SFFG 125 Exam 2 Reviewer PDF

SFFG 125: Exam 2 Reviewer ✓Interpretation of laws and Constitutions which become part of the bodies of PART II.Forest Development Policy standards upon which legality a...

SFFG 125: Exam 2 Reviewer ✓Interpretation of laws and Constitutions which become part of the bodies of PART II.Forest Development Policy standards upon which legality and constitutionality of actions are measured. Module 4: The Process of Policy Formation FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONSHIP What is a POLICY? Policies, Laws, Rules and Regulations, and generally refers to the principles that Jurisprudence govern action directed towards given ends (Boulding, 1958) 1. Policies can influence the formulation of laws, A statement that guides a course of action rules and regulations, and jurisprudence with respect to a particular problem A policy on community-based resource management (CBRM) can influence the Three Main Elements of the Definition formulation of law like Sustainable Forest 1. Problem – needs a solution Management and Administrative Order ○ could also mean a condition or (DAO) that embodies the principles of CBFM situation 2. Policies can be expressed through laws, rules 2. Course of action to be taken to address and regulations, and jurisprudence the problem The Protected Areas Systems and the 3. Statement that guides the course of action policies that are embodied in them are ○ Need for statement implies that there codified in the NIPAS Act, a law passed by is a will or intent to take the course of Congress. To implement it, a set of action implementing rules and regulations are issued by DENR through an Administrative Order. Must the statement be actually written? 3. Laws, rules and regulations, and Dominant way of looking at policies is that jurisprudence can influence the formulation of they are actually written policies, in that they can mandate it ✓expressed in terms of laws, rules and The existence of the Clean Air Act as a law regulations has influenced many organizations to Policies are not necessarily written adopt a policy of recycling in their own documents agencies. ✓Maybe reflected in personal principles, The Supreme Court ruling on the group norms, and community standards of constitutionality of the IPRA law is now part of behavior jurisprudence and a forceful affirmation of the ✓Community norms and prohibitions are rights of the IPs. living policies Policy Changing contexts such as space Means to some end or ends (location) and time have made it necessary Effectiveness can only be judged in terms of to put things in writing those ends Society should have a clear idea of the ends it What is the difference between policy, laws, rules wishes to attain through policies and regulations? Must understand the possible effects on these Laws – statements coming from legislative ends of the actions which it seeks to control agencies through the policies Rules and regulations – statements coming Hierarchy of policies as a result of chain of from executive agencies ends and means Jurisprudence – statements coming from the judiciary Policy Objectives Framework for the Policy Process Should be clearly stipulated to determine the desired ends Conflicting objectives have to be resolved in the process of policy formation ✓Seek best possible forms of resolution among conflicting objectives Forest Policy Formulation Process 1. Policy formation – the way policies take form or come into existence ✓ It involves things that happen before a society gets around to actually formulating a policy statement and the changes in policy that occur while the formal policy remain unchanged Factors Affecting Policy Formation Process 1. Price mechanism/ system✓ 2. Mechanisms of authority and interpersonal influences✓ 3. Democratic political processes✓ 4. Bargaining✓ PARTS OF A BILL (RA 9175) ✓ordinarily involves many decisions by different 1. EXPLANATORY NOTE people ✓Rationale ✓effects accumulate and policy is formed and ✓Importance of the bill reformed in the process ✓Whereas... ✓usually a continuing process of further modifying Section 1. - Short title of the bill (e.g. policies which already exist NIPAS Law Section 2. – Declaration of Policy 2. Policy Formulation ✓States the legal basis of the policy being introduced ✓process of preparing a systematic statement of ✓States the relevance of the law the settled future course of action which the society Section 3. – Definition of Terms has agreed to follow Section 4 – Body of the Bill ✓process takes place in legislatures and ✓General in nature, its specificity will be administrative agencies but also in the rules and operationalized in the Implementing Rules & resolutions of committees of all sorts of organizations Regulations (details of the Act) ✓Narrower than policy formation Section 13. Separability Clause- If, for any reason, any part or provision of this Act shall be declared as unconstitutional or invalid, such parts or provisions not affected thereby shall remain in full force and effect. Section. 14. Repealing Clause - All laws, executive orders, presidential decrees, letters  or instruction, rules and regulations, or parts Can be used not only to decide whether a thereof which are inconsistent with any of the policy is economically justified, but also in provisions of this Act are hereby repealed choosing between alternative policies. and/or amended accordingly. Section 15. Effectivity - This Act shall take Criterion: to achieve maximum net benefit – the effect fifteen (15) days after its complete greatest possible difference between total benefits publication in the Official Gazette or in at and total costs least two (2) national newspapers of general circulation, whichever comes earlier. B. Welfare Economics To find the arrangement of the economic Module 5: Methods in Policy Analysis universe that is best in terms of the welfare of the members of the society EVOLUTION OF SUSTAINABLE FOREST It deals with efficiency of production. RESOURCES MANAGEMENT BILL (SFRM) Two standards of efficient production: (Other gdocs) 1. Achievement of the greatest possible output with given means or Criteria for Forest Policy achievement of a given output with the Criteria – certain standards by which to base smallest means. (the) policy judgements or decisions 2. Conformity to the Community's 3 distinct Purposes of Criteria Wishes–if all production will be 1. Choosing between objectives efficient, the economy will be on 2. Choosing between courses of action optimum state 3. Evaluating effectiveness of the courses of action followed Criterion: when proposed change will make at least one person better off but will not make any one Complete & Useful Criteria for Broad Policy worse off. Change will increase total welfare. Decisions 1. Economic Criteria Conclusion Primary economic problem of forest policy – While economic criteria cannot provide a how to allocate the existing resources perfect measuring stick which can always be among their different possible uses and used to determine accurately, and almost consequently to the satisfaction of the various mechanically, whether a particular policy is possible wants desirable or not, they can provide relevant A. Benefit-Cost Analysis information in the clear and complete form, Economic criterion: An activity should not which will be most useful in the process of be undertaken unless its total benefits will forming policies. exceed its total costs External economics and external 2. Other Social Criteria diseconomics – benefits or costs which Economic criteria–assumes that it is better affect people other than those who are to have more rather than less goods and immediately involved in the activity services. May require inclusion of secondary Is the policy that will lead to the greatest value benefits – additional values added by an of forest products always the most desirable activity over and above those of the products ones? or services produced directly by it. Other criteria as proposed by Dahl: Difficulty in measurement – conversion to a. Freedom – absence of obstacles to some units – measuring the unquantifiable the realization of desire.  More freedom is to be Dynamic Response Model of a Political System preferred than less b. Democracy or political equality – requires that control of government be shared so that no one’s citizen’s preferences carry more weight than that of any other. c. Subjective equality – any specific situation in which more people rather than less can have the opportunity to achieve their goals. The decision is for the greater number rather than for any lesser number Prevents monopoly of forest benefits by few people d. Appropriate inclusion – include the Inputs – into the political system from the appropriate people in the process of environment consists of demands and policy formation or in consideration of supports specific policies ○ Demands – are claims made by individuals and groups on the political 3. Environmental and Ecological Criteria system for action to satisfy their Set of standards that ensures that the interests environmental and ecosystems services will ○ Support – is rendered within groups not be compromised given a certain and individuals who abide by election intervention results, pay taxes, obey laws, and 4. Public Interest as a Criteria otherwise accept the decisions and A decision is said to serve public interest actions of an authoritative political – if it furthers the end of the larger public system made in response to demand. instead of some part of the public Environment – consists of all conditions and Public interest–if it serves the ends of the events external to the boundaries of political whole public rather than those of some sector system of the public Feedback – indicates that public policies (on outputs) may subsequently alter the Some Approaches to Policy Analysis environment and the demands generated therein, as well as the character of the 1. Political System Theory political system itself. Political System – composed of identifiable and interrelated institutions and activities in a Limitations of Political System Theory society that make authoritative decisions (or a. Limited by its highly general nature allocations of values) that are binding on b. Does not say much how decisions are society. made and policy is developed within the political system. Usefulness: Useful aid in organizing our inquiry into policy formation 2. Group Theory of Politics OVERVIEW OF FOREST POLICY DEVELOPMENT Public policy is the product of the group IN THE REGION AND NEEDS ASSESSMENT struggle Rests on the contention that interaction and Conflicting Forestry Objectives struggle among groups is the central fact of political life Group is a collection of individuals that may on the basis of shared attitudes or interests, make claims upon other groups in the society Individual is significant in politics only as he is participant in or a representative of groups It is through groups that individual seek to secure their political preferences Public policy at any given time, will reflect the interest of dominant groups As groups gain or lose power and influence, public policy will be altered in favor of the Why do we need forest policies? interest of those gaining influence against the Imbalances between objectives create interest of those losing influence conflicts Limitations: Policies change behavior to minimize conflicts a. Seems to overstate the importance of Policies shape the future of forestry groups and understate the independent Achieve balance between multiple uses of and creative role that public officials play in forests to maximize benefits to society the policy process b. There are other factors that explain policy What are forest policies? formation other than group struggle – e.g. Strategies, guiding principles, or plans ideas and institutions that guide actions over time 3. Elite Theory Developed at many levels: Public policy can be regarded as the values Global/regional → Forest Principles, CBD and preferences of a governing elite National/state → forestry master plans, nfps Essential argument – it is not the people or Community/tribal→ customary laws the “masses” who determine public policy Companies → corporate directives through their demands and action; rather Families/Clans → informal social norms public policy is decided by ruling elite and carried into effect by public officials and agencies Focuses attention on the role of leadership in policy formation and on the fact that, in any political system, a few govern the many.  The Policy Process Why are policy makers not taking on the “formula” The information is not relevant to decision- makers Research findings are provided too late The policy makers who demanded the information are no longer in the office The analysts failed to communicate research findings in terms that are easily understood by decision makers Personal analysis and independence of policy makers Pre-conceived ideas and bias of policy Policy content makers Commitment to SFM is the keystone of External and political influences (lobby modern policies. Other concerns include: groups, private companies and business, deforestation and forest degradation senior politicians and funding organizations) widening gap between timber supply and demand What do policy makers wants in terms of info illegal logging requirements? poverty alleviation Useful/relevant land-use planning Reliable/robust devolution and decentralization of forest Timely management In a form that policy makers will appreciate conservation Information needs in forestry Challenges in policy implementation Forest inventories, statistics and data Scarce resources Social (forest-dependent communities, local Lack of political will organizations, cultural issues) Institutional weaknesses Economic (industries, production and price Shortages of skilled staff statistics, forest product extraction, Absence of supporting legislation, judicial employment, etc.) systems, strategies and operational plans Recognition of reality Attitudes of individuals and institutions Sharing of experiences Overly prescriptive and bureaucratic Stakeholder views environments Major Issues in Policy Implementation Needs assessment Lack of information and inadequate sharing of experience Simple equation: Lack of capacity and capability (inadequate Good Information + Good analysis + Good trained and skilled staffs Process Lack of resources –physical and financial = Good Policies Lack of enabling environment –legal and regulatory frameworks, implementation plans Bad Information or Bad Analysis or Bad Process and operational strategies =Bad Policies Inappropriate land and resource tenure systems Lack of appropriate incentives  Inadequate stakeholder participation in policy Committee Consideration/ Action formulation leading to mismatch between The Committee/s concerned evaluates the bill policies and field realities to determine the necessity of conducting Reactionary policies – tendency to public hearings. overgeneralize as a result of isolated If the Committee/s finds it necessary to incidence conduct public hearings, it schedules the time Inaccurate or lack of spatial and statistical thereof, issues public notices and invites data in land capability and land-use systems resource persons from the public and private Weak coordination with other relevant sectors sectors, the academe and experts on their (inadequate cross-sectoral consultation and proposed legislation. inadequate assessment of the potential If the Committee finds that no public hearing implications during implementation) is needed, it schedules the bill for Committee Weak monitoring and evaluation system; discussion/s. inadequate feedback systems between policy Based on the result of the public hearings or makers and implementers Committee discussions, the Committee may Inadequate access to information on success introduce amendments, consolidate bills stories, lessons learned, and best practices, on the same subject matter, or propose a and inadequate avenues and opportunities for substitute bill. It then prepares the sharing such information with relevant corresponding committee report. stakeholders The Committee approves the committee Insensitivity to local cultural and traditional report and formally transmits the same to the values and systems during policy formulation Plenary Affairs Bureau. Corruption and illegal activities plus bureaucracy Second Reading Frequent policy changes The Committee report is registered and numbered by the Plenary Affairs Bureau, and included in the Calendar of Unassigned Exercise 4 & 5: The law making process in detail Business. The Rules Committee, headed by the Preparation of the Bill Majority Floor Leader, approves the The bill is prepared by the Member or by the calendaring of the bill for floor deliberations. Bill Drafting Division of the Reference and An alternative process which usually happens Research Bureau, upon his/her request. if the Rules Committee is sitting on the bill, when upon motion of any Member, the bill is First Reading calendared for consideration. The bill is filed with the Plenary Affairs Bureau The Secretary General reads the number, and the same is labeled “HB/HR”, title and text of the bill and the following numbered and reproduced. takes place: Three days after its filing, the same is included in the Order of Business for First a. Period of Debate Reading. Sponsorship Speech. A period when the On First Reading, the Secretary reads the sponsor of the bills presents the proposal to Title and Number of the Bill. The the chamber by outlining its advantages. Speaker/Senate President refers the bills to Interpellation. A period when members of the the appropriate Committee/s. chamber asks questions. A friendly interpellation comes from its supporters, asking questions the answers of which will further amplify its advantages. A hostile  interpellation comes from those who oppose The bill is approved by an affirmative vote of a the bill, with questions that are framed to majority of the Members present. highlight its disadvantages. If the bill is disapproved, the same is Turno en Contra. A period when the transmitted to the Archives. oppositors of the bill are now given the chance to present their arguments. Order of Business Depending on the rules of the chamber, these A. Prayer. manifestations can be subjected to B. National Anthem (every Monday only). interpellation and rebuttal. C. Roll call. D. Reading and approval of the Journal of the b. Period of Amendments previous session. Committee Amendments. The Committee/s E.Reference of Business: that studied the bill will present their 1. Messages of the President of the Philippines amendments. 2. Messages from the House of Individual Amendments. Any member can Representatives. suggest her or his own amendments. 3. First reading and reference to committees of ○ Each amendment is treated as one bills or proposed resolutions proposal, and may be subjected to a 4. Communications, petitions and memorials. period of debate, i.e. the sponsor of 5. Committee reports. the amendment will deliver a sponsorship speech, interpellations F. Unfinished business may be raised, and a period of turno G. Business for the day. en contra on the amendment may H. Business for a certain date. follow. I. Unassigned business. ○ Voting is done for each amendment, J. Bills and joint resolutions on third reading. and for the final amended version. Journal c. Voting may be by: The following shall be inserted in full in the Viva voce (voice, saying their votes) Journal: Division of the House ○ The proclamation issued by the Raising of hand President of the Philippines to Nominal or roll call convene Congress. ○ The titles of the bills and resolutions Third Reading presented by any Member of The Bill approved on the Second Reading, theSenate. with its amendments, if any, are engrossed. ○ The objections to the legislative Printed copies of the bill are reproduced by measures vetoed by the President of the Plenary Affairs Bureau for third reading. the Philippines, together with the ayes The engrossed bill is included in the Calendar and nays of the Senators on each of Bills for Third Reading and copies of the vetoed measure. same are distributed to all the Members three ○ All nominal votings. days before the Third Reading. And in condensed form: On Third Reading, the Secretary General ○ Messages of the President of the reads only the number and title of the bill. Philippines. A roll call is called and a Member, if she or he ○ Messages from the House of so desires, is given 3 minutes to explain his Representatives. or his vote. No amendment on the bill is ○ Petitions. allowed at this stage. ○ Communications.  ○ Memorials. Senate officers Senate President : ________ Senate Pro Tempore : ________ Majority Floor Leader : _______ Minority Floor Leader : ________ Secretary General : ________ ○ Asst Sec Gen 1: __________ ○ Asst Sec Gen 2: ___________ Sergeant-at-Arms Table 1. Important Events in the Evolution of the Bill SFRMA. Source: Bugayong, L.A and M.C.S. Casin. The Bill on Sustainable Management of Forest Resources: Can it be Enacted into Law? 2002 Congress House of Representatives House of Senate 8th Congress (1987-1992) Bill No HB No. 21223 SB No. 1404 An Act Fixing the Specific Limits of Forest An Act to Protect the Forest by Banning Lands and Non-Forest Lands for the Logging Operations in Certain Provinces, Purpose of Protecting, Conserving and Providing the Mechanisms for its Effective Exchanging the Forest Resources of the Implementation and for Other Purposes Country in Order to Attain Ecological Balance Sponsor Cong. Paras, Amante, Laguda et al Sen. Alvarez et al In substitution of HB Nos. 858, 2472, In substitution of SB 706, 806, 917, 1010,and History 14243 1094 Approved on 3rd reading and transmitted Approved and considered in the Bicameral to the Senate on 2 February 1989 Conference Committee Bicameral Conference Committee formed Unfinished Business on 9 October 1999 Bill No HB No. 22401 An Act Providing for the Forestry Code of 1989 Sponsor Cong. Paras Approved on 3rd reading and transmitted History to Senate on 18 Aug 1990 Transmitted to President and approved on Oct 1991 9th Congress (1992-1995) Bill No HB No. 10042 SB No. 1067 An Act to Protect the Forest by Banning An Act to Protect the Forest by Banning All Logging Operations in Certain Areas, Commercial Logging Operations, Providing the Providing the Mechanisms for its Mechanisms for its Effective Enforcement and Effective Enforcement and Implementation and for Other Purposes Implementation and for Other Purposes Cong. Palacol, Damasing, Acosta, Perez (H.), Sen. Mercado, Alvarez, Tatad Sponsor Yap (R.) Sator, et al Passed on 3rd reading on 18 March 1993 In substitution of HB Nos. 347, 502, 2509, Sent to the House of Representatives on 19 History 3394 March 1993 requesting for concurrence Referred to Committee on Rules Substituted by SB 1247 on 25 MAY 1993 Reconsidered on 16 January 1995 Bill No HB No. 8931 An Act Providing for the Forestry Code of 1993 Sponsor Cong. Yap, R. History -Unfinished business (interpelation) 10th Congress (1995-1998) Bill No HB No. 7130 SB No. 2015 An Act Providing for a Sustainable An Act to Protect the Forest by Banning All Management of Forest Resources and for Commercial Logging Operations, Providing the Other Purposes Mechanisms for its Effective Enforcement and Implementation and for Other Purposes Sponsor Cong. Fua and Jerome Paras Sen. Mercado, Herrera, Enrile History In substitution of HB 2966 In substitution of SB 272 and 702 Pending action by the Senate Submitted to Senate on 5 May 1997  Assigned for consideration by Special Order on 16 December 1997 Bill No SB No 717 An Act Providing for the Forestry Code of 1995 Sponsor Sen. Alvarez Read on 1st reading and referred to the History Committee on Environment and Natural Resources on 3 August 1995 Bill No SB No 2366 The Sustainable Forest Management Act of 1997 11th Congress (1998-2001) Bill No HB No. 12710 SB No. 1670 An Act Providing for the Sustainable An Act Providing for the Sustainable ‘ Management of Forest Resources and for Management of Forest Resources and for Other Purposes Other Purposes Sponsor Cong. Acosta, H. Alvarez, Alano, Golez, Sen. Honasan Ducut, Bacug, Loreto-Go, Espina, O. Substituted by SB 1695 History Rodriguez Referred to the Committee on Environment and In substitution of HB 661, 2318, 5038 Natural Resources and Committee on Finance Referred to Committee on Rules on 4 November 1998 Pending action by the Senate 12th Congress (2001-2004) Bill No HB No. 5163 SB No 1942 An Act Providing for Sustainable Forest Sustainable Management of Forest Resources Management and for Other Purposes Act of 2001 Sponsor Cong. Acosta, N. Sen, Jaworski Referred to Committee on Rules In substitution of SB No. 28, 69, 135, 161, 176, History Printed copies distributed to members on 238, 240, 572, 618, 836, 846, 957, 964, 972, 11 November 2002 1398, 1537, 1637 and 1670 Assigned for consideration by Special Order on 15 January 2001  18h Congress (1998-2001) Bill No HB No. 1471 SB No. 284 An Act Providing For The Protection, An Act Providing For The Sustainable Rehabilitation, and Sustainable Management Of Forests And Forest Lands And Management of Forest Ecosystem And For Other Purposes For Other Purposes Principal Cong. Divina Grace C. Yu Sen. Pia Cayetano (Filed On July 8, 2019) Sponsor Pending with the Committee on Natural History Resources since 2019-07-24 HB No. 3061 An Act Providing for the Protection, Read on First Reading And Referred To The Rehabilitation, and Sustainable Committee(s) On Environment And Natural Resources; Principal Management of Forest Ecosystem and Ways And Means And Finance Sponsor for Other Purposes History Cong. Leonardo Babasa, Jr. 8 Pending with the Committee on Natural Resources since 2019-08-05 HB No. 4891 An Act Providing for the Sustainable Principal Management of Forests and Forest Sponsor Lands and for Other Purposes History Cong. Cheryl P. Deloso-Montalla Pending with the Committee on Natural Resources since 2019-10-02  The Process and Politics of Policy Formulation The Policy Formulation Process The Politics of the Process Legislation begins with an Interest groups, often represented by lobbyists, advocate legislation, often idea from a legislator, drafting sample bills. constituent, interest group, Interest groups actively campaign for their issues to be introduced for etc. consideration. A notable body of legislation introduced by politicians is never intended to become law – the purpose is instead to please (or appease) various constituents. Ideas are formulated into Lobbyists may provide information and analysis as input to those drafting the proposals for legislation that legislation – typically legislative aides. are introduced as a bill in Lobbyists may also help to draft bills. either the house or the Party politics often plays an important role in who supports the legislation. senate. This is often referred Legislators debate each other, often swapping votes or other favors to to as a bill’s “first reading.” encourage colleagues to support (or not support) a particular bill or provision. At this point in the process, the bill is assigned a number. Once introduced, the bill is The most active lobbying is generally at this level. sent to a committee based on Interest group members and lobbyists review and comment on bills; they may its subject. In committee, a testify at committee hearings in order to advocate for their interests. bill may be rejected, Organizations that might be affected by the bill make public statements and amended, and/or passed. utilize private efforts to pursue legislators of the merits of their point of views Organizations and interest groups may use various forms of threats including (a) withholding financial contributions, (b) withholding election support, or (c) lobbying against other legislation. Politics is a primary reason why many bills “die in committee.” After a bill passes committee, Many bills that emerge from committee pass with little debate from the full it is forwarded to the full house or senate. house or senate where it If unsuccessful at the committee level, lobbyists may try to persuade members  receives a “second reading” of the full house or senate to vote down a bill. and is placed on the file to One means of influencing the final vote on a bill is to attach amendments come up for its “third that make the overall bill more or less attractive. Though most constitutions reading.” At the third require amendments to be germane (closely related to the bill), the process reading, the bill’s author of determining whether an amendment is germane to the bill can also be reads the bill and explains it. politicized. In some cases, an amendment may be completely unrelated to The house or senate then the bill and serve primarily as a “poison pill,” a means of ensuring that the debates and votes on the bill. overall bill does not pass. Sometimes, less popular legislative ideas (those that could not pass on their own merits) are added as amendments to popular bills; thus, their path to becoming law is not one of majority support, but of riding the coattails of another measure. Once passed in one branch The same lobbying efforts are typically repeated for members of the other of the legislature, the bill is branch of the legislature. sent to the other branch Sometimes, lobbyists may forego efforts in one branch of the legislature, where it once again is read, saving their efforts for more favorable political environments in the other goes through committee, is branch. read again, and is voted on by this branch of the legislature. Differences in the bills Though not immune to the efforts of lobbyists, the political bargaining and passed by the house and negotiation in conference committees is typically more focused on party senate are reconciled in a politics and the agendas of legislators. conference committee. Selected Key Government Policies Related to Forestry POLICY INSTRUMENT FORM & YEAR OF MAJOR FOCUS & MANDATE ISSUANCE 1. Revised Forestry Code Presidential Decree Creation of the Bureau of Forest Development with line No. 705 of 1975 authority. Mandates the adoption of multiple use, selective logging system, land classification and delineation of forest lands, (PD 705 of 1975) industrial tree plantations, key conservation and reforestation strategies, census and initial recognition of forest occupants. 2. The 1987 Philippine 1987 Constitution Adoption of the Regalian Doctrine; the State may undertake on Constitution its own the development and utilization of natural resources or enter into co-production, joint venture or production sharing agreements. 3. Executive Order No. Executive Order with Downgraded the BFD from line into a staff bureau; DENR was 192 on the legislative and mandated to conserve, manage, develop, properly use, license Reorganization of executive powers and regulate the use of natural resources the Environment and issued in 1987 Natural Resources (EO 192 of 1987) 4. Local Government Republic Act No. Partially devolve some functions of the DENR to the local Code 7160 of 1991 government units. (RA 7160 of 1991) 5. National Republic Act No. Establish a NIPAS which shall encompass outstandingly Integrated 7586 issued on remarkable areas and biologically important public lands that Protected Areas 1992 are habitats of rare and endangered species of plants and Systems Act of animals, biogeographic ones and related ecosystems, whether 1992 (RA 7586 of 1992) terrestrial, wetland or marine, all of which shall be designated as “protected area” 6. The Law on Forest Republic Act No. Mandated the government to increase forest charges for timber Charges on Timber 7161 issued on and non-timber forest products to as high as 25% and 10% of and Other Forest 1993 FOB prices, respectively. Products (RA 7161 of 1993) 7. Executive Order No. Executive Order Mandated the DENR to adopt community-based forest 263 Community Based of 1995 with no management as the strategy for sustainable forestry and Forest Management legislative power social justice Strategy (EO 263 of 1995) 8.Indigenous People’s Republic Act No. Mandated the government through the newly created National Rights Act 8371 in 1997 Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) to recognize, (RA 8371 of 1997) protect and promote the rights of IPs 9.Promoting Sustainable Executive Order 318 Advance the following principles: Forest Issued on 9 June 1) delineation, classification and demarcation of state forestlands; Management in the 2004 2) holistic, sustainable and integrated development of forest Philippines (EO 318 of 2004) resources; 3) community-based forest conservation and development; 4) incentives for enhancing private investments, economic contribution and global competitiveness of forest-based industries; 5) private valuation and pricing of forestry resources and financial system; and 6) institutional support system 10. Climate Change Act RA 9729 issued on Mainstream climate change into government policy formulations, October 23, 2009 establishing the framework strategy and program on climate (RA 9729 of 2009) change, creating for this purpose the Climate Change Commission 11. Declaring a Executive Order Declared a moratorium on the cutting and harvesting of timber in Moratorium on the 23 Issued on 01 the natural and residual forests and creating the anti-illegal Cutting and Harvesting February 2011 logging task force to take the lead in the anti-illegal logging of Timber in (EO 23 of 2011) campaign to implement the EO. the Natural and Residual Forests and Creating the Anti-illegal Logging Task Force 12. Declaring an Executive Order The National Greening Program shall plant some 1.5 Billion Interdepartmental No. 26, Series of trees covering about 1.5 Million hectares for a period of six (6) Convergence Initiative 2011 Issued on years from 2011 to 2016, for a National 24 February 2011 Greening Program (EO 26 S. 2011 of 2011) 13. Expanding the Executive Order The coverage of the National Greening Program is expanded to Coverage of the 193, Issued on 12 cover all the remaining unproductive, denuded and degraded National Greening November 2015. forestlands and its period of implementation is extended from Program (EO 193 of 2015) 2016 to 2028. All sectors, particularly the private sector, are encouraged to actively participate in the Expanded National Greening Program.