Animal Anatomy and Physiology PDF

OVERVIEW Animal Anatomy and Physiology is the scientific study of the life-supporting properties, functions and processes of animals or their parts. It is an experimental scientific discipline and is of central importance in medicine and related health sciences. Anatomy The science that deals...

OVERVIEW Animal Anatomy and Physiology is the scientific study of the life-supporting properties, functions and processes of animals or their parts. It is an experimental scientific discipline and is of central importance in medicine and related health sciences. Anatomy The science that deals with forms and structures of organisms Physiology The study of functions of body or functions of its structures Latin – Anatomy “ana” “tome”  “ana” – again or go back  “tome” – to cut “cut again” or “go back and cut” The study of the structure of the animal body and the relationships of its many parts. Fields of Anatomy Macroscopic Anatomy (gross anatomy) Seen with the naked eye by dissection. Organs and organ systems Microscopic Anatomy Viewed with a microscope. Comparative anatomy is the study of the structure of various species of animals with particular emphasis on those characteristics that aid in classification.  Cattle Horse Chicke n Pig Cat Dog BASIC ANATOMICAL TERMS Descriptive Terms Useful In The Study Of Anatomy Plane A surface, real or imaginary, along which any two points can be connected by a straight line. Median plane Sagittal plane Transverse or segmental plane Dorsal or frontal plane Median Plane Sagittal Plane Transverse/ Segmental Plane Dorsal or Frontal Plane Plane DIRECTIONAL TERMS Dorsal Toward or relatively near the back and corresponding surface of the head, neck, and tail Applies to the upper or front surface of the carpus, tarsus, metapodium and digits Dorsal Ventra l Towards or relatively near the belly and corresponding surface of the head, neck, thorax and tail. Ventra l Dorsal vs Ventral Medial Toward relatively near the median plane Lateral Away from or relatively farther from the median plane Medial VS Lateral Cranial Toward or relatively near the head On the limbs,it appliesproximal to the carpus and tarsus Cranial Rostral Toward or relatively near the nose Caudal Toward or relatively near the tail On the limbs,it appliesproximal to the carpus and tarsus Cranial VS Caudal Description of Organs and Appendages Internal or Inner Close to, or in the direction of, the center of a hollow organ, body cavity or structure External or Outer Away from the center of a hollow organ or structure Superficial Relatively near the surface of the body or the surface of a solid organ Superficial Deep Relatively near the center of the body or the center of a solid organ Proximal Relatively near the main mass or origin In limbs and tail – the attached end Distal Away from the main mass or origin In limbs and tail – the free end Palmar The surface that contacts the ground in the forepaw Plantar The surface that contacts the ground in the hindpaw BASIC MOVEMENTS OF PARTS OF THE BODY Flexion Angle formed at their joint decreases Limb is retracted or folded Digit is bent Back is arched dorsally Extension Angle formed at their joint increases Limb reaches out or extended Back and digit are straightened Flexion vs Extension Flexion VS Extension Abduction Movement of one part away from the median plane Adduction Movement toward the median plane Abduction VS Adduction