SOCSCI031-PRELIM-EXAM 2 PDF

Topic 0: Primary and Secondary Sources ❖ Primary Sources It is an original, “first-hand”, or “eyewitness” account offering an inside view. It contains new information (new at the time it was created, that is) that has not been interpreted, evaluated, paraphrased, or condensed. Such sources are usually created during or very close to the time of the events they report on. The author of a primary source typically provides direct impressions of events he or she is reporting on. Examples: Diaries Interviews Letters Raw Data Official Documents Legislation & Court Records Photographs Journal Articles Newspaper Articles Autobiographies Speeches Creative Works (novels, plays, music, and arts) ❖ Secondary Sources Provides “second-hand” information that has been digested, analyzed, reworded or interpreted. They are often written well after the events they report on, and can put past information into its historical context. Examples: Magazines History World Book Non-fiction Books Wikipedia Tips - Do NOT use Wikipedia as either a Primary or Secondary source in your research. Use Wikipedia as a starting point for your research and as a way to locate actual Primary and Secondary sources. Gossip - informal talk about other people’s personal lives. Idle chatter about individuals History - structured examination of the past. ________________________________________________________________________________________ Topic 1: Introduction to Philippine History (Meaning and Significance of History) ❖ Definition of History There is no past and no future, no one has entered those two imaginary kingdoms. There is only the present - Leo Tolstoy History would be an excellent thing if only it were true - Leo Tolstoy (Russian Writer, the greatest and most influential author) History should focus on the struggles of the masses, rather than on great men - Renato Constantino (Filipino Nationalist) History is about the past, and it should be used to avoid repeating past mistakes - Teodoro Agoncillo (Filipino Nationalist Histography) ❖ Chapter 1: Meaning and Relevance of History Etymologically, HISTORY (from the Greek word Historia, meaning “Knowledge acquired by investigation) History is a narration of the events which have happened among mankind, including an account of the rise and fall of the nations, as well as of other great changes which have affected the political and social condition of the human race. (John Anderson, 1876. A Manual of General History) There are theories constructed by historians in investigating history: Factual History Presents readers with plain and basic information, the events that took place (what), the time and date with which the event happened (when), the place with which the event took place, and the people that were involved (who). Speculative History It goes beyond facts because it is concerned about the reasons for which events happened (why), and the way they happened (how). It tries to speculate on the cause and effect of an event - (Cantal, Cardinal et. al.) The practice of historical writing is called historiography, the traditional method in doing historical research that focus on gathering of documents form different libraries and archives to form a pool of evidence needed in making descriptive or analytical narrative. “Ang kasaysayan ay SALAYSAY na may SAYSAY sa SINASALAYSAYANG SALINGHALI.” - Zeus Salazar Division of HIstory Pre-History Period where no written records exist or when the writings of people were not preserved. Analyzed through fossils and artifacts by archaeologists and anthropologist. History Period when man started to write and record events using a system of writing. Analyzed through wood carves, engraved metals, written papyrus, written papers. Traditional Understanding: Study of the past. Chronological record of significant events often including an explanation of their causes. Studied by “Historians” “Only a part of what was observed in the past was remembered by those who observed it; only a part of what was remembered was recorded; only a part of what was recorded has survived; only a part of what has survived has come to the historian’s attention.” - Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History History as a “Social Science” Science Natural ◆ Physical Physics Chemistry ◆ Biological Zoology Botany Social ◆ History ◆ Economics ◆ Political Science ◆ Sociology ◆ Anthropology ◆ Philosophy ◆ Geography ◆ Psychology Importance of History: To unite a nation. To legitimize regime and forge a sense of collective identity through collective memory. To make sense of the present. To not repeat mistakes of the past. To inspire people to keep their good practices to move forward. a Three Important Parts About Knowing A Country’s History: People Land God ❖ Philippine History Introduction “Philippines” Early Chinese traders who visited Mindoro called our nation “Ma-yi”, meaning Land of Gold. “Maniolas”, name given by Claudius Ptolemy, a Greek mapmaker, in his ancient map. “Archipelago of St. Lazarus”, name given by Magellan to our nation in 1521. “Felipinas”, a Spanish explorer Ruy Lopez de Villalobos gave this name in honor of King Philip II. “Pearl of the Orient Seas”, popular nickname for the Philippines. This was romantic name given to our country by two famous writers; Fr. Juan j. Delgado in 1751 & Dr. Jose Rizal. ________________________________________________________________________________________ Topic 2: Origin of the Philippines ❖ Concept of History History is the witness of the times, the light of truth, the life of memory, the teacher of life, the messenger of antiquity. The broadest meaning of history is the study of the past. The recording and analysis of experiences of a society comprise the totality of a people’s history. ❖ Pre-Colonial Period: Philippine History Overview The Philippines’ pre-colonial period was filled with indigenous peoples engaged in healthy trade with various cultures and economies in the region and foreign traders. Key Facts & Information The Philippines is an archipelago made up of 7,641 islands divided into three geographical areas: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital is Manila. It enjoys a tropical climate, with sunny summers from March to May, a rainy season from June to August, and cool temperatures from late November to early February. Along with its 111 dialects, Filipinos speak two official languages: Filipino and English. As Asia’s oldest democracy, the Philippines pays homage to the citizens by giving them the power to select the leader they deem capable of leading. Philippines Prehistory The first Home species in the Philippines arrived during the Pleistocene period (631,00 and 777,000 years ago). This is evidenced by unearthed artifacts found in Kalinga. The earliest known hominin remains in the Philippines are the 67,000-year-old fossil discovered in 2007 in the Callao Caves, Cagayan. An earlier find in Tabon Cave, Palawan (1962) was fossilized fragments of the skull and jawbone of three individuals, called the “Tabon Man.” It was presumed a Negrito, who were among the archipelago’s earliest inhabitants. Hominin Evolution Paleoanthropology is the study of human origins and evolution, the brief history since the divergence of human and chimpanzee lineages. Hominins (formerly called hominids) are more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees. Paleoanthropologists have discovered fossils of about 20 species of extinct hominin. Unlike chimpanzees, humans walk upright and have larger brains. The history of the Philippines dates from the earliest hominin activity in the archipelago at least 709,000 years ago. Homo luzonensis, a species of archaic humans, was present on the island of Luzon. At least 134,000 years ago. The earliest known anatomically modern human was from Tabon Cavers in Palawan dating about 47,000 years. Negrito groups were the first inhabitants to settle in the pre-historic Philippines. Homo sapiens sapiens The scientific name for modern humans – the only extant species of the genus, “Homo”. ◆ Australopithecus (Hominid) – Homo habilis – Homo erectus – Homo neanderthalensis – Homo sapiens sapiens Models of early human migration to the Philippines were theorized: Wave Migration Theory – H. Otley Beyer ◆ H. Otley Beyer proposed that Filipino ancestors came to the islands first via land bridges and then later via seagoing vessels such as the balangay. ◆ According to Dr. Beyer, the ancestors of the Filipinos came in different “waves of migration”, as follows: “Dawn Man”, a cave-man type who was similar to Java man, Peking man, and other Asian homo sapiens of 250,00 years ago. The aboriginal pygmy group, the Negritos, arrived between 25,000 and 30,000 years ago via land bridges The sea-faring tool-using Indonesian group arrived about 5,000 to 6,000 years ago and were the first immigrants to reach the Philippines by sea. The seafaring, more civilized Malays brought the Iron Age culture and were the real colonizers and dominant cultural group in the pre-Hispanic Philippines. Core Population Theory – Felipe Landa Jocano ◆ Felipe Landa Jocano proposed that early inhabitants of Southeast Asia were of the same ethnic group with a similar culture, but over time, they differentiated themselves. Out of Sundaland – Modern authors ◆ Modern authors proposed that the origin of the Austronesian peoples, including the early Filipinos, was from the sunken Sundaland landmass: modern Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and the Malay Peninsula. Out of Taiwan – Peter Bellwood ◆ Peter Bellwood proposed that the first Austronesians reached the Philippines in around 2,200 BCE from Taiwan to the Batanes Islands, then settled downwards to the rest of the islands of the Philippines and Southeast Asia. Theories of the Origin of the Philippines: The Land Bridges Theory ◆ Another well-known theory was the which believed that the Philippines was once a component of continental Asia. Plate Tectonics Theory ◆ Dr. Fritjof Voss conducted a rigorous study in Philippine geology and indicated from earlier geological studies that the country was a result of earthquakes due to moving tectonic plates. Sunda Shelf Theory ◆ According to the Philippine Statistic Authority, the Sunda Shelf Theory is the generally accepted theory regarding the origin of the Philippine archipelago. ◆ The shelf was formed through periods of constant volcanic activities and rubbles as the sea level fluctuated. During the Pleistocene epoch (middle-glacial age era), the Earth constantly experienced great fluctuations of temperature. ◆ The temperature had dropped at extreme numbers at least four times that it resulting in glaciers that deposited themselves in the glacier poles. This resulted in sea-level regression. Thus, Sunda Shelf, an undiscovered extension of Sundaland (Southeast Asia), emerged. Volcanic Eruption Theory ◆ Dr. Bailey Willis theorized that the Philippines was of volcanic origin stating that it came into existence from the series of volcanic eruptions beneath the ocean. Continental Drift Theory ◆ According to Alfred Wegener is the idea that Earth's continents were once part of a single landmass called Pangaea, and have since moved apart to their current positions. The Lost-Continent Theory ◆ Lemuria or Mu, the lost Pacific continent which sunk during pre-historic times. Upon settlement, different tribes and cultures flourished. The early Filipinos developed a culture advanced enough to trade with Tamil Nadu (South India) in the ninth and tenth centuries BCE. Maritime trade in Southeast Asia expanded in the early centuries of the first millennium, with trade between China and the Philippines becoming regular by the fifth century. From the 7th to the 15th century, centers of trade emerged in the country including the Kingdom of Namayan in Manila Bay, Cebu, Iloilo, Butuan, the Sanfotsi Empire in Pangasinan, the Kingdom of Zabaf and Wak-Wak in Pampanga, and Kingdom of Aparri which specialized in trade with Japan and the Kingdom of Ryukyu in Okinawa. Politics The majority of the political system in the early Philippines was led by leaders called “Datus”, responsible for ruling autonomous groups called “barangay” (from Malay term “balanghay/hai”) or “dulohan”. The social structures were as follows: ◆ Datu, Rajah, or Sultan (ruling class, chief) ◆ Maginoo (noble people/families) ◆ Maharlika (warrior) ◆ Timawa (freemen, tribespeople) ◆ Alipin (slave – dependent class), which can be aliping namamahay (serfs) or alipiing saguiguilid (slaves). Other areas called their leaders “benganganat” in Cagayan Valley, “mingal” in Gaddang, “babacnang” in Ilocos, and “timuay” in Zamboanga. The chieftain made the necessary rules with the consultation of the elders of the balangay / barangay. A public announcer called Umalohokan was summoned and ordered to go around the barangay to announce the promulgation of the new rules. Kind of Laws: ◆ Customary – based on customs, traditions, and beliefs. ◆ Written – such as the code of kalantiao and the code of maragtas. ◆ Subjects dealt with the customary and written laws: Inheritance, Divorce, Usury, Partnership, Crimes & Punishment, Property Rights, Family Relations, Adoptions, and Loans Kinds of Major Crimes: Rape, Incest, Murder, Witchcraft, Insult, Trespassing, Sacrilegious Act, and Larceny. Kinds of Minor Crimes: Adultery, Cheating, Petty Theft, Perjury, Disturbance of Peace & Order, and Destroying documents owned by the chief. Kind of Penalties: Death, Heavy Fine, Exposure to Ants, Small Fine, Flogging, Cutting of Fingers, and Swimming for a certain number of hours. Judicial Process ◆ Every dispute will be resolved by the “court” which is composed of the chieftain as the judge and the barangay elders as the jury ◆ Procedures: Trials were held publicly and decisions were rendered promptly. The accused and the accuser faced each other with their respective witnesses. Trial by Ordeal ◆ It is practiced to determine the guilt of a person. It was resorted to in order to show that God in his infinite wisdom always took the side of the innocent. ◆ Example: The suspects were ordered to place a stone in a vessel with boiling water and compelling them to dip their hands into the vessel to take out the stone. The suspect who refused to obey the command was regarded as the culprit. The man whose hand was scalded the most was considered the guilty one. The second consisted of giving lighted candles to the suspects. The man whose candle unfortunately died out first was regarded as the guilty party. The third consisted of ordering the suspects to plunge into the river or lake with lances. He who came to the surface first was considered guilty. Fourth, Exposure to ants Filipinos Values/Traits Examples: Hospitality, Close Family Ties, Respect for the Elders, Fatalistic, Tendency to be indolent, Regionalistic, Matiisin, Superstitious Beliefs, Utang na Loob, and Sentimental. Refers to the set of values or the value system that a majority of the Filipinos have historically held important in their lives. This Philippine values system includes their own unique assemblage of consistent ideologies, moral codes, ethical practices, etiquette & culture, and personal values that are promoted by their society. As with any society though, the values that an individual holds sacred can differ on the basis of religion, upbringing, and other factors. As a general description, the distinct value system of Filipinos is rooted primarily in personal alliance systems, especially those based on kinship, obligation, friendship, religion (particularly Christianity), and commercial relationships. Models of the Filipino Values ◆ F. Landa Jocano identified two models of the Filipino value system. The first is the exogenous model or the foreign model, while the second is the indigenous model or the traditional model. The foreign model is described to be a "legal and formal" model. The indigenous model is described as a "traditional and non-formal" model or guide but is deeply embedded in the subconscious of the Filipinos. ◆ The foreign model was inherited by Filipinos from Western cultures, particularly from the Spaniards and the Americans. An example of a foreign or exogenous influence is the bureaucracy exhibited in the government of the Philippines. Elements and Composition of Filipino Values ◆ Based on studies, surveys, opinions, anecdotes, and other literature made by experts and researchers in relation to Filipino social values or Filipino core values, along with the Filipino character or Filipino identity of a person or an individual known as the Filipino, the Filipino value system are found to possess inherent key elements. ◆ One can note how Hiya (propriety/dignity), Pakikisama (companionship/esteem), and Utang na loob (gratitude/solidarity), are merely Surface Values – readily seen and observed values exhibited and esteemed by many Filipinos. These three values are considered branches from a single origin- the actual Core Value of the Filipino Personality- Kapwa. It means 'togetherness', and refers to community, or not doing things alone. Kapwa has two categories, Ibang Tao (other people) and Hindi Ibang Tao (not other people). The Surface Values spin-off of the Core Value through the Pivotal Aspect of Pakikiramdam, or shared inner perception ("Feeling for another"). ◆ Key values: future optimism, present pessimism, care for others, friendship, hospitality, faith, respect, and integrity. ◆ Filipino values emphasize family unity, economic security, small-group orientation, personalism, "loob" (inner self), smooth relationships, and empathy (pakikiramdam). These are grouped into relationship, social, livelihood, inwardness, and optimism clusters. Enumeration Of Filipino Values ◆ Pagkakabuklod-buklod – Filipinos value family unity, prioritizing its safety and well-being. Extended families often live close together, reinforcing strong family bonds. ◆ Utang na loob – It is a technique of reciprocity of debt of gratitude to others within the family circle or primary group, sometimes unlimited in nature, emotional rather than financial or rational. ◆ Galang – Filipinos are taught to become respectful individuals. This is mainly due to the influence of Christianity which tells us to honor both our parents and our elders. The use of ‘’po’’ and ‘’’opo’’ in conversation and “mano”. ◆ Pagkarelihiyoso – Filipinos are deeply religious, believing in supernatural powers and trusting prayers over hard work. Success is seen as a blessing from above. ◆ Damayan/Balikatan – Filipinos value strong relationships and mutual cooperation, helping one another in times of need. ◆ Malasakit – Filipino families show love through genuine care, willingly helping members in emotional or financial need. ◆ Hospitality – Filipinos are warm and generous, going out of their way to help visitors and making them feel a sense of belonging, both in the Philippines and abroad. ◆ Gender-Specific Values – Filipino men are expected to be the family's primary providers, while women take on nurturing roles and household responsibilities, even after marriage. Both genders are raised to be responsible members of society. ◆ Social Stratification in the Philippines – Filipinos value social acceptance, with education being key to upward mobility. Social position is influenced by skin color, beauty, wealth, and connections. The wealthy class, about 10% of the population, controls most of the country's wealth and enjoys a Western lifestyle, while the middle class (20%) consists of professionals. The lower class, about 70%, earns only 10% of the wealth and struggles with basic needs. Social mobility is possible through education and hard work, but the elite still hold significant economic and political power. Four Underlying Principles: Socially Defined – Social stratification is a societal property, not an individual one. Generational Reproduction – It is passed down through generations. Universal and Variable – Present in all societies, but varies across time and place. Quantitative and Qualitative – It involves both economic inequality and societal beliefs about social status. A communal society is a cooperative group formed on the basis of shared interests (e.g., religious or political) and emphasizing the needs of the community above those of the individual. Economic Life Hunting, Farming, Weaving, Fishing, Mining, Ship Building. Barter – a way of trading with other tribes or groups of people. Literature Philippine folk tales, epics, poems, and chants existed in most ethnolinguistic groups and were passed from generation to generation through word of mouth. Biag ni Lam-ang (Life of Lam-ang) of the Ilocanos narrates the adventures of an epic hero, Lam-ang. Other epics know to most Filipino are the Ibalon of Bikol, Darangan a Muslim epic, the Kundaman of Palawan, the Alim of the Ifugao, Bantugan of Maranao, the Hinilawod of Panay, and the Tuwaang of Manobos. Pre-colonial literary pieces transferred in traditional narratives, and songs include Tigmo in Cebuano, Bugtong in Tagalog, Patototdon in Bicol, and Paktakon in Illongo. Baybayin (to spell) was the pre-colonial writing system in the Philippines. Some modern scripts in the Philippines descended from Baybayin. Those are Hanuno’o, Buhid, Tagabanawa, the Kapampangan script, and the Bisaya script. Religion Animism was widely practiced in the pre-colonial Philippines. This is a collection of beliefs in the idea that the world is inhabited by spirits and supernatural entities, both good and bad, and that respect must be accorded to them through worship. These entities are commonly called the anitos, referring to spirits including household deities, deceased ancestors, nature spirits, nymphs, and diwatas (minor gods and demigods). Tagalog supreme deities include Bathala and his children Adlaw, Mayari, and Tala, or the Visayan deity Kan-Laon. Folk healers were called the babaylan: shamans and spiritual leaders, and mananambal: the medicine men. In 1380, Arabian trader Karim Al Makhdum reached the Sulu and later established Islam and the first Muslim mosque in Barangay Tubig Indangan on Simunul Isalng in Tawi-Tawi. Their belief principally lies in the unity of God (‘Allah’ in Arabic), and Muhammad as his final messenger in a series of revelations. Cultural Achievements Farmers adapted the kaingin (swidden agriculture) to produce staple crops such as rice, millet, bananas, and root crops. Weapons wielded by Filipino warriors were the balaraw, kris, and kampilan. Early Filipinos worked in various mines for gold, silver, copper, and iron for jewels, gold ingots, chains, bangles, kalombigas, and earrings. These were handed down and passed from generation to generation. ________________________________________________________________________________________ Topic 3: Feature of the Philippines ❖ Geographical Features of the Philippines Location Located in Southeast Asia It is an Archipelago (large group of islands) made up of 7,641 islands. Part of a Western Pacific arc system that is characterized by active volcanoes. Shape and Size Elongated Archipelago Area (115,830 sq.miles) Coastline (22.549 miles) Length (1,851 km / 1,150 mi SSE-NNW) Width (1,602 km / 660 mi ENE-WSW) Surrounding Bodies of Water Luzon Strait (North) South China Sea (West) Philippine Sea (East) Celebes Sea (South) Neighboring Countries Cambodia China Indonesia Japan N & S Korea Malaysia Singapore Taiwan Vietnam Terrain and Points Mostly mountainous All islands are prone to earthquakes Lowest Point – Philippine Sea Highest Point – Mount Apo (9, 691 ft) Climate Hot and Dry (March to May) Rainy (June to October) Cool (November to February) Temperature: 78A°F / 25A°C to 90A°F / 32A°C Humidity: 77% The Islands Major Islands Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao Main Islands Luzon, Mindanao, Samar, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Midoro,Leyte, Cebu, Bohol, and Masbate. Luzon Regions Region I – Ilocos Region (Maj. City: San Fernando City) Region II – Cagayan Valley (Maj. City: Tuguegarao City) Region II – Central Luzon (Maj. City: San Fernando City) Region IV-A – CALABARZON [Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, and Quezon] (Maj. City: Calamba City) Region IV-B – MIMAROPA [Mindoro Occidental, Midoro Oriental, Marinduque, Romblon, and Palawan] (Maj. City: Calapan City) Region V – Bicol Region (Maj. City: Legaspi City) NCR – National Capital Region (Maj. City: Manila) CAR – Cordillera Administrative Region (Maj. City: Baguio City) Visayas Regions Region VI – Western Visayas (Maj. City: Iloilo City) Region VII – Central Visayas (Maj. City: Cebu City) Region VIII – Eastern Visayas (Maj City: Tacloban City) MIndanao Regions Region IX – Western Mindanao (Zamboanga Peninsula, Maj. City: Pagadian City) Region X – Northern Mindanao (Maj. City: Cagayan De Oro City) Region XI – Southern Mindanao (Davao Region, Maj. City: Davao City) Region XII – Central Mindanao / SOCCSKSARGEN [South Cotabato, Cotabato, Sutan Kudarat, Saragani, and General Santos City] (Maj. City: Koronadal City) Region XIII – Caraga Region (Maj. City: Butuan City) BARMM – Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (Maj. City: Cotabato City) Philippine Topography The Philippines has a varied topography. It has a coastline of 36,289 km. Many islands have extensive coral reefs that attract tourists from everywhere. The larger islands have rugged, mountainous interiors, mostly ranges running north to south. Four Major Lowland Areas: Luzon Central Plain Agusan Valley Cagayan Valley Cotabato Valley Major Mountain Ranges: Sierra Madre Caraballo Mt. Kitanglad Cordillera Mt. Igmatongtong Volcanoes There are about 221 volcanoes, 21 are active. The Philippines lies on the volatile Pacific “Ring of Fire” and most of the highest mountains are volcanic in origin. Ex. Mayon Volcano, Mt. Pinatubo Volcano and Taal Volcano Philippine Demography Estimated Population between 114.37 million and 120.86 million. Languages 2 official languages: ◆ English & Filipino 8 major dialects: ◆ Bikol, Cebuano, Hiligaynon (Illonggo), Ilocano, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Tagalog, & Waray. Religion 83% Catholics, 5% Muslim, and 12% smaller Christian dominations and other religions. Topic 4:

SOCSCI031-PRELIM-EXAM 2 PDF

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