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• Agricultural practices are influenced by the physical environment and climatic conditions, like Mediterranean and tropical climates.
• Intensive farming includes market gardening, plantation agriculture, and mixed crop/livestock systems.
• Extensive farming includes shifting cultivation, nomadic herding, and ranching.

Economic Activities

• Primary activities involve agriculture, livestock, forestry, fishing, and mining
• Secondary activities involve basic industry, manufacturing, and transformation
• Tertiary activities involve commerce, transportation, tourism, and financial services
• Quaternary activities involve high technology, telephony, and the internet.

Agriculture

• Planting and harvesting domesticated plants and raising domesticated animals for food.

Domesticated Plant

• Deliberately planted, protected, and genetically distinct from its wild ancestors.

Domesticated Animal

• Depends on humans for food and shelter, differing from wild ancestors in looks and behavior due to close contact.

Physical Geography

• Refers to the arrangement of shapes on Earth's surface.

Climate

• The average weather pattern over 30 years for a specific region.

Tropical Wet climate

• Located along the equator, experiencing daily rain.

Tropical Wet and Dry Climate

• Located along the equator, featuring a dry season with little to no rain.

Monsoon Climate

• Has a dry season with little to no rain, usually in winter.

Arid/Semiarid climate

• Receives less than 10 inches (25 cm) of rain annually.

Moderate Climate

• Has an average year-round temp of 75°F (24°C).

Humid Subtropical climate

• Has long, hot summers and short, mild winters with variable rain.

Marine West Coast climate

• Has long, hot summers and short, mild winters with variable rain.

Mediterranean climate

• Experiences winter precipitation, mild winters, and clear skies with sunshine.

Continental climate

• Has a wide temperature range and moderate rain.

Humid Continental climate

• Has a wide temperature range and moderate rain.

Humid Cold Climate

• Has frigid temperatures nearly year-round.

Intensive Agriculture

• Crop and livestock systems with high labor and capital relative to land size.

Subsistence Agriculture

• Food production mainly for the farming family and local community.

Commercial Agriculture

• Food production mainly for consumption by the farming family and local community.

Market Gardening

• Small-scale system where farmers plant diverse vegetables and fruits on a few acres for local sale.

Truck Farming

• Small-scale system where farmers plant diverse vegetables and fruits on a few acres for local and regional markets.

Plantation

• Large landholding for capital-intensive, specialized production of a single tropical or subtropical crop.

Mixed Crop/Livestock Agriculture

• Large landholding devoted to capital-intensive, specialized production of a single tropical or subtropical crop.

Cereal Grains

• Large landholding devoted to capital-intensive, specialized production of a single tropical or subtropical crop.

Root/Cash Crops

• Vegetables that form below ground such as cassava, potatoes, and yams.

Paddy Rice Farming

• Wet rice cultivation on small fields bordered by dikes, flooded with 4-6 inches of water for most of the growing season.

Livestock Fattening

• Intensive system of animal feeding using enclosures to fatten livestock for processing.

Extensive Agriculture

• Crop and livestock systems needing little hired labor or monetary investment.

Shifting Agriculture

• Crop and livestock systems needing little hired labor or monetary investment.

Slash-and-Burn Agriculture

• Cutting small plots in forests, burning cuttings to clear ground, and planting in the ashes

Intercropping

• Planting multiple crops together in the same clearing

Nomadic Herding/Pastoralism

• Breeding & rearing livestock like cattle, sheep, or goats, following rainfall for pasture.

Livestock Ranching

• Breeding and rearing herd livestock by following seasonal rainfall for open pasturelands.

Agriculture & Physical Environment

• Agriculture interacts with its physical environment through soil, topography, and climate

Climate influence on Agriculture

• Climate influences the type of agriculture, there are four major climate groups that are important to agriculture: (1) tropical; (2) dry; (3) moderate; and (4) continental.
• Plants need (1) tropical; (2) dry; (3) moderate; and (4) continental in order to thrive

Farming Categories

• There are two broad categories of agricultural practices: intensive agriculture and extensive agriculture.
• Intensive agriculture requires high levels of labor and enough money to purchase seeds and/or equipment.
• The seven types of intensive agriculture: market gardening, truck farming, plantation agriculture, mixed crop/livestock farming, paddy rice farming, grain farming, livestock fattening, and dairy farming.
• The three types of extensive agriculture: shifting cultivation, nomadic herding, and livestock ranching.

Crops and Regions

• Tropical regions grow coffee, sugar, and pineapple
• Subtropical regions grow rice, cotton, and tobacco
• Dry regions raise cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and camels
• Mediterranean regions grow grapes, olives, and dates
• Warm mid-latitude regions grow vegetables, fruits, and rice
• Cold mid-latitude regions grow wheat, barley, and raise dairy cows and livestock

Site Factors

• Site factors impact crops due to physical features and climate
• Some areas offer growing seasons, others more arable land, access to fresh water, or space for production.

Environmental Possibilism

• The idea that the environment puts limits on society, but people can adjust the environment to overcome those limits.

Technology & Agriculture

• Farmers use fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides to increase yields.
• Plants and animals undergo Genetic Modification where plants and animals has also allowed them to grow faster and larger.

Intensive Agricultural Practices

• Located closer to larger population centers

Plantation Agriculture

• Many crops grown on plantations are cash crops.

Mixed Crop/Livestock

• The crops produced are used to feed livestock.

Market Gardening

• This agriculture grows fresh fruit and vegetables in areas that have longer growing seasons.

Extensive agricultural practices

• Practice that tend to use less labor and capital, but require more land for the production of food
• Areas are located farther away from population centers

Shifting Cultivation

• Continuously plant crops until the land loses fertility.

Nomadic Herding

• Agricultural practices do not occur when physical environment does not allow traditional farming to occur.

Ranching

• Occurs in ranching where land is not ideal for farming.

Essential Knowledge

• Specific agricultural practices shape different rural land-use patterns.
• Rural settlement patterns are classified as clustered, dispersed, or linear.
• Rural survey methods include metes and bounds, township and range, and long lot.

Settlement Patterns

• Clustered: Settlements characterized by minimal space between buildings
• Dispersed: Settlements with notable space between buildings
• Linear: Settlements arranged along a line, commonly linked to transportation routes or physical features

Dispersed Patterns

• Seen when interactions less regular between citizens and farmers.

Clustered Patterns

• Seen when there is higher citizen populations density.

Linear Patterns

• Develop where river or road transportation is needed.

Survey Methods

• Long Lot: Narrow land parcels that traditionally connect to a waterway.
• Metes and Bounds: System using landmarks to define boundaries, notably used in the eastern U.S
• Township and Range: Grid system dividing land into 6-mile squares (townships), used mainly in the western U.S.

Module 34 Terms

• Rural Area: Low-population area, outside cities, often farmland.
• Rural Settlements: Farming-based communities in rural areas.
• Agricultural Landscape: Land modified for farming, with fields and structures.
• Grain Elevator: Structure for storing grain.
• Suitcase Farm: A farm where the owner doesn't live on-site.
• Silo: Structure for storing grain or silage.
• Settlement Patterns: The arrangement of human settlements (clustered, linear, or dispersed).
• Clustered Settlement/Farm Village: Buildings grouped together in a small area.
• Farmstead: The home and buildings of a farm.
• Dispersed Settlement: Homes widely spread out across a large area.
• Linear Settlement Pattern: Buildings arranged in a line, often along roads or rivers.
• Survey Methods: Techniques for measuring and dividing land.
• Cadastral Survey: A survey mapping land ownership.
• Metes and Bounds: A survey based on landmarks to define boundaries.
• Township and Range: A grid-based land survey system.
• Long-Lot Land survey system creating long, narrow plots, usually near water.
• Terrace Farming: Farming on steep land using flat terraces to prevent erosion.

Domestication Centers

• Domesticated plants arose in the Fertile Crescent, the Indus River Valley, Southeast Asia, and Central America.

Agriculture is Dynamic

• Agriculture evolved due to cultural diffusion and technical advances.
• Plants and animals diffused globally.

Columbian Exchange

• Diffusion patterns and agricultural revolutions lead to the global spread of plants and animals.

Second Agricultural Revolution

• Resulted in better diets and increased labor availability in factories.

Module 35 Terms

• First Agricultural Revolution: Period when early plant/animal domestication and seed crop cultivation led to agriculture.
• Teosinte: Wild grass from Mexico produced small maize ears, favored food for early Mesoamericans.
• Biodiversity: The variety among species and ecosystems.
• Hearth: A center where new practices develop and spread
• Fertile Crescent: Area in Southwest Asia with the Tigris & Euphrates valleys, the earliest seed plant domestication center.
• Indus River Valley: Along the Indus River, a site of early plant/herd animal domestication.
• Columbian Exchange: Interaction/transfer of plants, animals, culture, people, tech, disease, & ideas between the Americas, West Africa, & the Old World

Hearths

• Hearths are places where the new diffusion spread.

Fertile Crescen

• Arose in middle east including iraq, syria, israel and turkey
• Fertile Crescent: Origin of wheat, barley, lentils.
• Sub-Saharan Africa: Origin of sorghum, millet, yams.
• Central America: Corn, beans, squash.
• East Asia: Rice, soybeans, millet.
• Southeast Asia: Bananas, coconuts, sugarcane.

First agricultural revolution

• Neolithic Revolution was when people switched from hunting and gathering to farming
• People eventually moved to settle in one place and farm.

Migration Diffusions

• Africans brought okra to the Americas
• Europeans introduced wheat and cattle.

World's Agriculture and Crops

• Latin America: Squash, pepper, cassava, cotton, lima bean, maize, potato, sweet potato
• Sub-Saharan Africa: Yam, sorghum, cowpea, African rice, coffee, finger millet
• Southwest Asia Barley, einkorn wheat, emmer wheat, lentil, oats, rye, bread wheat, broad bean, olive
• East Asia: Rive, soybean, Chinese chestnut, walnut
• Southeast Asia: Mango, taro, coconut, pigeonpea, slender millet

Second Agricultural Revolution

• Improved methods of cultivation
• New machineries were invented.
• Mechanized Farming, patent by Cyrus McCormick in 1831
• Synthetic fertilizers and pesticides
• Seed Drill, Steel Plow. mechanical Reaper

Green Revolution

• It increase yields in food production
• Uses technological advancements that increased harvests.
• It introduced new farming technologies that had benefits for the environment.
• The green revolution relied too much chemicals

Main Green Revolution Practices

• There was expansions of farmlands
• Created double-cropping of existing farmlands
• New seeds were implemented that had improved genetics

Green Revolution Statistic in India

• Increase grains by exports up to 131 million
• Yield per unit improved by up to 30%

India and The Green Revolution

• There were more crops that needed irrigation, water to help manufacturing jobs as well as boost gdp.
• Green revolution made india a food exporter -It greatly increased food production, helping prevent famine and improving food security.
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