Philippine History Handouts PDF

NAME: COURSE: YEAR & SECTION: READINGS IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY strengthen the system of management and LESSON 1: Background of the Philippine History...

NAME: COURSE: YEAR & SECTION: READINGS IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY strengthen the system of management and LESSON 1: Background of the Philippine History administration of archival records, establishing for the purpose the National Archives of the Philippines, and for The word history is derived from the Greek term other purposes. This act was signed by former president “historia” which means “inquiry or research”. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, Sen. Manny Villar, and Jose de Venecia Jr. According to Aristotle, history is a systematic account of a set of natural phenomena which are arranged in National Archives of the Philippines - is the home of about chronological order. 60 million documents from the centuries of Spanish rule in the Philippines, the American and Japanese Thucydides and Herodotus defined history as the occupations, as well as the years of the Republic. learning inquiry about the past of mankind. National Library of the Philippines - is the official national E.H. Carr defined history as a never-ending dialogue of library of the Philippines. events between the past and the present. National Historical Commission of the Philippines - is a Will Durant stated that history is a narrative of events of government agency of the Philippines. Its mission is “the what civilized men have thought and done in the past. promotion of Philippine history and cultural heritage through research, dissemination, conservation, site Jawaharlal Nehru believed that history should be that of management and heraldry work.” man’s growth from barbarism to civilization. National Museum of the Philippines - is a government Relevance of Studying Philippine History institution in the Philippines and serves as an educational, scientific, and cultural institution in According to Penelope J. Carfield history is inescapable. preserving the various permanent national collections. The saying “all people are living histories – which is why history matters” is true in this case. The ADMU Rizal Library –has a vast collection of print and e-books, print and e-serials, and special resources such as 1. Helps us understand people and societies. historical and personal archives of Filipino writers and 2. History helps us understand change and how the artists, and Filipiniana materials, it is a haven for society we live in come to be. students and researchers alike. 3. History contributes to moral understanding. 4. History provides identity Legislative Library Archives and Museum - is the first and 5. Studying history is essential for good citizenship. only electronic legislative library in the country. Also 6. History is useful in the world of work. serves as the center for the digitized archival collection of the House. Two General Kinds of Historical Sources American Historical Collection (AHC) - established in Primary sources – are direct firsthand evidences 1950, consists of some 13,518 books, 18,674 regarding an object, person, or work of art. photographs, and other materials related to the American experience in the Philippines and the relationship of the Ex.: artifacts, audio and video recordings, diaries, two countries. interviews, letters, original documents, photographs, speeches, survey research, works of art (e.g., paintings, Lopez Museum and Library - was established on the 13th sculptures, poems, novels) of February 1960, housed primarily the prized works of Filipino master painters, Juan Luna, and Felix Secondary sources – are analysis or a restatement of Resurreccion Hidalgo, and prides itself in its ever- primary sources. They often describe or explain primary growing collection of Rizaliana memorabilia and sources. Filipiniana materials. Ex.: bibliographies, biographical works, commentaries, LESSON 2: Knowing Philippine History: Philippine criticisms, dictionaries, encyclopedias, journal and Geographical and Historical Foundations newspaper articles, textbooks, websites. The Early Philippine Society Difference Between External and Internal Criticisms There were groups of people that the historians believed External Criticism – This criticism allows the historian to existed here in the Philippine Islands before the evaluate the authenticity of the documents by giving colonization period. They are as follows: importance to the author of the document, the place, and the time when the document was written correctly. 1. Tabon Man. The Tabon Man skull cap was discovered by Dr. Robert Fox an American Anthropologist within the Internal Criticism – deals with the analysis of the content Tabon subside Palawan in 1962. According to research, of the document. This means that the historian should this Man lived on the first days called Stone Age and evaluate the relevance of the content of the documents to inside the cave. the time and place of the phenomenon. 2. Negrito. Henry Otley Beyer, a known anthropologist Repositories of Primary Sources introduced the “Theory of Migration” that the first Humans who came to the Philippine Archipelago through Republic Act 9470, otherwise known as the "National the land bridges were Negritos, the ancestors of the Archives of the Philippines Act of 2007", is an Act to NAME: COURSE: YEAR & SECTION: Aetas, but many anthropologists and experts opposed LESSON 3: Colonization of The Philippines and The and disproved the belief. Conflicting Views: Site of the First Mass 3. Callao Man. Dr. Armand Mijares of the University of the Discovery of the Philippine Archipelago Philippines led the team of archeologists in 2007. They found a foot bone inside the Callao cave in Cagayan. It was Magellan’s expedition that paved way to the discovery of the Philippines during 1521. Ferdinand There are social classes in the barangay namely: Magellan was born in Portugal in 1480. In 1517, he decided to move to Spain to look for an opportunity to 1. The Maginoo (the noble class) - were the ruling class, offer his service to the Spanish Court. Timely enough, the educated class, the royal class, and the privileged through the Treaty of Tordesillas, King Charles I of Spain class. It was from this class that the Datu would come was convinced about the proposed route plan of Magellan from. The Datu is the leader of the community called a in looking for Spice Island and gave his blessing for a barangay. voyage under the Crown of Spain. The King gave him a fleet of five ships called Armada and a rank commander 2. The Timawa (the freemen) - They could acquire of the expedition under the order of Santiago. property, acquire any job they want, pick their own wives, and acquire an Alipin. They were however expected to The 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas permitted the kings of pay taxes and support the Maginoo class. They are the Portugal and Spain to expand their empires but avoid only class to pay taxes direct competition by not colonizing exactly the same areas. 3. The Maharlika (the warrior class) - Unlike the Timawa, they were not expected to pay taxes. They would provide The Magellan’s Fleet: protection to the barangay and were responsible for 1. The flagship Trinidad –under Magellan’s command providing and preparing the weapons at their own 2. San Antonio –commanded by Juan de Cartagena expense. 3. Concepcion –commanded by Gaspas de Quesada 4. Santiago – commanded by Joăo Serrăo 4. The Alipin (the indentured class) - Basically they 5. Victoria – named after the Church of Sta Maria de la served their master who belonged to one of the classes Victoria de Triana above them. But it does not mean that they did all the work in the barangay. The Timawa were probably From among the five ships sent, only three were left to expected to do most of the work in the barangay, and the continue the mission of the expedition, Trinidad, Alipin was likely his or her servant at home Concepcion, and Victoria. It was the first time for the Aliping Namamahay - was a servant who lived in their Europeans to sail in the Pacific Ocean. Magellan named it own little house on the property of their master. Mar Pacifico for its peace and calm, unlike other oceans Aliping Saguiguilid - a servant that lived around the house that they traveled where the water was extremely rough. of their master. On March 16, 1521, they reached the island of Homonhon Alipin can actually become free, and become a Timawa in the eastern part of the province of Samar. Magellan had provided he or she fulfills the services of their master, a good relationship with the two kings named Rajah this process is known as Tinimawa. Kulambo and Rajah Humabon. Aside from the spice island, other missions of Magellan's expedition were to The early Filipinos used caves for their housing until they circumnavigate the world and to spread Christianity. learned to build houses outside using wood or bamboo When they entered the Archipelago in 1521, their and nipa leaves or cogon grass for their roofing suited for priority was to Christianize all the early Filipinos they our tropical climate. Later on, they called Bahay Kubo. would meet. And Rajah Humabon was the first native chieftain who embraced Christianity. The first Holy Mass Lowland Filipinos arrived on sailboats called balangays. in the Philippines happened on March 31, 1521. These early groups would settle near the shorelines or river banks, and their newfound community would be Many native leaders accepted Spain’s offer of friendship. called a barangay However, there was one leader named Lapu-Lapu (Leader of Mactan) who did not accept the friendship of Magellan. Even prior to the coming of the Spaniards, Filipinos were Among the five ships at the beginning of the expedition, already believers in superstitious beliefs. Among them only Victoria was able to successfully went back to Spain. include aswang, kapre, dwende, tiyanak, and tikbalang which until now still exist especially in the remote places Magellan’s Contribution to World History of different provinces. The expedition initiated by Ferdinand Magellan was The Baybayin or the Alibata was the pre-Hispanic writing regarded as the greatest of all expeditions made by man. system in the Philippines. Filipinos believed that this For the first time in history, man has circumnavigated the system originated from Kawi (a Javanese old script with a world and has proven that the earth is round and not flat. large number of loanwords from Sanskrit. The expedition also proved that the largest ocean in the A piece of traditional music and dance are the reflection world was the Pacific Ocean. This new knowledge in of the life and culture of people of one place. In music, we geography provoked Europeans to explore more have instruments like kudyapi, kalaleng, a tingguian Nose territories and lands especially in the East. This journey flute, slit drum. Some pre-Hispanic songs were called also paved way for the conquest of the Philippine Kundiman, Kumintang o Tagumpay, Ang Dalit o Imno at archipelago and the conversion of the Filipinos to Oyayi o Hele. Primitive dances of the early Filipinos were Christianity. linked with rituals and to their daily lives. NAME: COURSE: YEAR & SECTION: LESSON 4: Spanish Era in the Philippines The Royal Audiencia. The highest court of justice in the colony. It was an institution that help the Governor Establishment of the Spanish Government in the General in governing the colony by securing the people Philippines from those abusive Spanish Officials. Legaspi’s expedition landed on Cebu Island on February Alcadias (Provincial Government). It was headed by the 13, 1565. After a diminutive struggle with the natives, he Alcalde Mayor. The position was exclusive only to Spanish proceeded to Leyte, then to Camiguin and to Bohol. There and Mestizos. Legaspi made a blood compact with the chieftain, Datu Sikatuna as a symbol of friendship. On April 27, 1565, Corregimentos (Uncontrolled Provinces). Headed by Legaspi returned to Cebu; destroyed the town of Rajah designated Army Officers by the Governor General. The Tupas, and established a settlement. province they held was not yet totally under their governance, there was resistance from some Filipinos. The form of government that they introduced to the early Filipinos was called Encomienda. The word encomienda Ayuntamiento (The City Government). Headed by an came from the word encomendar which means to entrust. Alcalde. It was a former town but when it became the The Encomienda system was also implemented in the center of trade and commerce, it turned into a city. Philippines during the Spanish period. Similar to the Americas, it was a labor and social system that granted Municipal or Pueblo de Indios. The leader was called Spanish colonizers land and control over the Indigenous Gobernadorcillo - the highest political position that the people living on that land. Filipino could have during those times. When the Philippines became an official colony of Spain, they introduced some policies to control the people: Reduccion. They built a pueblo or town and forcibly obliged everyone and families to move into the town they created. Then Spanish authorities built their outpost encircling the town for them to monitor all movements confined in the said area. Repartiamento. System of forced labor on the natives of the colony. It was similar to a Polo y Servicio or a Tributo (Tribute). The natives were obliged to provide the basic needs of the Spaniards (the conquistadores). Instruccion. The early education of Filipinos during the Spanish period was through religion. It was primarily exclusive for elite Filipinos to go to formal schools operated by friars from different congregations in the first year of their operation. There were six (6) Catholic Congregations who came here to the Philippines. 1. Augustinians 2. Franciscans 3. Jesuits 4. Dominicans 5. The Recollects 6. Benedictines Colonial Structure of Government Governor General. The highest-ranking official in the Colony appointed by the King of Spain, he also served as the King's alter ego. Residencia. A special judicial court whose mandate was to investigate the performance of the Governor General during the term and before he would be replaced in the position. The report of the investigation would be directly submitted to the King of Spain. The Visita. Headed by a visitador general from the Council of Indies in Spain, he would conduct a surprise visit to any from among the colonies of Spain to personally observe the conditions in the colony under the leadership of Governor General.