HGAP 5.1-5.5 PDF - Physical Geography & Agricultural Practices

PSO-5.A Explain the connection between physical geography and agricultural practices. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE PSO-5.A.1 Agricultural practices are influenced by the physical environment and climatic conditions, such as the Mediterranean climate and tropical climates. PSO-5.A.2 Intensive farming practic...

PSO-5.A Explain the connection between physical geography and agricultural practices. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE PSO-5.A.1 Agricultural practices are influenced by the physical environment and climatic conditions, such as the Mediterranean climate and tropical climates. PSO-5.A.2 Intensive farming practices include market gardening, plantation agriculture, and mixed crop/livestock systems. PSO-5.A.3 Extensive farming practices include shifting cultivation, nomadic herding, and ranching. 5.1 Lecture Notes 5.1 Mr. Sinns Video Module 33 (pages 423-437) Define each term below in at least one sentence Module 33 terms to definitions and descriptions know agriculture  The planting and harvesting of domesticated plants and the raising of domesticated animals for food Domesticated plant A plant that is deliberately planted, protected, cared for, and used by humans and is genetically distinct from its wild ancestors Domesticated An animal that depends on people for food and shelter and is different from its wild ancestors in looks and behavior as a result of close contact with humans animal Physical geography An animal that depends on people for food and shelter and is different from its wild ancestors in looks and behavior as a result of close contact with humans nutrients An animal that depends on people for food and shelter and is different from its wild ancestors in looks and behavior as a result of close contact with humans Topography The arrangement of shapes on Earth’s surface climate The average pattern of weather over a 30-year period for a particular region weather The average pattern of weather over a 30-year period for a particular region Tropical wet climate​ A climate located along the equator that experiences rain every day of the year ​ (tropical wet and dry climate) monsoon/ monsoon A climate located along the equator that has a dry season with little to no rain, usually in the winter; is often subject to monsoons rains Arid climate A climate that receives less than 10 inches (25 centimeters) of rain annually Semiarid (steppe) A climate that receives less than 10 inches (25 centimeters) of rain annually climate Moderate climate A climate with an average year-round temperature of 75 degrees Fahrenheit (24 degrees Celsius); found north and south of the equator on the edges of tropical climates Humid subtropical A climate with long, hot summers and short, mild winters with variable precipitation; found on east coasts of continents climate  Marine west coast A climate with long, hot summers and short, mild winters with variable precipitation; found on east coasts of continents climate Mediterranean A climate with winter precipitation, unusually mild winters, and clear skies with abundant sunshine; found along the Mediterranean Sea and a few coastal regions climate Continental climate A climate that has a large range of temperatures and moderate precipitation; found in the interior of continents, north of the moderate climate zones Humid continental A climate that has a large range of temperatures and moderate precipitation; found in the interior of continents, north of the moderate climate zones climate Humid cold climate A climate with frigid temperatures nearly year-round; found in northern reaches of the continental climate zone and often described as subarctic Intensive agriculture Crop cultivation and livestock rearing systems that use high levels of labor and capital relative to the size of the landholding Subsistence Food production mainly for consumption by the farming family and local community, rather than principally for sale in the market agriculture Commercial Food production mainly for consumption by the farming family and local community, rather than principally for sale in the market agriculture Market gardening A small-scale farming system in which a farmer plants one to a few acres that produce a diverse mixture of vegetables and fruits, mostly for sale in local and regional markets Truck farming A small-scale farming system in which a farmer plants one to a few acres that produce a diverse mixture of vegetables and fruits, mostly for sale in local and regional markets Plantation Large landholding devoted to capital-intensive, specialized production of a single tropical or subtropical crop for the global marketplace mixed/crop/livestoc Large landholding devoted to capital-intensive, specialized production of a single tropical or subtropical crop for the global marketplace k agriculture Cereal grains Large landholding devoted to capital-intensive, specialized production of a single tropical or subtropical crop for the global marketplace Root crops Vegetables that form below ground and must be dug at maturity, such as cassava, potatoes, and yams Cash crop Vegetables that form below ground and must be dug at maturity, such as cassava, potatoes, and yams Paddy rice farming A system of wet rice cultivation on small level fields bordered by impermeable dikes; the fields (paddies) are flooded with 4–6 inches (10–15 centimeters) of water for about three-quarters of the growing season Livestock fattening An intensive system of animal feeding utilizing fenced enclosures to fatten livestock, mostly cattle and hogs, for slaughter and processing for the market  feedlot/ dairying An intensive system of animal feeding utilizing fenced enclosures to fatten livestock, mostly cattle and hogs, for slaughter and processing for the market Extensive Crop cultivation and livestock rearing systems that require little hired labor or monetary investment to successfully raise crops and animals agriculture Shifting agriculture Crop cultivation and livestock rearing systems that require little hired labor or monetary investment to successfully raise crops and animals Slash-and-burn Agriculture that involves cutting small plots in forests or woodlands, burning the cuttings to clear the round and release nutrients, and planting in the ash of the cleared plot agriculture intercropping The farming practice of planting multiple crops together in the same clearing Nomadic herding/ ​ A system of breeding and rearing herd livestock, such as cattle, sheep, or pastoralism goats, by following the seasonal movement of rainfall to areas of open pasturelands ​ Livestock ranching A system of breeding and rearing herd livestock, such as cattle, sheep, or goats, by following the seasonal movement of rainfall to areas of open pasturelands Answer these 3 questions for Module 33 on page 436-437: 1.​ How do farming practices interact with the physical environment? The three most important elements of physical geography for agriculture are soil, landforms (topography), and climate. 2.​ What is climate, and how does it influence agriculture? What requirements do all plants need to thrive? ​ Climate is the average pattern of weather over a long period of time. Climate influences the type of agriculture that a farmer chooses. ​ There are four major climate groups that are important to agriculture: (1) tropical; (2) dry; (3) moderate; and (4) continental. 3.​ What are the different types of agricultural practices?  ​ There are two broad categories of agricultural practices: intensive agriculture and extensive agriculture. ​ Intensive agriculture requires high levels of labor and enough money to purchase seeds and/or equipment. ​ There are seven types of intensive agriculture: market gardening and truck farming, plantation agriculture, mixed crop/livestock farming, paddy rice farming, grain farming, livestock fattening, and dairy farming. ​ Extensive agriculture requires less labor and less monetary investment to successfully raise crops and livestock. The three types of extensive agriculture are shifting cultivation, nomadic herding, and livestock ranching. Depending upon the research interest, grain farming can be characterized as extensive agriculture. The World & Food 1.​ What crops are grown in the following regions? a.​ Tropical: Coffee, Sugar, Pineapple b.​ Subtropical: Rice, Cotton, Tobacco c.​ Dry: Cattle, Sheep, Goat, Horse, Camels d.​ Mediterranean: Grapes, Olives and Dates e.​ Warm Mid-Latitude: Vegetables, Fruits, Rice f.​ Cold Mid-Latitude: Wheat, Barley, Dairy Cows, Livestock 2.​ Describe how different site factors may impact what crops can be grown in a place. - Due to the distinct physical features of an area and the climate. Some areas offer longer growing seasons others more arable land and some have access to fresh water, while some have more space for production of different agricultural goods 3.​ Explain two ways in which advancements in technology have reshaped agriculture. - Farmer today can now use different fertilizers, herbicide, and pesticides to increase the yield of their crops. Genetic Modification of plants and animals has also allowed for crops and animals to grow faster and larger. 4.​ What is environmental possibilism? - The idea that the environment puts limits on society, but people have the ability to adjust/modify the physical environment to overcome those limits. 5.​ How has advancements in technology supported or countered Thomas Malthus’s theory? - Because of the different types of agriculture around the world we can see different types of intensive practices and extensive practices. Intensive Agricultural Practices 1.​ Briefly explain intensive agricultural practices. - Practices that often require less land, but require more capital labor, and are traditionally located closer to larger population centers. 2.​ Where are intensive agricultural practices generally located? - Located closer larger population centers Intensive Agricultural Practices (Continued) 3.​ Complete the table below. Type of Location Products Notes Agriculture Plantation Periphery Many crops grown on Labor is cheap so it reduces the countries and plantations are cash crops production former colonies which are crops that are located in tropical grown for the sale on the climates market and not used by the growth. Coffee, Sugar, Tobacco, tea Mixed Economically Corn, Soybeans These crops are used to feed an Crop & developed livestock. Livestock countries Market Geographic area Fresh fruits and Gardening that have longer vegetables growing seasons, such as the Southeastern part of the USA Extensive Agricultural Practices 1.​ Briefly explain extensive agricultural practices. - Practice that tend to use less labor and capital, but require more land for the production of food. 2.​ Where are extensive agricultural practices generally located? - Grown farther away from population centers  3.​ Complete the table below. Type of Location Products Notes Agriculture Shifting Crops planted Cultivation Tropical continuously until the climates such land loses fertility. as Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa or Southeast Asia Land tipically in a rainforest for agricultural use. Nomadic Central and Herders move cattle, Agricaultural practices are not practic Herding Southwest Asia sheep, goats the physical environment does not al or Northern traditional farming to occur. Africa They are constantly on the move and nomadic Ranching Ranchers raise cattle Land is less expensive, which is good Area where the far away from ranching takes a lot of land. land is not ideal population centers for farming 5.2 LEARNING OBJECTIVE PSO-5.B Identify different rural settlement patterns and methods of surveying rural settlements. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE PSO-5.B.1 Specific agricultural practices shape different rural land-use patterns. PSO-5.B.2 Rural settlement patterns are classified as clustered, dispersed, or linear. PSO-5.B.3 Rural survey methods include metes and bounds, township and range, and long lot. 5.2 Lecture Slides 5.2 Video Settlement Patterns 1.​ Describe the following settlement patterns. a.​ Clustered: A settlement that has very little space between different buildings. (Also could be used to describe practices or objects in an area) b.​ Dispersed: A settlement that is not clustered together and has a space between the different buildings. (Also could be to describe objects in an area or practices.) c.​ Linear: An arrangement of objects, buildings, or practice in a line. Typically associated with transportation or physical features like a river or coast 2.​ What are the two characteristics of a dispersed pattern? See less daily interactions between citizens and farmers. Farms are spaced out so it allows farms to utilize their land. 3.​ What are the two characteristics of a clustered pattern? They have higher population densities. Citizens and farmers will interact more with one another 4.​ What are the two characteristics of a linear pattern? Linear settlements and farms develop along a road river or some type of transportation. Settlements stretch in a line. Survey Methods 1.​ Describe the following survey methods. a.​ Long Lot: A narrow parcel of land that traditionally connects to a waterway. b.​ Metes and Bounds: A boundary that is based on landmarks in a geographic to create a boundary c.​ Township and Range: A grid system dividing land into 6-mile squares (townships) and strips (ranges), used mainly in the western U.S. 2.​ Where in the United States do you find Metes and Bounds? Explain. It’s used in the eastern U.S., particularly in the original 13 colonies, based on natural landmarks for land boundaries.  3.​ Where do you find Township and Range in the United States? Explain. It’s used in the western U.S. (e.g., Colorado, Wyoming) for land division in a grid pattern. 4.​ What are the advantages to using Township and Range instead of Metes and Bounds? Township and Range provide clear, standardized land divisions, reducing ambiguity, unlike Metes and Bounds, which rely on variable landmarks. 5.​ Module 34 (pages 439-448) Define each term below in at least one sentence Module 34 terms to know definitions and descriptions Rural area Low-population area, outside cities, often farmland. Rural settlements Communities in rural areas, often farming-based. Agricultural landscape Land modified for farming, including fields and structures. Grain elevator A structure for storing grain. suit case farm A farm where the owner doesn't live on-site. silo A structure for storing grain or silage. Settlement patterns The arrangement of human settlements (clustered, linear, or dispersed). Clustered settlement / farm village Buildings grouped together in a small area. farmstead The home and buildings of a farm. Dispersed settlement / isolated settlement Homes spread out across a large area. pattern Linear settlement pattern Buildings arranged in a line, often along roads or rivers. Survey methods Techniques for measuring and dividing land (e.g., Metes and Bounds, Township and Range). Cadastral survey A survey for mapping land ownership. Metes and bounds Survey based on landmarks to define boundaries. Township and range A grid-based land survey system. Long-lot survey sy stem A land survey system creating long, narrow plots, usually near water. Farming on steep land using flat terraces to prevent Terrace Farming erosion For each of the follow Images please identify what type of land use pattern is present Clustered Dispersed Linear Meets and Bounds Township and Range Dispersed  Longlot Dispersed 5.3-5.4 5.3 SPS-5.A Identify major centers of domestication of plants and animals. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE SPS-5.A.1 Early hearths of domestication of plants and animals arose in the Fertile Crescent and several other regions of the world, including the Indus River Valley, Southeast Asia, and Central America. ENDURING UNDERSTANDING SPS-5 Agriculture has changed over time because of cultural diffusion and advances in technology. SPS-5.B Explain how plants and animals diffused globally. SPS-5.B.1 Patterns of diffusion, such as the Columbian Exchange and the agricultural revolutions, resulted in the global spread of various plants and animals. 5.4- LEARNING OBJECTIVE SPS-5.C Explain the advances and impacts of the second agricultural revolution. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE SPS-5.C.1 New technology and increased food production in the second agricultural revolution led to better diets, longer life expectancies, and more people available for work in factories. Module 35 (pages 451-460) Define each term below in at least one sentence Module 35 terms to definitions and descriptions know First Agricultural The period during which the early domestication and diffusion of plants and Revolution animals and the cultivation of seed crops led to the development of agriculture Tesosinte Large wild grass native to Mexico that produced the small ears of maize (corn) that were a favored food among early groups in Mesoamerica  Biodiversity The variety and variability among species and ecosystems Hearth A center where innovations or new practices develop and from which the innovations or new practices spread or diffuse Hearths of different The Fertile Crescent is one of at least three hearth regions for the domestication of domesticated cattle and the Fertile Crescent is one of at least three hearth regions for the animals (give domestication of cattle examples) Fertile Crescent Area in Southwest Asia that includes the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates; the earliest center for domestication of seed plants Indus River Valley Area along the Indus River that flows from the highlands of Tibet and continues down along the border between present-day Pakistan and India; a site of the earliest domestication of plants and herd animals Crops that had their The Fertile Crescent is the origin of the great cereal grains—wheat, barley, rye, and hearth in Fertile oats—that enabled early people to build the civilization of Mesopotamia Crescent Crops that had their The Fertile Crescent is the origin of the great cereal grains—wheat, barley, rye, and hearth in Indus oats—that enabled early people to build the civilization of Mesopotamia River Valley Crops that had their Farmers in China domesticated rice, soybeans, and sugarcane. hearth in Asia Crops that had their East and West Africa gave us peanuts, yams, and coffee as well as different strains hearth in Africa of barley, wheat, and rice. Crops that had their Native Americans in Mesoamerica created another important center of hearth in Americas domestication for maize, tomatoes, beans, and squash. Columbian The Columbian Exchange, named for Christopher Columbus, is the interaction and Exchange widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, disease, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Answer these 3 questions for Module 35 on page 459: 1.​ What is domestication? The Columbian Exchange, named for Christopher Columbus, is the interaction and widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, disease, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. 2.​ Where are the early hearths of domesticated plants & animals? Hearths are centers where new practices develop and from which the new practices spread. The early hearths of domestication include the Fertile Crescent and the Indus River valley in Southwest Asia; China, South and Southeast Asia, and Malaysia; Africa; and the Americas. 3.​ What are the global patterns of diffusion for domesticated plants and animals? For much of human history, domesticate and agricultural practices spread through expansion and relocation diffusion. The Columbian Exchange is the interaction and widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, disease, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Globalization drives modern diffusions, extending the process begun by prehistoric peoples and continuing through the Columbian Exchange to the present. First Agricultural Revolution 1.​ Where is the fertile crescent located? The Fertile Crescent is in the Middle East, including parts of Iraq, Syria, Israel, and Turkey.  2.​ What is the Neolithic Revolution and where did it start? The Neolithic Revolution was when people switched from hunting and gathering to farming. It started around 10,000 BCE in the Fertile Crescent. 3.​ Explain the difference between a nomadic lifestyle and sedentary lifestyle. Nomadic: People move around to find food. Sedentary: People settle in one place and farm. 4.​ Identify the different crops that originated in the following agricultural hearths. a.​ Fertile Crescent: Wheat, barley, lentils b.​ Sub-Saharan Africa: Sorghum, millet, yams c.​ Central America: Corn, beans, squash d.​ East Asia: Rice, soybeans, millet e.​ Southeast Asia: Bananas, coconuts, sugarcane 5.​ Explain how life changed after the first Agricultural Revolution. ​ People settled down, built villages, and farmed. ​ ​ Populations grew because of a steady food supply. ​ ​ New technology, trade, and governments developed. Trade & Diffusion 1.​ What is the Columbian Exchange? The Columbian Exchange was the trade of plants, animals, and diseases between Europe, Africa, and the Americas after 1492. 2.​ Identify two ways in which the Columbian Exchange reshaped either the Old World or New World. Old World: Potatoes and corn from the Americas helped European populations grow. New World: Horses changed Native American life, but European diseases killed many indigenous people. 3.​ Describe how the Silk Road led to the diffusion of different agricultural crops. The Silk Road connected China, India, the Middle East, and Europe, spreading crops like rice, citrus fruits, grapes, and wheat.  4.​ How does the migration of people diffuse different agricultural products and techniques? People bring crops and farming techniques to new places. Example: African slaves brought okra to the Americas, and Europeans introduced wheat and cattle. Crops Latin America Squash, Pepper, Cassava, Cotton, Lima Bean, Maize, Potato, Sweet Potato Sub-Saharan Africa Yam, Sorghum, Cowpea, African Rice, Coffee, Finger Millet Southwest Asia Barley, Einkorn Wheat, Emmer Wheat, Lentil, Oats, Rye, Bread Wheat, Broad Bean, Olive East Asia Rive, Soybean, Chinese Chestnut, Walnut Southeast Asia Mango, Taro, Coconut, Pigeonpea, Slender Millet Module 36 (pages 462--470) Define each term below in at least one sentence Module 36 terms to definitions and descriptions know Second Agricultural Period that brought improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of Revolution farm produce that began in the late 1600s and continued through the 1930s Seed drill A machine for planting seeds in a row Mechanical reaper A machine used to harvest grain crops mechanically; patented by Cyrus McCormick in 1831 scythe An agricultural hand tool with a curved blade used for cutting grain in the fields agrichemicals Chemical compounds obtained from petroleum and natural gas for use in agriculture; agrichemicals include fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides Synthetic fertilizer Industrially manufactured nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, made from petroleum by-products; contain higher concentrations of nutrients for plants than natural fertilizers pesticide Material used to kill or repel animals or insects that can damage, destroy, or inhibit crop growth herbicide Material used to kill or repel animals or insects that can damage, destroy, or inhibit crop growth Nutrient pollution Consequence of overuse of fertilizer; occurs when excess nutrients seep down into groundwater or are carried into nearby waterways as runoff runoff The flow of rain or irrigation water over land Answer these 2 questions for Module 36 on page 468: 1.​ How did technologies and innovations increase agricultural productivity during the Second Agricultural Revolution? New technologies such as the seed drill, steel plow, mechanical reaper, and gasoline-powered tractor increased agricultural productivity. The development of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides led to increased production of food crops. 2.​ How did increases in agricultural productivity affect societies and the environment during the Second Agricultural Revolution? Increases in productivity and improvement in the means of transporting surplus food led to better diets, increased population, longer life expectancies, falling death rates, and more non-farm workers laboring in factories. Rural societies experienced an economic shift from subsistence farming to growing cash crops. Overuse of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers has negative impacts on the environment and on the health of humans and wildlife. 1.​ How did life change after the first Agricultural Revolution? People settled in villages instead of moving around. ​ ​ Farming led to bigger populations and new jobs. ​ ​ Trade, governments, and new technology developed. 2.​ When and where did the Second Agricultural Revolution occur? ​ It happened in Europe during the 1700s-1800s, alongside the Industrial Revolution. 3.​ What inventions helped transform the agricultural landscape during the Second Agricultural Revolution? Steel plow, seed drill, and mechanical reaper made farming faster and more efficient. 4.​ Describe what happened in the Enclosure Movement. Wealthy landowners in England took over and fenced off common land, forcing small farmers to move to cities. 5.​ How did the Second Agricultural Revolution and Enclosure Movement change society? Farms became larger and more productive. ​ ​ Many small farmers moved to cities and worked in factories. ​ ​ Led to population growth and urbanization. 6.​ Explain how advancements in transportation and technology impacted agricultural production and trade. Trains and steamships made it easier to move crops to markets. Better tools helped farmers grow more food with less effort. Why/how did these advancements help agricultural development? Steel Plow Made it easier to plow tough soil, increasing farmland use McCormick Reaper Cut and gathered crops quickly, speeding up harvests  Seed Drill Planted seeds in neat rows, improving crop growth. Grain Elevators Stored and transported large amounts of grain efficiently. 5.5 Explain the consequences of the Green Revolution on food supply and the environment in the developing world. SPS-5 Agriculture has changed over time because of cultural diffusion and advances in technology. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE SPS-5.D.1 The Green Revolution was characterized in agriculture by the use of high-yield seeds, increased use of chemicals, and mechanized farming. SPS-5.D.2 The Green Revolution had positive and negative consequences for both human populations and the environment. 1.Mr. Sinns- Watch First 2. College Board Video- Watch Second  Questions - Need to watch both to answer Slides Module 37 (pages 471-481) Define each term below in at least one sentence Module 37 terms to definitions and descriptions know Green Revolution A period of agricultural innovation in the 20th century that increased food production using new technologies, such as high-yield seeds and advanced irrigation. Crossbreeding The process of mating different plant or animal varieties to produce offspring with desired traits hybrid An offspring produced from the crossbreeding of two different varieties or species double-cropping Growing two crops in the same field in one year, typically using irrigation multicropping Growing multiple crops on the same land throughout the year. cassava A starchy root vegetable, commonly grown in tropical regions as a food source. sorghum A drought-resistant grain crop often used for food, animal feed, and biofuels. endemic A species or disease native to and found only in a specific region Environmental The introduction of harmful substances into the environment, often due to human contamination activity Soil salinization The accumulation of salts in soil, which can reduce agricultural productivity. Soil salinity The concentration of salts in soil, often resulting from irrigation or poor drainage. 1.​ When did the Green Revolution begin, where? And describe the importance of? The Green Revolution began in the 1940s and took off in the 1960s, notably in India. It greatly increased food production, helping prevent famine and improving food security. 2.​ What were the key practices/methods in the Green revolution? Key practices included expanded farmland, double-cropping, and the use of high-yield seed varieties. 3.​ How did the Green Revolution change the biology of plants? The Green Revolution led to the development of genetically improved seeds that produced higher yields and were more resistant to pests and diseases. 4.​ List and describe the positives and negatives of the Green Revolution. Positives include increased food production and economic growth. Negatives include environmental degradation and increased inequality in rural areas. 5.​ Why do some Geographers think the Green Revolution countered/negated Thomas Malthus’s theory? Malthus predicted food shortages due to population growth. The Green Revolution disproved this by dramatically increasing food production. 6.​ 7.​ Besides India, what other countries benefited from the Green Revolution? Countries like Mexico, the Philippines, and Indonesia also benefited from the Green Revolution's techniques. 8.​ Who is Norman Borlaug and what is his role in this Revolution and why are you just now finding out about him? Norman Borlaug is a key figure in the Green Revolution, credited with developing high-yield wheat varieties that helped prevent famines. 9.​ What could constitute the Fourth Agricultural revolution ? Please provide some examples. The Fourth Agricultural Revolution could include biotechnology, precision farming, and sustainable AI and robotics farming practices. 10.​  Answer the following questions based on the Case Study Green Revolution in India: A Case Study Why Green Revolution? The world's worst recorded food disaster happened in 1943 in British-ruled India. Known as the Bengal Famine, an estimated four million people died of hunger that year alone in eastern India (that included today's Bangladesh). The initial theory put forward to 'explain' that catastrophe was that there was an acute shortfall in food production in the area. However, Indian economist Amartya Sen (recipient of the Nobel Prize for Economics, 1998) has established that while food shortage was a contributor to the problem, a more potent factor was the result of hysteria related to World War II which made food supply a low priority for the British rulers. The hysteria was further exploited by Indian traders who hoarded food in order to sell at higher prices. Nevertheless, when the British left India four years later in 1947, India continued to be haunted by memories of the Bengal Famine. It was therefore natural that food security was a paramount item on free India’s agenda. This awareness led, on one hand, to the Green Revolution in India and, on the other, legislative measures to ensure that businessmen would never again be able to hoard food for reasons of profit. However, the term "Green Revolution" is applied to the period from 1967 to 1978 and even into today. Between 1947 and 1967, efforts at achieving food self-sufficiency were not entirely successful. Efforts until 1967 largely concentrated on expanding the farming areas. But starvation deaths were still being reported in the newspapers. In a perfect case of Malthusian economics, the population was growing at a much faster rate than food production. This called for drastic action to increase yield. The action came in the form of the Green Revolution. The term "Green Revolution" is a general one that is applied to successful agricultural experiments in many Third World countries. It is NOT specific to India. But it was perhaps most successful in India. There were three basic elements in the method of the Green Revolution: 1) Continued expansion of farming areas; 2) Double-cropping existing farmland; 3) Using seeds with improved genetics. Continued expansion of farming areas As mentioned above, the area of land under cultivation was being increased right from 1947. But this was not enough in meeting with rising demand. Other methods were required. Yet, the expansion of cultivable land also had to continue. So, the Green Revolution continued with this quantitative expansion of farmlands. However, this is NOT the most striking feature of the Revolution. Double-cropping existing farmland Double-cropping was a primary feature of the Green Revolution. Instead of one crop season per year, the decision was made to have two crop seasons per year. The one-season-per-year practice was based on the fact that there is only a natural monsoon per year. This was correct. So, there had to be two "monsoons" per year. One would be the natural monsoon and the other an artificial 'monsoon.' The artificial monsoon came in the form of huge irrigation facilities. Dams were built to arrest large volumes of natural monsoon water that were earlier being wasted. Simple irrigation techniques were also adopted. Using seeds with superior genetics This was the scientific aspect of the Green Revolution. The Indian Council for Agricultural Research (which was established by the British in 1929 but was not known to have done any significant research) was re-organized in 1965 and then again in 1973. It developed new strains of high yield value (HYV) seeds, mainly wheat and rice but also millet and corn. The most noteworthy HYV seed was the K68 variety for wheat. The credit for developing this strain goes to Dr. M.P. Singh who is also regarded as the hero of India's Green revolution. Statistical Results of the Green Revolution 1)​ The Green Revolution resulted in a record grain output of 131 million tons in 1978-79. This established India as one of the world's biggest agricultural producers. No other country in the world, which attempted the Green Revolution recorded such a level of success. India also became an exporter of food grains around that time.  2)​ Yield per unit of farmland improved by more than 30 percent between 1947 (when India gained political independence) and 1979 when the Green Revolution was considered to have delivered its goods. 3)​ The crop area under HYV varieties grew from seven percent to 22 percent of the total cultivated area during the 10 years of the Green Revolution. More than 70 percent of the wheat crop area, 35 percent of the rice crop area, and 20 percent of the millet and corn crop area used the HYV seeds. Economic results of the Green Revolution 1)​ Crop areas under high-yield varieties needed more water, more fertilizer, more pesticides, fungicides, and certain other chemicals. This spurred the growth of the local manufacturing sector. Such industrial growth created new jobs and contributed to the country's GDP. 2)​ The increase in irrigation created the need for new dams to harness monsoon water. The water stored was used to create hydroelectric power. This in turn boosted industrial growth, created jobs, and improved the quality of life of the people in villages. 3)​ India paid back all loans it had taken from the World Bank and its affiliates for the purpose of the Green Revolution. This improved India's creditworthiness in the eyes of the lending agencies. 4)​ Some developed countries, especially Canada, which were facing a shortage in agricultural labor, were so impressed by the results of India’s Green Revolution that they asked the Indian government to supply them with farmers experienced in the methods of the Green Revolution. Many farmers from Punjab and Haryana states in northern India were thus sent to Canada where they settled (That's why Canada today has many Punjabi-speaking citizens of Indian origin). These people remitted part of their incomes to their relatives in India. This not only helped the relatives but also added, albeit modestly, to India's foreign exchange earnings. Sociological results of the Green Revolution The Green Revolution created plenty of jobs not only for agricultural workers but also industrial workers by the creation of lateral facilities such as factories and hydro-electric power stations as explained above.  Political results of the Green Revolution 1)​ India transformed itself from a starving nation to an exporter of food. This earned admiration for India in the community of nations, especially in the Third World. 2)​ The Green Revolution was one factor that made Mrs. Indira Gandhi (1917-84) and her party, the Indian National Congress, a very powerful political force in India (it would however be wrong to say that it was the only reason). Limitations of the Green Revolution 1)​ Even today, India’s agricultural output sometimes falls short of demand. The Green Revolution, however impressive, has thus NOT succeeded in making India totally and permanently self-sufficient in food. In 1979 and 1987, India faced severe drought conditions due to poor monsoon; this raised questions about whether the Green Revolution was really a long-term achievement. In 1998, India had to import onions. Last year, India imported sugar. However, in today's globalized economic scenario, 100 percent self-sufficiency is not considered as vital a target as it was when the world political climate was more dangerous due to the Cold War. 2)​ India has failed to extend the concept of high-yield value seeds to all crops or all regions. In terms of crops, it remains largely confined to foodgrains only, not to all kinds of agricultural produce. In regional terms, only Punjab and Haryana states showed the best results of the Green Revolution. The eastern plains of the River Ganges in West Bengal state also showed reasonably good results. But results were less impressive in other parts of India. 3)​ Nothing like the Bengal Famine can happen in India again. But it is disturbing to note that even today, there are places like Kalahandi (in India’s eastern state of Orissa) where famine-like conditions have existed for many years and where some starvation deaths have also been reported. Of course, this is due to reasons other than the availability of food in India, but the very fact that some people are still starving in India (whatever the reason may be), brings into question whether the Green Revolution has failed in its overall social objectives though it has been a resounding success in terms of agricultural production. 4)​ The Green Revolution cannot, therefore, be considered to be a 100 percent success.  (From Saby Ganguly, http://www.indiaonestop.com/Greenrevolution.htm) Questions – answer all in complete sentences 9. What were the causes and results of the Bengal Famine in 1943? The Bengal Famine happened because there wasn't enough food in the area, partly because of war-related panic and food being hoarded by traders. This caused around four million people to starve. 10. Briefly describe the three basic elements of the Green Revolution in India. The Green Revolution in India included expanding farming areas, growing two crops a year (double-cropping), and using special seeds that produced higher yields. 11. List two positive statistical results of the Green Revolution in India. After the Green Revolution, India’s crop yields went up by 30%, and it became one of the world’s biggest producers of food. 12. What were the three economic results of the Green Revolution in India? The Green Revolution helped create new jobs in farming and industry, improved India’s economy, and helped the country pay off loans from the World Bank. 13. What was the sociological result of the Green Revolution in India? The Green Revolution created more jobs for people in agriculture and factories, helping improve life for people in rural areas. 14. What were the two political results of the Green Revolution in India? The Green Revolution helped India become a food exporter, which made it more respected by other countries, and it also helped make the Indian National Congress a powerful political party. 15 Briefly describe two limitations of the Green Revolution in India? Even though the Green Revolution helped increase food production, it didn't make India completely self-sufficient in food, and the benefits were mostly seen in certain areas, like Punjab and Haryana. 16. Why has the Green Revolution had the least impact in the least developed regions, such as Central Africa? The Green Revolution has had less impact in places like Central Africa because they lack the infrastructure, water, and technology needed to make it work. 17. What are two praises of the Green Revolution that you have not mentioned so far in your previous answers? The Green Revolution helped reduce hunger and introduced new farming technologies that made agriculture more efficient. 18. What are two criticisms of the Green Revolution that you have not mentioned so far in your previous answers? Some criticisms of the Green Revolution are that it made farmers rely too much on chemicals like fertilizers and pesticides, and it made the gap between rich and poor farmers even bigger. 5.1-5.5 Review Questions 1.​ Which of the following crops is most likely grown in a Mediterranean climate? a.​ Wheat and barley b.​ Rice and vegetables c.​ Livestock and wheat d.​ Grapes and olives e.​ Coffee and sugar 2.​ Which of the following best matches with intensive agriculture? a.​ Often requires lots of land b.​ Often located farther away from an urban area c.​ Often requires more capital and labor d.​ Often requires less machines and labor e.​ Often located in small towns and rural communities 3.​ Which of the following crops are most likely grown in Southern China or Southeastern part of the United States? a.​ Wheat and barley b.​ Rice, vegetables, and fruits c.​ Livestock and wheat d.​ Grapes and olives e.​ Coffee and sugar 4.​ Which of the following is not an example of intensive agriculture? a.​ Plantation farming b.​ Ranching c.​ Mixed crop and livestock d.​ Market gardening e.​ All of the above 5.​ Identify the survey method that was used in the image in the video? a.​ Township and range b.​ Metes and bounds  c.​ Long lots d.​ Clustered settlements e.​ Agglomeration 6. Which of the following statements is not factual? f.​ Texas is one of the few states in the South Central United States that uses township and range as a survey method g.​ The long lot survey method is more prevalent in Quebec and Louisiana due to the French settling in those areas h.​ Linear settlements traditionally develop along a road, river, or some form of transportation system i.​ Dispersed settlements are not clustered together and often have space between the different buildings j.​ Terrace farming is found on the side of a mountain or hill 7 Which of the following statements is not true? a.​ The Columbian Exchange lead to the diffusion of different agricultural products and diseases around the world b.​ The Neolithic Revolution is also known as the first Agricultural Revolution c.​ The Silk road prevented trade from occurring between Southeast Asia and Northern Africa d.​ Maize, potatoes, squash, and peppers share the same hearth which is located in Central America e.​ The Neolithic Revolution was when humans transitioned from hunters and gatherers to sedentary agricultural practices 8. Which of the following areas is not one of the five main agricultural hearths? f.​ Fertile Crescent g.​ Sub-Saharan Africa h.​ Central AMerica i.​ Southeast Asia j.​ Northern Europe 9. Coconuts and mangos were cultivated in _________ k.​ The Fertile Crescent l.​ Central America m.​ Southeast Asia n.​ Sub-Saharan Africa o.​ East Asia 10. Yams, coffee, and sorghum were cultivated in _________ p.​ The Fertile Crescent q.​ Central America r.​ Southeast Asia s.​ Sub-Saharan Africa t.​ East Asia 11. Which of the following is a factual statement about the impact the Industrial Revolution had on a society’s demographics? a.​ The NIR of society increased due to new advancements in medicine  b.​ Society transitioned into stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model c.​ The food surplus of society decreased due to less people working in agriculture d.​ People’s diets remained the same due to advancements in technology reducing the need for countries to trade and participate in the global economy e.​ Farms started to produce more food due to the enclosure movement limiting the workforce 12. Which of the following does not connect with the enclosure movement? f.​ Private land became publicly owned g.​ Communal land was privatized h.​ Agricultural production increased due to new incentives for farmers i.​ Increased urbanization and food production j.​ New genetically modified seeds increased crop yields 13.Which of the following was not a result of the second Agricultural Revolution? k.​ Increase in crop yields l.​ Development of new farming equipment m.​ Increase in the size of farms n.​ More migration to rural areas over urban areas o.​ Increased food surplus 14. _______ is the deliberate modification of the Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain. p.​ Fallow q.​ Specialization r.​ Agrarian s.​ Arable t.​ Agriculture  15. Why did many family farms struggle to compete during the Green Revolution? a.​ They were able to invest more heavily in machinery than larger agribusinesses b.​ Government policies restricted the use of hybrid seeds for family-owned operations c.​ They lacked the financial resources to purchase high-yield seeds, chemicals, and new machinery d.​ Consumers no longer trusted small family farms to produce their food e.​ Family farms struggled to afford property taxes as expanding urban areas drove up property values 16. One negative impact of the widespread adoption of mechanized farming during the Green Revolution was: f.​ Increased biodiversity due to sustainable land practices g.​ Significant decrease in overall agricultural output h.​ Reduced demand for fossil fuels in agricultural processes i.​ Fewer employment opportunities for women who worked in agriculture j.​ An elimination of pesticides and herbicides on farms 17. What is the primary difference between hybrid seeds and genetically modified organisms (GMOs)? k.​ Hybrid seeds are made in laboratories by directly editing the organism’s DNA, while GMOs involve traditional crossbreeding l.​ Hybrid seeds are a newer development and rely on gene editing, while GMOs are produced by natural pollination m.​ Hybrid seeds involve mixing different plant species through crossbreeding, while GMOs involve altering an organism’s DNA n.​ Both hybrid seeds and GMOs are produced exactly the same way o.​ Hybrid seeds refer only to rice, while GMOs apply to all cereal crops 18. _____ is a substance that is used for destroying unwanted vegetation, and _____ is a substance that is used for destroying insects or other organisms that could be harmful. p.​ Herbicide, fertilizer q.​ Fertilizer, pesticide r.​ Herbicide, pesticide s.​ GMO, pesticide t.​ Herbicide, GMO 19. Which of the following statements is not true? u.​ Dr. Norman Borlaug is credited as the father of the Green Revolution v.​ Dr. Norman Borlaug developed a new hybrid chicken that produced more meat in half the amount of time w.​ Dr. Norman Borlaug developed a new semi-dwarf, high-yield, disease-resistant wheat variety x.​ Dr. Norman Borlaug won the Noble peace prize y.​ Dr. Norman Borlaug is credited for saving over a billion lives from starvation Additional Vocabulary to know !!!!!!!!!!!! Climate regions such as Tropical, Midlatitude Exurb Types fo Land survey patterns- Long lot etc… Columbian Exchange Green Revolution Core and Periphery Countries