Semester 1 Final Exam Study Guide 2024-2025 - CP Biology PDF

Semester 1 Final Exam Study Guide 2024-2025 - CP Biology Must be handwritten, on a separate paper. 1. During sexual reproduction, the gametes are which kinds of cells (haploid or diploid)? 2. During sexual reproduction in humans a sperm and egg combine to make what kind of cell (haploid or diploid)?...

Semester 1 Final Exam Study Guide 2024-2025 - CP Biology Must be handwritten, on a separate paper. 1. During sexual reproduction, the gametes are which kinds of cells (haploid or diploid)? 2. During sexual reproduction in humans a sperm and egg combine to make what kind of cell (haploid or diploid)? 3. What is a gamete? 4. What is a somatic cell? 5. What is a zygote? 6. What is the difference between a zygote and an embryo? 7. Describe why it is important that gametes are haploid and how diploid number would be restored. 8. What is crossing over? 9. During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur? 10. How does crossing over affect genetic variation? 11. After MITOSIS are the daughter cells identical or unique? 12. After MEIOSIS are the daughter cells identical or unique? 13. After MITOSIS do the daughter cells have the same, half, or twice as many chromosomes as the parent cell? 14. After MEIOSIS do the daughter cells have the same, half, or twice as many chromosomes as the parent cell? 15. How many daughter cells does each parent cell make after MITOSIS? After MEIOSIS? 16. Does MITOSIS happen in somatic cells or gametes? 17. Does MEIOSIS happen in somatic cells or gametes? 18. What is the purpose of MITOSIS? In what situations does mitosis occur? 19. What is the purpose of MEIOSIS? 20. How is MEIOSIS related to sexual reproduction? (make sure to include the term “genetic variation”) 21. When is the DNA copied during the cell cycle? 22. Explain the relationship between chromatin and chromosomes. 23. When would you find DNA stored as chromatin? When would you find DNA stored as chromosomes? 24. Sketch and label each of the 6 phases of the mitotic cell cycle (interphase, PMAT, cytokinesis) 25. Which phase of the cell cycle does the cell spend the majority of its time in? 26. What is a karyotype? 27. How many chromosomes should a normal human karyotype have? 28. What is the sex chromosome combo for biological females (XX or XY)? Males? 29. If the sex chromosomes in a karyotype are the same size, is the person male or female? How do you know? 30. Explain nondisjunction. What is it and what might result? 31. What is the difference between haploid and diploid? 32. At the end of MITOSIS are the daughter cells haploid or diploid? What about the daughter cells after Meiosis? 33. How does cancer affect the rate of mitosis/cell division? 34. What are homologous chromosomes? 35. What are sister chromatids? 36. Sketch a pair of sister chromatids. 37. How are sister chromatids different than homologous chromosomes? 38. In meiosis, homologous chromosomes form pairs. During which phase of meiosis do they separate? 39. Which axis on a graph (X or Y) is the dependent variable? 40. Which axis on a graph (X or Y) is the independent variable? 41. In an experiment what is a constant? Give an example. 42. In which organelle does cellular respiration take place? 43. Which type of body cell would have more mitochondria and why? (brain, muscle, or skin) 44. What are four parts of the cell that both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have? 45. What is the difference between a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic organism? 46. What is an example of a eukaryotic organism? 47. What are some organelles that plant cells have that animal cells do not? 48. Sketch a plant cell, an animal cell, and a prokaryotic (bacteria) cell 49. What does it mean for the membrane to be selectively permeable? 50. What is the function of the cell membrane? 51. Sketch and label the parts of a phospholipid. Label the part that is hydrophobic and hydrophilic. 52. Define hydrophobic. 53. Define hydrophilic. 54. Sketch and label a cell membrane including proteins, phospholipids, carbohydrate chains, and cholesterol. 55. For the question above, explain the role of each molecule (describe their job for the cell membrane) 56. What is facilitated diffusion? 57. How is facilitated diffusion different from simple diffusion? 58. What types of particles move across the membrane via simple diffusion? (size and charge?) 59. What is the difference between diffusion and osmosis? 60. What direction do molecules move during diffusion? 61. What will happen to a cell in a hypotonic solution? Draw a picture with arrows to indicate net water movement. 62. What will happen to a cell in a hypertonic solution? Draw a picture with arrows to indicate net water movement. 63. What will happen to a cell in an isotonic solution? Draw a picture with arrows to indicate net water movement. 64. Label the INSIDE of the cell in each of the pictures above with the appropriate term that describes the solution inside compared to outside. 65. Explain what would happen to a freshwater fish if it was placed in the ocean. Include a drawing AND label if the ocean water would be hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic to the fish. 66. Sketch the graph below. This is like the graph in your potato osmosis lab. How can you tell where the solution is isotonic on a graph? Describe, and include an example of what the graph would look like. 67. Describe the potato osmosis lab. What happened in the lab? Did water move across the potato cell membrane or did sugars move across the membrane? 68. What were the independent and dependent variables in the lab? What were the constants? 69. What is a monomer? What is a polymer? 70. How are monomers and polymers related? 71. Fill out the chart below POLYMER MONOMER FUNCTION IN BODY Carbohydrate Protein Fat/Lipid Nucleic Acid 72. What is the difference between an autosome and sex chromosome? 73. How many autosomes and sex chromosomes does a human have in one somatic cell? 74. If a gamete has 23 chromosomes and fuses with another gamete to create a zygote, how many chromosomes will the zygote have? Which cell is haploid and which is diploid in this scenario? 75. If a horse has 64 chromosomes in each somatic cell, how many will be in each daughter cell following: a) mitosis and b) meiosis 76. All living things are organized. List the following words in order from smallest to largest: Tissue, Atom, Cell, Organism, Organ System, Organ, Molecule 77. Define homeostasis and provide at least 2 examples. 78. List 8 characteristics shared by all living things.