 Superelative Degree + Superlative degree", The is used bebore very. •) vercy when used with eg- He is the very best student of my class. (I, means really) He is much the best Student of tiny class (undoubtedly) → Much can be used with comparative degree. Eg- He is much smatter......... much is used with a Comparative degree & past participle, Eg- He is much interested. ## RULE-25 Enough I can be [Adverb Enough Comes after Adjective [Adjective) Enough com comes bebore Ey - You aren't big enough for basketball. (used as adv) adj adv This indicates that it develops enough power for the Job. adj Noun (as adi) ## RULE-26 AS Can be used as adverb with Treat.. define Regard Describe as adv. Respect Depict Potray view Know elect name Think As" can't consider be used Call make as choose adverb Eg- Biology is defined as. Science of loving beings. (v) She is elected as the president. (x) she is elected the piresident. (v) He thinks her a tool. (v) The teacher called him Stupid. (v) ## RULE-27) Although Although + but (X) Althought, (v) Although + yet (v) As a Connector. Eg. Although he is smart, he bails everytime. (2) Although he is smart, yet he fails everytime. (v) Although she is rich but she thinks twice before spending (X) ## RULE-28 own Vereb with no ing borms) (present/past continuous) Belong No ing. See Smell Taste Love know Think Have But it these are used as adjective then we can add ing. Eg- verb loving it. (x), I love it. (v) +) He is very lorng person. (v) am Having- (It doesn't mean ownership). 9. I am having dinner. Having said that, I went to room. adj possession perception feeling Own See Love These Belong Smey Know verbs Have Taste Think doesn't include Hear Hate feel exist possess Appear Want in the owe Need Contam Seen Desire Compromise Ressemble Wish fom. "ing" (present, past continuas) Consist Notice Like ## RULE-291 Evere Never Words always used in Perbect tense it task completed. Occasionally 79t task Yet Often Complete Eg- He went there already. (x) Already lately Pertelt He has gone Just now. (v) Recently Now tense is So far He has gone there already. (v) Just now used. up to now The tram had already lebt. (v) witil now always up to present ## RULE-30 • To collecting > collective Noun noun units work in one unit - Singular verb It work in different units - Plural verb Eg- The army is marchong towards the Himalayas. The Jury has taken the decision. The army Police are shouting different Slogans. The Jury are divided in their opinion The audiance are taking their seats... vermin Plural Cattle Nouns People always folk Cavalry Intantry Plural. Eg - The police are chasing the thiet. Cattle are grazzing. Peoples- peaple belonging to different concentries. ## RULE-311 word followed by only To suffix-cor, followed by "To". Preber Exterior Ijurioly Senior Always to is used with Addicted Inferics these words. superior Married Junior known - only in passive voice to wed. ag. Alcohol is injurious to health. (ⅴ) I preber tea to cofre. (v) Sita is married to Ram. I am known to him. As... as So... as J Pasime (tves-ve sentence) (used only in-ve) Eg. Ram is as good as sita. (v) Ram & not as good as shyam. (v) Rita is so good as Roma. (x) Rita is not so good as Rima. (v) I am not so desparate as to agree to that. (v) ## RULE-33 Times Times-is A't followed by Comparative degree only the degreee used. ↓ It Self- Shows comparision eg- This book is three times larger than that book. (x) This book is thiree times large than that book. (V) large as that book. (v) K This book is 3 times as It is twice coastlier than that. (v) (Here no use of times, so il is correct) ## RULE-34 Ditt bln Statements que → Indirect speech Statement, (subth.v) → Helping verb + sub question. (h.vt sub) Eg - He asked me what was my name.(x) He asked me He asked me RULE-35 name was, what my where I was going. (v) sub h.v Either... or Neither... nor Not only... but also RULE-36 ] verb Acc. nearest subject. Eg- Either the bears or the lions has escaped. singular Not only the principal but also the teachers are happy. Plural when we compare 2 qualities of Single thing, we write mone & tre degree. 69- Ram is taller than smater. (x) Ram is more tall than smart. (v) Book is heavier than larger, (x) Book is more heary than large (v) ## RULE-37 More than one is followed by Singular noun + Singular verb Acc. to nearest) Subject Eg More than one student is absent toaday. (singular verb) Many a student is absent today. (sin. verb) Many Students are absent today. (plural verb) A great many students are absent today, plural verb) ## RULE-38 Doubt Connector DoubtIt/whether (Connector) No doubt that (connector) Eg-I have no doubt it it will rain (x) I have no doubt that it will rain. (v) There is a doubt that he goes there There is a doubt it/whether he goes there RULE-39) (Sequence of tense) > If mam clause past, subordinate clause should also be in fast. > Not applicable to Universal ruth. fig. The teacher said that water boils at 100 c. (√) I said that had done it .(ㄴ) the told me that honey is sweet. (v) He told me that, the/that honey is sweet. (x) the told me that, that honey was scveet. (V) ## RULE-401 A Little - Some, but not much (tre) Little- Hardly any (-ve), not at all The little - All that is available (neutral) Used with Uncountable nouns. Eg- I was tireed, thank God there was a Little water in my bottle. Don't expect tea, there is little milk available, The little milk that was available, I prepared tea. A little knowledge is dengereaus. ## RULE-41 After preposition, always use objective noun.... of But conjuction preposition (=except) 49- The agreed to let us rent free. W) Let him do that work. (√) None but him is going to the party. (√) Preposition ## RULE-42 Sequence of Pronoun Oreder of pronoun. 2nd, 3rd 1st person. (tre sentence) 304 Person. (-ve sentence) 1,2,4 Eg You, he si are going to the party. (+ve) The teacher punished me & you. (-ve) ## RULE-43) Superfluous Record Previous ree cord - Rough estimate - estimate Past history - history Dressing Sense - Dress sense Coming tuture - Future Return back TRULE-44 Return Apastaphy s not used. with non-living things. It hissing sound, sis removed. Eg- Manas's = manas' Exception Student's = Students' ** else's (v) Table's leg (x), Leg of the table (L) Battle's cap (x), cap of the bottle. (2) Time plangent personification can u weight Unit weather Idiom RULE-45 Distance removed. one week's Vacation Can use Eg- Today's date Malaysia's land Nature's call comect ## RULE-45 In past point of time, we use Simple part. Eg-I have gone, yesterday to buy tomatoes. (x) I went to the market yesterday to buy tomatoes. (v) ## RULE-46 Not used with most xx Round, Unique 9. Total Perfect N어 used Right Ideal with empty Excellent Ideal Entire most Annual Complete. 49- He's completely perbect.(X) He is perfect. Cⅴ) ## RULE-47 quite & All Doesn't come togather. Eg- He has done quite all the worm.(x) He has done all the work. (√) He is quite well. (v) ## RULE-48 AGO, Before Simple past Eg- I had got past perfect. a selection before i turned 24. I met him 5 years ago. ## RULE-49 'S in possession Common possessions - 's at the end, Eg-Ram Sita's car. Split possession-'s plural. end of individual. ag- Ram's y sita's cars are being decorated. Plural ## RULE-508 It's - It is Its- possession, owneship (use for Smgular) ag-It's called a miracle. Child is carrying its book. ## RULE-51 A number of & plural noun + Plural verb The number of + plural noun + Singular verb. Eg- A number of Students are reading P P The number of Students is fifty. ## RULE-52) It is time It is high ¿me] time P + Sub + V2 S 4 it these 2 are followed by Subject, then Va is used, It not Sub, then acc. to tense. Eg- It is time/high time he worked hard. time ANGRY/ANNOY to Angry Annoy It is high RULE-53 with (living thing) 9. I am I am ★** RULE-54 Sub Study hard. (No, at (something) 2 Sub after high time) So, no va angiry at his behaviour. (Something) angiry with her. (ling) know-always bollowed by relative pronoun, /relative adverb, Eg-I know how to swim. (v) I know to swim. (x) I don't know what all the buss is about. Do you know where the post office is? • where, How, when, why are used abter know. ## RULE-55 Elge... but Eg- Cher router than it is nothingelse but Stupidity. He met no other person than Ram, I rather Stay at home than go out- ++ ## RULE-56 Sorety type -singular verb Kind *** F9 - This kind of products are available at his shop. (x) Sub This kind of products is available at his shop. (v) o) IN- in the area. sub Inside of (coming bom outside) - Into-in of (cumming from outside) (1") Change of torm/State Eg. I am in the class. I come inside/into the class, INater turns into ice. of Enter = No preposition. Eg- He entered in the hosese. (x) He entered the house. (V) Entered into - phresal verb = to sign. Inside out -9) Reverse, b) complete. a)-she wore the Shirt inside out. b) I know you inside out. ## RULE-58 BY/WITH By- Living things With - used with non-living thing Eg- I write with pen. This painting was done by me. Exception- watch - we use by. Pg- she will come back by 5 o'clock. ## RULE-59 Start Commence Begin ]+ + on, (not brom) Eg- The exams start from monday.(x) the exams Start on monday. (l) ## RULE-60 Gerund > bet used + to + Viting •) accustomed to Addicted to with a view to Look forward to > Given to Prone to Devoted to • In adition to Dedicated to Eg - I look forward to meeting you soon. she was given to Staying in bed till lunchtime. ## RULE-61 A/AN we always look at the sound. a unicet a utensil a university an umbrella 9 European university an M.Tech > words with 1st letter Y/W - only a is used a year ## RULE-62 The - The unique things - Desert, Rivers, lea, ocean etc. - newspapers, States, Superlative degre-(best, easiest) Countries (abbreviated torms). Eg - The USA, UK, Netherlands, maldives, UAE > comparative degree- (a) one person is compared with 2 perions. (b) It 1st thing happens, and one happens automatically. Mt. range-The (l) Eg-He is better of the two. The higher you go, the cooler it gets. The taster you walk, the sooner you reach. Mt. Peak-The (x). Eg the mt. Everest (x) ML. Everest (v) Gg. she is the best Student. (superlative) > Metaphore - The Eg. she is the mother Teresa of our class. She is MKG of our class. Kashmir is the Switzerland of India. for a phrase, combination of proper noun & common noun. Eg- The River Nile, The Muslim league party The Newyork City, > celesteal body-The- Eg - The moon Gov. Oreganization- The sun The Judiciary ## RULE-63 The (x)) Name of Cities However, we can we these words to perticularize Name of country The (x) the intro, we use the Name of Continents artide The. Streets Singular lakes Eg-the breeaktart that i had this morning was heavy. Mt. Peaks, single island Language- if the pousent It refers to the people of the county Eg - The English - (Eng Speaking people) Seasons God, life, Money ## AULE-64 (The + adj)→ Community The poor poor peaple The brave Brave peaple the rich Rich people. Eg-T The honest are respected. The poor are not dishonest, (RULE-65) Same noun connected by Preposition - Nouns are Singular Eg - Villages after villages (x) were destroyed. Village after village (l) was destroyed. ## RULE-66 Singular noun Plural nouns Son-in-law Sons-in-law Passer by Datum passers-by Data Doremouk Dormice Goose Man Geese men Man Servant men servants *** ## RULE-671 Man Talks about Profession Male Talks about Woman female use, accessories Eg- Woman Doctor (Doc is woman) Female Doctor (Doc is for woman) female watch (watch bor woman) ## RULE-68 when there is no antecedent (no noun / Pronoun) we add ever Eg - Ram met whoever they have helped us ## RULE-69 Question tag Eg. He has worked hard ber this project. has he? (x) He has worked hard bor this project, hasn't he? (√) 310 tve - ne •) question tag & always opposite of Statement. aren't I (V ## RULE-70 Amn't I (X) I am worxing hard aren't I?(ㄴ) ## RULE-71 & que tag will be tve. word, Seldom Scarcely-ve Barly Hardly rarely Eg-Me Seldom comes to my house, does he? (√) They have barely enough to pay the rent, have they? (v).. - ve tre I seldom drive my car in to city do I ? (v) ## RULE-72 > Question tag & Statement both in same tense. Eg I am doing the work which you gave me don't I? (x) I am doing the work which you gave me. aren't I. (v) tense same ## RULE-73 "Each'or Every question tag - Plural. verb - Singular. Eg- Every Student is talented, aren't they? (v) Each one has to work hard, Haven't they? (r) •) In question tag each/ every are considered plural. So here haven't & aren't core used. ## RULE-74 Collecting noun- it - one thing-singular different - plural. Eg-The army is marching towards the Himalayas. isn't it? the audience took the seats, didn't they? (√) (ㄴ) ## RULE-75 In imparative Sentences, when we talk about proposals & offerings, we always use "shall we" in que tag. Eg- Let us go for a walk. shall we? (v) Let us go tout to dinner, don't we(x), shall we? (2) ## RULE-76 INIONIAT In- Area/volume/inside on-8 surface At - Point Eg- I live at Rajajee nagar in Bengaluru. (RULE-77 Day-on, on monday, on 15th of Aug time-at, at 70 Clock, Month Year - in, in jan, in 2023 *> Yesterday, tomorrow, last briday, etc. No preposition. Both.... and (v) Both + as well as(x) Good always followed by at. Both + not (x) Both + or (x) Eg- Both mens women are invited. I belt both happy & Sad at the same time. I am good at Biology. She is good at heart. ## RULE-78 Lest otherwise Test should no modal verb Eg-work hard lest you tail (v) work hard lest you should tail (v) (RULE-79) (Untel, unless until/till Time oriented unless Action.oriented. 69- Wait for me until mooming. (tindicates) (ⅴ) *** You will not move trom here unless you give him the keys. (v) ## RULE-80 Either or neither nor Error of parallelism ar And (indicates action) followes paralleli'om, same part of speech follows.. Eg - I like Singing, dancing & to walk (x) *** I like Singing, dancing & wallking.(v) noun noun noun My dad never Judge me by my words or what i'did. (x) my actions. (v) I like to read books over watching movies. (x) I like reading books over watching movies (v) I would rather pay for my education than izeciere Financial aid, verb, ## RULE-81 use of proper preposition word Subbix-ior-yto should be added. Eg- He is Superior to and older than me. (2) He is senior to & and older than me. (v) verb, This book is ditterent from & better than that book. (1) ## RULE-82) Much tool too much! Too much-(adj)- tells about noun. much too-(adv) - tells about adj. Eg- she added too much Sugar in the tea. adj He is much too Strong. Youn adv adj ## RULE-83 verh noun Belonging Belongings Farening Earnings Surrounding Simoundings 69 - His earnings aren't Sutticient. (v) Adj noun His His belongings belongings were lost. (v) Possessive word followed by noun always. ## RULE-84 Politics Politics field, Subject - Singular. Political views Plural eg- polities is a dirty game. (Singular) (field) ## RULE-85 His politics are different from me. (views) (plural) 100-104 Mathematics/Statistics J-field, sub→ Singular Mathematics calculation, plural Statistics Data → plural. Eg - Mathematics/Statistics is a very interesting subject. Mathematics are telling that, he had made a lot of money Statistics tell us that it will reain today. Plural Data - Plural, Datum - Singular. • Summons - Singular - Jan order to appeatcin coart. Summonses - Plural- Eg-Two summonses were issued. (2) ## RULE-86 A- one of many - always possessive pronoun (mine, ours, yours, their, his, hun) The only one - objective pronoun (me, us, them, her, you, it) Eg- A breather of mine is a Singer. The breathere of me is a Singer. A driver of theire lives in Delhi. The driver of them lives in Delhi. ## RULE-87 Too, as well, also also can't be used at last of sentence, Eg. I have also brought a book. (1) I have brought a book as well. (2) I have brought a book also. (X) ## RULE-88) (Optative sentence We don't use 's/es, only v used. 9- May God bless you, Long live the king. ## RULE-891 pseudo Subject Acts as sub, it there is no subject. It/there - Es. It is raining. P