Skeletal System PDF

Chapter 06 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre- inserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 ...

Chapter 06 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre- inserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1  2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Skeletal System  Chapter 6-Skeletal System Functions 1. Support 2. Protect 3. Movement 4. Storage 5. Blood cell production 4 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Components of Skeletal System Bone Cartilage: reduce friction and model for bone formation Tendons: attach bone to muscle Ligaments: attach bone to bone 5 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Background Information Bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments are connective tissues. Proteoglycans: - large polysaccharides attached to proteins - part of ground substance - store water 6 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Bone’s extracellular matrix is collagen and minerals (flexible and able to bear weight) Cartilage’s extracellular matrix is collagen and proteoglycans (good shock absorber) Tendons and ligaments’ extracellular matrix is collagen (very tough) 7 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Classification of Bones Based on shape: long, short, flat, irregular Type of bone tissue: compact and spongy (cancellous) 8 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Long Bone Structures Diaphysis: Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. – shaft Articular cartilage Epiphysis – compact bone Epiphyseal plates in juveniles tissue (on outside) Epiphysis: Spongy bone Compact bone – ends Medullary cavity (contains Diaphysis red marrow in juveniles and – spongy bone tissue yellow marrow in adults) Articular cartilage: Periosteum Endosteum - covers epiphyses Young bone - reduces friction (a) 9 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Epiphyseal plate: Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. – site of growth Articular cartilage Epiphysis – between diaphysis and epiphysis Epiphyseal lines in adults Spongy bone Compact bone Medullary cavity: Medullary cavity (contains red marrow in juveniles and yellow marrow in adults) Diaphysis – center of diaphysis Periosteum Endosteum – red or yellow marrow (b) Adult bone Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Periosteum: Articular cartilage Epiphysis membrane around Epiphyseal plates in juveniles bone’s outer surface Spongy bone Compact bone Endosteum: Medullary cavity (contains Diaphysis red marrow in juveniles and membrane that lines yellow marrow in adults) Periosteum medullary cavity Endosteum Young bone (a) 11 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Articular cartilage Epiphysis Epiphyseal plates in juveniles Epiphyseal lines in adults Spongy bone Compact bone Medullary cavity (contains Diaphysis red marrow in juveniles and Diaphysis yellow marrow in adults) Periosteum Endosteum Young bone Adult bone (a) (b) Osteons (haversian systems) Endosteum Inner layer Periosteum Outer layer Compact bone Central canals Spongy bone with trabeculae Connecting vessels Medullary cavity 12 Adult bone (c) Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Compact Bone Tissue Location: outer part of diaphysis (long Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. bones) and thinner surfaces Osteons of other bones (haversian systems) Endosteum Inner layer Osteon: Periosteum Outer - structural unit of compact layer Compact bone bone Central canals Spongy bone - includes lamella, lacunae, with trabeculae canaliculus, central canal, Connecting vessels Medullary osteocytes cavity Adult bone (c) Lamella: rings of bone matrix 13 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Lacunae: spaces between lamella Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Canaliculus: Osteons - tiny canals (haversian systems) Endosteum Inner - transport nutrients and Periosteum layer Outer remove waste Compact bone layer Central canals Spongy bone with trabeculae Central canal: Connecting vessels - center of osteon Medullary cavity Adult bone - contains blood vessels (c) 14 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Osteon Osteon Lamellae on Concentric rings surface of bone of lamellae Lamellae between osteons Central canal Periosteum Blood vessel within the periosteum Blood vessels connecting to a central canal Blood vessels within a central (Haversian) canal Canaliculi LM 400x Osteocytes in lacunae Canaliculi (b) (a) Blood vessel Lacunae connecting to a central canal between osteons a: © Trent Stephens Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Spongy Bone Tissue Cancellous bone Location: epiphyses of long bones and center of other bones Trabeculae: interconnecting rods, spaces contain marrow No osteons 16 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Bone Cells Osteocytes: maintain bone matrix Osteoblasts: build bone Osteoclasts: carve bone 17 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Bone Formation Ossification: process of bone formation (occurs in utero) Osteoblast’s role: - build bone - after an osteoblast becomes surrounded by bone matrix it becomes an osteocyte 18 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Ossification center: where bone formation begins Primary ossification center: - where bone 1st begins to appear - forms diaphyses Secondary ossification center: forms epiphyses 19 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Intramembranous Ossification Bone formation within connective tissue membranes Osteoblasts build bone Ex. Skull bones 20 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Endochondral Ossification Bone formation inside cartilage Cartilage models are replaced by bone Ex. All bones (except skull) 22 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Steps in Endochondral Ossification 1. Chondroblasts build a cartilage model, the chrondroblasts become chondrocytes. 2. Cartilage model calcifies (hardens). 3. Osteoblasts invade calcified cartilage and a primary ossification center forms diaphysis. 4. Secondary ossification centers form epiphysis. 5. Original cartilage model is almost completely ossified and remaining cartilage is articular cartilage. 23 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Femur Patella Epiphysis Epiphyseal plate Diaphysis (a) Length of bone increases. Epiphyseal side 1 New cartilage is Thickness of produced on 1 epiphyseal the epiphyseal side plate remains of the plate as the Chondrocytes 1 unchanged. chondrocytes divide Epiphyseal divide and enlarge. and form stacks plate of cells. 2 2 Chondrocytes mature and 2 Bone is 3 added to enlarge. Calcified cartilage diaphysis. 3 Matrix is calcified, is replaced by bone. and chondrocytes die. 3 Bone of 4 The cartilage on diaphysis 4 the diaphyseal side 4 of the plate is LM 400x (b) replaced by bone. Diaphyseal side (c) (a): © Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold, Inc./ Photolibrary.com; (c): © Bio-Photo Assocs/Photo Researchers, Inc. 25 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Bone Growth Infancy and youth: - long bones lengthen at epiphyseal plate - long bones widen by adding more lamella End of bone growth (in length): epiphyseal plate is replaced by an epiphyseal line 26 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Figure 6.2b Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Bone Remodeling What is it? - removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and deposition of new bone by osteoblasts - occurs in all bones - responsible for changes in bone shape, bone repair, adjustment of bone to stress, and calcium ion regulation 28 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Bone Repair 1. Broken bone causes bleeding and a blood clot forms. 2. Callus forms which is a fibrous network between 2 fragments. 3. Cartilage model forms first then, osteoblasts enter the callus and form cancellous bone this continues for 4-6 weeks after injury. 4. Cancellous bone is slowly remodeled to form compact and cancellous bone. 29 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Bone and Calcium Homeostasis Bone is a major storage site for calcium Movement of calcium in and out of bone helps determine blood levels of calcium Calcium moves into bone as osteoblasts build new bone Calcium move out of bone as osteoclasts break down bone Calcium homeostasis is maintained by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin 31 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Decreased 1 5 Increased Please update to blood Ca2+ blood Ca2+ 9e copyright Posterior aspect of thyroid gland Parathyroid 1 Decreased blood Ca2+ stimulates PTH glands secretion from parathyroid glands. Kidney Thyroid gland 2 PTH stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone and release Ca2+ into the blood. 3 In the kidneys, PTH increases Ca2+ reabsorption from the urine. PTH also 3 stimulates active Vitamin D formation. PTH Calcitonin 4 Vitamin D promotes Ca2+ absorption from the small intestine into the blood. 2 6 Stimulates 5 Increased blood Ca2+ stimulates calcitonin Vitamin D Inhibits secretion from the thyroid gland. osteoclasts osteoclasts 6 Calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts, which Bone allows for enhanced osteoblast uptake of Osteoclasts Ca2+ from the blood to deposit into bone. promote Ca2+ uptake from Ca2+ 4 bone. Osteoblasts promote Ca2+ deposition in bone. Small intestine Ca2+ Blood Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Hematopoietic Tissue What is it? tissue that makes blood cells Red marrow: location of blood forming cells Yellow marrow: mostly fat 33 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Location of hematopoietic tissue in newborns: most bones (red marrow) Location of hematopoietic tissue in adults: - red is replaced with yellow marrow - red marrow is mainly in epiphyses of femur and humerus 34 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Bone Anatomy Foramen: - hole - Ex. Foramen magnum Fossa: - depression - Ex. Glenoid fossa Process: - projection - Ex. Mastoid process Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 35  Fossa Foramen Process 36  Condyle: - smooth, rounded end - Ex. Occipital condyle Meatus: - canal-like passageway - Ex. External auditory meatus Tubercle: - lump of bone - Ex. Greater tubercle 37 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Tubercle Meatus Condyle 38  39 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Axial Skeleton  Axial Skeleton Mastoid process: attached to neck muscles External auditory meatus: ear canal Nasolacrimal canal: - canal between nasal cavity and eye - conducts tears 42 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Skull 43  Cranial Fossae Anterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa  Sutures Coronal Suture Frontal bone Parietal bones  Sutures Lambdoid Suture Occipital bone Parietal bones  Sutures Sagittal Suture Parietal bones  Sutures Squamous Suture Parietal bone Temporal bone  Paranasal Sinuses Frontal Ethmoid Sphenoid Frontal bone Parietal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone  Styloid process: attachment site for tongue Mandibular fossa: depression where lower jaw and skull meet Glenoid fossa: where humerus meets scapula 56 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Temporomandibular Joint Mandibular Fossa of Temporal bone Mandibular condyle of Mandible Sphenoid bone  Sphenoid Foramina Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Ethmoid bone  Body of sphenoid Crista galli Sella turcica Cribriform plate Optic canal Maxillae  Hard palate: roof of mouth Foramen magnum: hole where spinal cord joins brainstem 65 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Palatine bones Zygomatic bone  Zygomatic: cheek bone Mandible: lower jaw Maxilla: upper jaw 69 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lacrimal bones Nasal bones Vomer  Mandibular foramen Mandible  Hyoid Bone Hyoid bone Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  81 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Vertebral Column 7 cervical vertebra 12 thoracic vertebra 5 lumbar vertebra 1 sacrum 1 coccyx Atlas: - 1st vertebra - holds head Axis: - 2nd vertebra - rotates head 82 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Intervertebra Intervertebral l foramina discs Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Typical Vertebra  Articular facets Superior Inferior articular articular processes processes 7 Cervical Vertebrae Cervical Vertebrae Cervical Vertebral Bodies Spinous Processes Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Atlas Axis Dens of Axis 12 Thoracic Vertebrae 12 Thoracic Vertebrae 5 Lumbar Vertebrae 5 Lumbar Vertebrae 5 Fused Sacral Vertebrae Alae Auricular surfaces Median sacral crest Sacral hiatus  Anterior Posterior sacral sacral foramina foramina  Sacral Promontory 5 Fused Sacral Vertebrae Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coccyx Functions of Vertebral Column Support Protect spinal cord Movement 110 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Thoracic Cage Protects vital organs 12 pair of ribs Sternum: breastbone True ribs: attach directly to sternum by cartilage False ribs: attach indirectly to sternum by cartilage Floating ribs: not attached to sternum Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 111 Thoracic Cage Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 12 Rib Pairs Jugular notch Manubrium Sternal angle Body Xiphoid process Sternum Sternum Manubrium of Sternum Body of the Sternum Xiphoid Process of Sternum Jugular notch Sternal angle True Ribs Rib Pairs 1 - 7 Costal Cartilages False Ribs Rib Pairs 8 - 12 Floating Ribs Rib Pairs 11 - 12  Pectoral Girdle Scapula: shoulder blade Clavicle: collar bone 125 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Pectoral girdle Pectoral girdle and upper limbs Pectoral Girdle 8-127 Clavicle  Clavicle Sternal end Acromial end Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Scapula Acromion Process Acromion Process Scapular Spine Supraspinous Infraspinous fossa fossa Subscapular fossa Coracoid process Glenoid Cavity Upper Limb Upper Limb Bones Humerus: upper limb Ulna: forearm Radius: forearm Carpals: wrist Metacarpals: hand Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 139 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Humerus Humerus - Head Humerus – Anatomical Neck Humerus – Surgical Neck Humerus – Tubercles Greater Lesser Humerus – Intertubercular Groove Deltoid tuberosity  Humerus - Distal Median Epicondyle Capitulum Trochlea  Humerus - Distal Median epicondyle Coronoid Trochlea fossa Capitulum Elbow Capitulum Trochlea Head of radius Ulna Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Radius Radius Head Radius Radial tuberosity Radius Styloid process Ulna Ulna Trochlear (semilunar) notch Olecranon process Coronoid process of the ulna  Ulna Styloid process Head of ulna Interosseous Membrane Radio-ulnar joint Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Carpals Carpals Scaphoid Carpals Lunate  Carpals Triquetrum  Carpals Pisiform  Carpals Hamate hamate  Carpals Capitate  Carpals Trapeziod  Carpals Trapezium Metacarpals Metacarpals 1 Metacarpals 2 Metacarpals 3 Metacarpals 4 Metacarpals 5 Phalanges  Phalanges Proximal Middle Distal  Pelvic Girdle Where lower limbs attach to body Pelvis: includes pelvic girdle and coccyx Ischium: inferior and posterior region Ilium: most superior region Acetabulum: hip socket (joint) 180 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  The Pelvis Ileum Ischium Pubis  The Pelvis Iliac crest Iliac fossa Ant. sup. Obturator Ant. inf. iliac spine foramen iliac spine Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Greater Auricular sciatic surface of notch ileum Sacroiliac joint Lesser sciatic notch Acetabulum Obturator foramen Ischial tuberosity Pubic crest Pubic tubercle Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Pubic inlet Pubic inlet Female Male Pubic symphysis Pubic symphysis  The Pelvis Pelvic inlet Subpubic angle  The Pelvis Female pelvis Male pelvis  192 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lower Limb Bones Femur: thigh Patella: knee cap Tibia: large lower leg Fibula: small lower leg 193 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Tarsals: ankle Metatarsals: foot Phalanges: toes and fingers 194 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  196 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Femur Head of the Femur Fovea Capitis Neck of the Femur Greater & Lesser Trochanter Intertrochanteric Intertrochanteric crest line Linea Gluteal aspera tuberosity Shaft of Femur Median Lateral condyle condyle Medial & Lateral Condyles – ant. Medial & Lateral Condyles – post.  Median Lateral epicondyle epicondyle Adductor tubercle Intercondylar Patellar fossa surface  Patella Apex Apex Articular surface Base Base Patella - Articulation Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Tibia Intercondylar Tibial eminence Tibia tuberosity Lateral Medial condyle Tibia condyle  Tibia Median Anterior Tibial malleolus crest shaft Fibula Head of Fibula  Fibula Lateral malleolus Shaft Interosseous Membrane Tibiofibular joint Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  7 Tarsal Bones Talus Calcaneus Cuboid Cuneiforms Medial Intermediate Navicular Lateral Tarsals – Cuboid & Navicular  Tarsals - Cuneiforms Lateral Intermediate Medial Metatarsals (1 thru 5) 1 2 3 4 5  Phalanges (14) - Pedal Proximal Middle Distal Hallux Proximal Distal  228 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Articulations What are they? where 2 bones come together (joint) Synarthrosis: - nonmovable joint - Ex. skull Amphiarthrosis: - slightly movable joint - Ex. Between vertebrae Diarthrosis: - freely movable joint - Ex. knee, elbow, wrist 229 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  230 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  231 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  232 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Ball-and-Socket Joint Shoulder joint Hip Joint Elbow  Elbow Joints Humeroradial Humeroulnar Joint Joint  Elbow -2 joints in one Humeroulnar & Humeroradial Elbow Joints Elbow Joints Elbow Joints  Elbow Joints Fibrous Capsule of Elbow  Elbow Joints Anular Ligament  Elbow Joints Radial Collateral Ligament Elbow Joints Ulnar Collateral Ligament Elbow Joints  Elbow Joints Humerus  Elbow Joints Capitulum Trochlea  Elbow Joints Lateral Medial Epicondyle Epicondyle  Elbow Joints Head of Radius Radius Radial Tuberosity Elbow Joints Ulna  Elbow Joints Humeroradial Humeroulnar Joint Joint Humeroscapular (shoulder) Joint Glenohumeral Joint Glenohumeral Joint Glenohumeral Joint Glenohumeral Joint Glenohumeral Joint  Glenohumeral Joint Fibrous Capsule of Glenohumeral Joint Glenohumeral Joint  Glenohumeral Joint Tendon of Long Head of Biceps Brachii Glenohumeral Joint  Glenohumeral Joint Clavicle  Glenohumeral Joint Scapula  Glenohumeral Joint Acromion Process  Glenohumeral Joint Coracoid Process Glenohumeral Joint Humerus Glenohumeral Joint Head of Humerus Glenohumeral Joint Glenoid Cavity Knee Knee Surface projection of patella Surface projection of patellar ligament Surface projection of tibial tuberosity Anterior Knee Posterior Knee Anterior Posterior Medial meniscus Lateral meniscus Tibial (medial) collateral ligament Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament Anterior cruciate ligament Transverse ligament Posterior meniscofemoral ligament Posterior cruciate ligament  Coxal (Hip) Joint Anterior Posterior  Coxal (Hip) Joint Anterior Posterior Ball and Socket Joint  Coxal (Hip) Joint Head of Femur Acetabulum  Coxal (Hip) Joint Female Male  Types of Movement Flexion: bending Extension: straightening Abduction: movement away from midline Adduction: movement toward the midline Pronation: rotation of the forearm with palms down Supination: rotation of the forearm with palms up Rotation: movement of a structure about the long axis 288 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System and Joints 1. Decreased Collagen Production 2. Loss of Bone Density 3. Degenerative Changes 291 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.