Slavery Expansion & Civil War Test Prep PDF

Schedule (Test on THURSDAY) Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Review all Read all primary Review REVIEW ALL REVIEW ALL Questions (1-10) sources and Historical Q’s aspects of test, MATERIAL...

Schedule (Test on THURSDAY) Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Review all Read all primary Review REVIEW ALL REVIEW ALL Questions (1-10) sources and Historical Q’s aspects of test, MATERIAL write and Important study with a descriptions Events/Names friend out loud NO SCHOOL CLASS (45 CLASS (1 hour, NO CLASS TEST mins) 25 mins) Use on Tuesday/Wednesday https://quizgecko.com/create Questions to expect (Answer from memory then correct with notes): 1: Think about the activity we did where we read those two WPA Slave narrative interviews by the same person (5.0a & 5.0b). What conclusions can be drawn about slavery based on those sources? About how we should analyze and approach historical sources? Answer: The WPA slave narratives depict the stark differences between how former enslaved people approach the topic of slavery when faced with a white interviewer compared to black interviewer. As shown in the interview done by the white individual, the interview followed the standard of how the slave owner was truly kind and allowed the slavery freedom to an extent. Which connects to how the interviewee most likely felt uncomfortable with the questions at hand especially with a white mind being the one asking, as assumed that white society believed slavery was not all bad. Ms. Hamilton (Interviewee) insisted how her masters were good Chrisitan men and how she had heard rumors of negative behaviors but she wasn’t sure how much of it was a lie and was the truth. This way of portraying the story allowed Ms. Hamilton to protect herself from persecution and keep the interviews' view of slavery intact without questioning her worldviews. We can draw from this how historical sources can be biased based on the context of not only the interviewer but the story that protects the interviewee especially fresh off the time of enslavement. As we also see in the next source where the interviewer is black, she uses slang and less proper English as she feels increasingly comfortable with someone of her race. Ms. Hamilton opens up about the treatment of slaves and how her master exploited families and treated his slaves. She explains how the wife of her master was terrible to the slaves and how horrific the treatment was. In this case we can draw the conclusion of how the story can be not only interpreted by different people based on their world views. We see how this interview exposes the harsh realities of slavery and how truly horrific it was. Thanks to the interviewers race and his ability to relate and truly understand the severity of the situation, Ms. Hamilton felt more compelled to tell the true story of her life and helps us in the modern world tell the differences and choices she made in which she tells her story. 2. What were some ways that slave owners sought to control and exploit enslaved people? What were some ways that resisted these attempts at control? Be sure that you can furnish at least some examples of the treatment of enslaved people from some of the primary sources we read this unit (5.0a, 5.0b, 5.1a, 5.1b, 5.1c, 5.1d, 5.1e) Slave owners used a variety of controlling tactics to subdue their slaves and exploit them. They would specifically separate families from mothers and fathers to parents and their children. As seen in Ms. In Hamilton's testimony she states “A couple would be married tonight and tomorrow one would be taken away and be sold.” (5.0b). Her testimony shows how couples fought against the limitations enforced by the masters and found joy in matrimony even if it ended with separation (5.1b). Following the creation of families, if they were able to stay together on a plantation the treatment followed by masters as they would separate families from their fathers and force the mother to marry another man to create more free slaves. Where slaves saw a joyous show of freedom, masters saw the creation of more free labor for generations and an opportunity to exploit. Another profitable choice for masters was in selling their slaves. In Robert Glenn’s testimony (5.1c), he describes the selling of himself and how his father attempted to buy him his freedom but the master would not allow it as they said “No slave could own a slave”. This shows the cruelty of masters and how even when faced with the money they deem acceptable for a human life they refuse to put families back together. On the contrary, this source also shows the refusal to give up on family members and how this mother and father when given their freedom fought to bring the freedom to their son as well even if it was the same way they were exploited, by buying their son back. Slave owners would also place strict overseers whose singular job was to punish and oversee the slaves and make sure they were doing their intended jobs and if not up to standard they would be harshly punished. In 5.1d, we see Douglass explain the strict guidelines of work and how no matter age or sex, they were all expected to have the same standard of labor and compliance. He also emphasizes the harsh conditions they were expected to live in to rest up from the days of long grueling work. These masters utilized the usage of overseers to deal out the harsh punishments and armed with weapons to not only scare but execute their orders to keep the slaves in line. Not only with their expectations of their slaves, they also exploited the women for their own sexual pleasure and sadistic intentions. Harriet Jacobs writes about her experiences in a plantation and specifically the troubles being enslaved as a woman. She writes how her master was crafty in his insults and the degradation was too much to explain as it broke her spirits and haunts her still. She also writes how there was no solidarity in womanhood from the wife of the master as she felt nothing but animosity for the enslaved girls and they would face her jealousy and rage. Not only did these girls face exploitation from their masters but also harsh backlash from the women in their lives due to their husbands sadistic behavior. 3. How did the United States come to conquer/acquire new territory in the 1830s and 1840s? What are some examples of economic opportunities in these newly American lands that were largely reserved for white people? The US’s main expansions of states were accounted for in 1804 with the Louisiana Purchase, the 1830 Indian Removal Act, and Polk’s election with his immense focus on (54-40 or Fight) and his eyes on expansion westward. The United States was able to conquer much of its territory from the Mexican American War (1845-1848) and specifically under the leadership of Polk whose main campaign focused on progress. The economic opportunity ranged from Timber and farming in which Native Americans were moved into reservations so white society was able to benefit from this opportunity fully as well as the ban on black settlers. In California, the gold rush was the greatest economic opportunity of the land. This gold rush brought many immigrants in search of economic prosperity from China, Venezuela, and other Asian countries. However, white society began to revolt against these immigrants coming in stealing their work. They resorted to vigilante violence and taxes specifically placed on immigrants to drive them out of California. They would hunt down and kill these immigrants as a sort of justice and created a genocide and enslaved a specific race of Natives named the Quasi. Moving on to Texas which was acquired under Polk in the Annexation of Texas to satisfy both anti-slavery and slavery individuals. Texas thrived with cotton plantations in which white society enslaved thousands of black people to work at these plantations. They also drove out any remaining Mexicans called “Tejanos” as they discriminated against them. 4. What is manifest destiny, and why was John O’Sullivan so confident about the United States’ ability to control the West? Manifest destiny is the belief that expansion is fully justified under God and is inevitable to happen. O’Sullivan expresses his beliefs as he justifies Manifest Destiny as the path for America to follow because they are such a great country with our advancements in policy and government. He lists the states that will soon become the US’s states and how Mexico will be unable to overtake the US because of our strength. He finishes with a declaration of how America will spread its development across the West and place its liberty and federated self-government that God has entrusted the US to do. The spread of the US civilization and our systems of government is God’s intended path for us. 5. How did Westward Expansion and the debates over slavery in the West contribute to the outbreak of the Civil War? All political tensions were brought from not only the fight between North and South ideologies on the topic of racism. When westward expansion was brought into the US and used for economic opportunities, white society scrambled to limit people of color from these opportunities, from formerly enslaved people and immigrants. For example, in Oregon where timber and farming was on rise, heavy taxes were put onto immigrants to drive them out of these states. The following states followed this pattern as well with California and the gold rush in which vigilante violence rose against immigrants. As well in Texas, cotton plantations were the main economic aspect where white society drove the remaining Tejanos. 6. What were the political circumstances that explain the emergence and rise of the Republican party? What were the defining beliefs of the Republican Party in the 1850s? The rise of the Republican party is accounted for by the Abolitionist movement as Northern whigs were betrayed by Southern whigs on the spectrum of slavery and many other parties felt the animosity of their pro slavery counterparts such as the Know-Nothings, Free Soliers, and Anti-slavery Democrats. The 1850’s for the republicans was a time of rebranding as they began to look very similar to Whigs and Federalists, promoting the economy, the belief that the federal government should intervene in social and economic matters, stronger support in the North, and the beliefs of National power compared to states power. 7. Why did the victory of the Republican Party in the Election of 1860 lead to the secession of southern states? With the overwhelming win for Lincoln as the votes were so split between three other candidates, many southerners feared for their way of life and economic prosperity would be ripped from them. The animosity built up as South Carolina began the listing of secession. 8. Why did the North win the Civil War? Why did the South lose? You should be broadly familiar with the military strategy layer of this (military advantages and strategies for each side, tactics of Grant and Sherman), but you should also be familiar with arguments related to “deeper” issues: economic and political explanations as opposed to just military ones. The North won the Civil War due to a number of reasons. Beginning with population density as the Union amounted to 22 million soldiers compared to the Confederacy's amount of 9 million in which 3.5 million of those soldiers were enslaved. Both sides also had to focus on their reasoning for the war effort in which it varied from person to person as many southerners were angry about the class disparities as the draft was implemented. They also knew they were paying for this war out of their own pockets and their economy would fall with the war efforts. The south typically focused on the protecting of their homes from an invading army. The confederacy was fighting for their ways of life and economy as a whole. In War, one of the most important aspects focused on the economic structure of either side. The south proved to have an economy solely focused on plantation labor and agriculture which isn’t suitable for a war effort. They attempted to fix this with a failed cotton embargo. The North however was able to industrialize due to the market revolution and raised lots of money for food. They also benefited from their improved transportation systems. With the war effort, it also proves how the government plays a huge part of the fighting and battles. The South was very problematically decentralized in which they did not trust each other beyond state lines. The south focused much more on product taxing and inflation skyrocketed making many southern citizens enraged as they continued to lose more and more the North. However, the North was able to have an effective system in raising money as they had a preexisting government structure that people could trust. In the war as a whole, the battles were primarily fought in the South. This allowed the South to have a bit of an advantage as they were able to know the terrain and with this they primarily used guerilla warfare in which they created a less uniform strategy to attack the invading forces. The North was tasked with moving their men throughout the south and their supplies. These sides both saw the brunt of “Total War” as generals would raid towns burning the homes and towns down to ash and killing women and children in the path. 9. What were some examples of resistance/backlash against the war effort in both the North and the South? In the South, many people opposed the war due to the class disparities as the rich were able to stay and send off the poor individuals to fight the war that clearly involved the rich compared to the poor. Their economy also fell due to inflation. They also faced a huge amount of food scarcity in which there began to have riots in which women broke into the soldiers’ food supplies and stole food for themselves. In the North, stakes were high as many people questioned their deaths for slavery and justified the South as we didn’t need them so we should let them leave. 10. Why and how did the Civil War lead to emancipation of enslaved people? To what extent was Abraham Lincoln responsible for emancipation? The civil war led to emancipation in which the Union was able to secure their victory. Lincoln strategically devised a plan to protect the Union and free the slaves in the Confederacy as an example of secession. His main goal was to protect the Union as president and his end goal was to end up with a connected country. He is not the only figure but in his position of power he took the steps to free the slaves in a way where abolitionism remained and the Confederacy was unable to take over. Primary Sources 5.3a William Lloyd Garrison Garrison argues how America’s values are built off the quotes of “All men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, LIBERTY, and the pursuit of happiness.” He emphasizes the impact of these words in American society as it drove the desire for freedom. He then argues the ideological stance of moral purity and how this corruption of slavery poisons the country. He shows his stance on the cruelty of slavery as he describes the treatment they face and how the federal government allows and encourages this cruelty. He finishes with how the law is above God in this point and the government is at fault for over commanding God’s teachings. He argues how these laws infringe on natural rights and an overthrow of basic human rights. He finishes with a sentence of how these laws and slavery overall must be abolished. 5.3d: Abraham Lincoln Lincoln begins his debate with the statement of how “All men are created equal” means something different in his eyes in how all men are equal in color, size, intellect, moral development, and social capacity. He says how they state the equality of existence and how they declare the natural rights so there can be enforcement of free will. He also states how the federal government has no right to ban slavery in the states. He states that he is in favor of allowing new territories having white men but also immigrants and formerly enslaved people. He concludes with the real issues of slavery in this country of how one class of people believes slavery while the other sees no issue in it. He writes how the North views slavery as a moral, political, and social wrong but he also cites how difficult and detrimental it would be to the Southern morale so he vows to make slavery no longer in the United States. 5.4d Alexander H. Stephens Stephens begins with explaining the new Confederate constitution and how slavery exists to limit the black people in America because they are less than the white man. He also writes how it was brought up how slavery would be the topic that the Union would split off of. He then writes how the constitutionality of slavery is proven because people interpret it wrong. He writes how slavery must be in the federal institutions because not all races are equal. He concludes by repeating his previous statement of how the Confederate constitution is built on solid beliefs that slavery is the natural way of living and their new government will recognize that. He then states how the North is fundamentally wrong in their beliefs that slavery is wrong scientifically, morally, and politically. He specifically calls them insane and alludes to how their premises were wrong first and they end with wrong conclusions. 5.3c Stephen Douglas He begins with the statement that reflected his party of the importance of states rights and how they must stay intact. He explains the reasons for states rights such as climate, personal interest, local laws, and separate societies. He finishes with how the Union has had this implemented to allow freedom within states. Douglas then takes a shot at Lincoln as he states his stance on slavery TLDR; if a popular sovereignty wants it, slavery will be legal if not it will be prohibited, it’s up to the states. He also states how it is none of the federal government’s business to interfere with state’s rights. He cites the Kansas-Nebraska Act as a prime example of his intended policy. He then argues how the writers of the DOI did not write of other people other than white people in their writings so constitutionality does not stick in this argument. He says he intends to run a government of only white staff but black people and other races may be allowed rights and privileges with strict limitations in society. He finishes with this main argument, the states decide, not the federal government. 5.3b George Fitzhugh He begins with how white slave trade which allueds to the northern society of wage earning factory workers is like slaves without a master. He explains his argument through how slave labor is much better due to the conditions of having somewhere to stay and how the masters take care of their slaves, again bringing paternalism to the idea of slavery. How slaves have it easy because they work and have nothing to worry about when they return home from a long day of work. Free Write Question: How did slavery lead to the Civil War? What historical circumstances created a situation in which disagreement over slavery led to secession? Slavery began the civil war through political arguments, state disagreements, and moral values. The abolishment movement is credited with the abolishment of slavery for the most part as we see their goal accomplished with the Emancipation Proclamation by Abraham Lincoln. However, many other factors contributed or led the Civil War as a full fledged war with drawn lines in American soil. Westward expansion began under the leadership of Polk who fronted his presidential campaign with 54-40 or Fight in the context of gaining more western land for the US. Manifest destiny also played a significant part in this and how the US believed God had destined them to move western. With this movement, many issues such as genocide, vigilante violence, and crime arose from white society against black and other people of color for economic purposes. Post westward expansion, we begin the fight for party lines and slavery rights per state’s opinion such as the Annexation of Texas to impose popular vote for slavery. The republican party was composed of people who believed in the abolishment of slavery and how it negatively impacted Americans through the economy and through a moral sense. The republican party campaigns not only for slavery but other issues as well as they select Abraham Lincoln as their candidate. He speaks of how he believes in nation rights, federal invention for economic purposes, and less significantly speaks on slavery. The south however is infuriated that a president who claims to protect the American people can take away their ways of life so easily and doom their economy as a whole. This outrage causes the democratic party to find a pro-slavery canadiate to speak out against Lincoln but however it fails to work as many think he is too moderate. The civil war was a complication of events that angered the southerners from their economy doomed and their livelihoods in their opinion being destroyed by the federal government. Important Name Description John Brown John Brown was an abolitionist who focused his efforts on violent riots and he was eventually killed for conducting a slave rebellion at Harpers Ferry. Stephen Douglass Stephen Douglass was an American politician who ran against Abraham Lincoln in the election of 1600 and ran with the democratic party. He was also known for being one of the brokers of the compromise of 1850. Douglass argued that states had full control if slavery was to be legal in their respective territories. Fredrick Douglass Fredrick Douglass is a well-known abolitionist in history. He published many books and eventually started his own news publication  called “The North Star”. George Fitzburgh An American social theorist who believed slavery was better than working for a wage in a factory. William Lloyd Garrison William Lloyd Garrison was a prominent abolitionist as he was a white religious leader. He argued the religious and moral views against slavery. Ulysses S. Grant General for the Union Robert E. Lee General for the Confederacy Abraham Lincoln President of 1600 and credited with abolishing slavery John O’Sullivan Declared manifest destiny in 1845, he was a known political writer for the Democratic Party and aimed to promote the annexation of Texas and moving into Oregon lines (54-40). Dred Scott An enslaved man who sued the US for his freedom because his master had brought him to a free state; however the courts voted against him because enslaved people did not have citizenship in the US. William T. Sherman An American general who was credited with utilizing the strategy of “Total War” as he moved with his military campaign through Confederate states. His famous “March to the Sea” was in burning down infrastructure to lower the Southern morale. Alexander Stephens An American politician who was known for being the vice president of the Confederate states who opposed slavery due to his belief that black people were subordinate to white people. Nat Turner An enslaved carpenter and preacher who lead a 4-day rebellion of enslaved and freed black people in Virginia. Important Events Description Missouri Compromise (1821) This compromise allowed Missouri to become  a slave state and Maine to be a free state to maintain the balance of slave and free states. It also outlawed slavery above 36, 30’ line as the reminder of Louisiana Territory. War of Texan Independence (1835-36) This was a war fought against Mexico and Texan colonists to fight for independence from Mexico and lead to the republic of Texas. Annexation of Texas (1845) Texas was annexed into the US and admitted into the Union on December 29th, 1845 as James Polk signed Texas as a state. Mexican-American War (1845-1848) A war that was caused by the dispute of the annexation of Texas and the US ultimately won and gained over 500,000 sq miles of land leading to manifest destiny and westward expansion. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) A law were territories of Kansas and Nebraska and allowed residents to decide the legality of slavery by popular vote Bleeding Kansas (1856) A period of intense violence in Kansas credited by John Brown and the massacre of May 1856 at Pottawatomie Creek Dred Scott Decision (1857) Decision in which the Supreme Court ruled that enslaved people have no claim to US citizenship John Brown’s Harper Ferry Raid (1859) An armed attack on the federal armory in Harpers Ferry, Virginia by abolitionist John Brown and his other supporters in 1859 The Emancipation Proclamation (1863) The emancipation proclamation freed the slaves in Southern states (a.k.a the Confederacy) and kept slaves in borderline states that sided with the Union. “War of Attrition” Attrition warfare was used by General Grant against General Lee in Virginia during 1864 and 1865. He kept Lee’s army fighting until they ran out of man power. Total War (“March to the Sea”) Union soldiers burned down and raided Southern towns with little to no fighting led by William T. Sherman Compromise of 1850 (including Fugitive A compromise that was a result of tensions Slave Law) between slave and free states as DC ending the slave trade, California became a free state, and new states were allowed to decide if they were a free state or not based on popular vote. The fugitive slave law was also introduced in which if slaves ran away to a free state they would have to be sent back.