General Anatomy Lecture 1 PDF

General Anatomy Technical Institute / Hawija Lecture:1 Department of Optical Techniques Dr. Rania Mohammed  General Anatomy General Anatomy: is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is the...

General Anatomy Technical Institute / Hawija Lecture:1 Department of Optical Techniques Dr. Rania Mohammed  General Anatomy General Anatomy: is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is the scientific study of the structure of organisms including their systems, organs, and tissues It describes the shape, structure, and location, of the organs and systems in the body and also it describes the relation of each organ with others. Type of anatomy: Division of the anatomy Mainly we study two types of anatomy: 1. Gross anatomy: It needs the naked eye to describe the organs. And includes superficial anatomy or surface anatomy, the study by sight of the external body features. 2. Histology (microscopic anatomy): it needs a microscope to describe the tissue and cells and includes histology(the study of tissues), and embryology (the study of an organism in its immature condition). Dr. Rania Mohammed  Directional Terms: is describes the positions of structures relative to other structures or locations in the body 1. Superior or cranial: refers to the structure being closer to the head or higher than another structure in the body: upper (for example, the hand is part of the superior extremity). 2. Inferior or caudal: refers to the structure being closer to the feet or lower than another structure in the body; lower (for example, the foot is part of the inferior extremity). 3.Anterior or ventral: refers to the structure being in front of another structure in the body. 4.Posterior or dorsal: refers to the structure being in the back of another structure in the body. 5.Medial: refers to the structure being midline or median plane of the body of another structure in the body Dr. Rania Mohammed 6. Lateral: refers to the structure being farther away from the midline or median plane of the body of another structure in the body. 7. Proximal: refers to the structure being closer to the root of the limb than another structure in the body 8. Distal: refers to the structure being farther away from the root of the limb than another structure in the body. 9.Superficial: refers to the structure being closer to the surface of the body than another structure. 10. Deep: refers to the structure being closer to the core of the body than another structure. Anatomical plane of the body: 1. Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane) - A vertical plane running from side to side; that divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions. 2.Sagittal Plane (Lateral Plane) - A vertical plane running from front to back; that divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides. 3.Axial Plane (Transverse Plane) - A horizontal plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts. 4.Median plane - Sagittal plane through the midline of the body; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left halves. Dr. Rania Mohammed  Anatomical Terms of Movement 1. Flexion: refers to a movement that decreases the angle between two bones or bending a joints 2. Extension: refers to a movement that increases the angle between two bones or straightens a joint. 3. Adduction: is a movement of the body part toward the midline of the body 4. Abduction: is a movement of the body part away the midline of the body Dr. Rania Mohammed  The body cavities The cavities, or spaces, of the body, contain the internal organs or viscera. The two main cavities are called the ventral and dorsal Cavities. Dr. Rania Mohammed