Historiography PDF

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COPYRIGHT DISCLAIMER No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. HISTORIOGRAPHY Prof. Jemma Gonzales  -Only a part of what was observed in the past was remembered; - Only a part of what was remembered was recorded; - -Only a part of what was recorded has survived; - Only a part of what has survived has come to historian’s attention; - -Only a part of what has come to their attention is credible; - Only a part of what is credible has been grasped; - Only a part of what has been grasped can be expounded or narrated by historian. History without sources is unthinkable, but not all historical works with sources are commendable.  REMEMBER!!!!!!!!! There is no single understanding of truth in history. Different historians reach different conclusions about the same period, event or issue. History is composed of competing and conflicting arguments and viewpoints and is always changing. Historiography the writing of history, especially the writing of history based on the critical examination of sources, the selection of particular details from the authentic materials in those sources, and the synthesis of those details into a narrative that stands the test of critical examination. - Imaginative reconstruction of the past from data HISTORICAL METHOD -process of critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals of the pasts  Sources of history (Batis ng Kasaysayan) When studying and learning about history, we must always be questioning the quality of our sources. 1. Who wrote this? 2. How do they know the information they are telling me? 3. When did they write it? 4. Why did they write it? 5. Who did they write it for? Primary sources are those that have witnessed the event that took place or have been part of the incident being studied. The document or physical object which was written or created during the time under study. A primary source need not to be “original”. Diaries, speeches, manuscripts letters, interviews, news film footage, autobiographies, official records The original "manuscript" of Rizal's last poem later entitled "Mi Ultimo Adios" This is now preserved in the vault of the National Library of the Philippines along with the other writings of Jose Rizal and the original manuscripts of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.  Major Lazaro Makapagal. The man who led the soldiers who executed Andres Bonifacio, The Supremo of the Katipunan Section of a letter of Col. Lazaro Makapagal to historian Jose P. Santos in the 1930s narrating how he and his squad executed Andres Bonifacio and his brother, Procopio, on Mount Hulog in Maragondon, Cavite in May, 1897. This is the portion where Makapagal says Bonifacio fell to his knees begging for his life then running away when he saw that he was about to be shot. Photograph of an original copy of the La Solidaridad. Contrary to popular belief, it was only the size of a 8x11 bond paper. This is one of several copies found in the UST Archives  Jose Rizal's admission record to the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery in the University of Santo Tomas (1878- 1879). This gives lie to the story that Rizal had to hide his real last name "Mercado" when he enrolled in UST. Jose Rizal's grade during his Third Year studies in Medicine at the University of Santo Tomas. His grade of "Aprovado" is equal to a "Very Good". Take note, however, that the student above him got a grade of "Sobresaliente" or "Excellent". He is Jose Luna y Novicio, the brother of Juan and Antonio Luna, who was Rizal's classmate in Medicine. Rules in the pre-World War II UST Student Handbook. Many of these rules were made because of the entry of women students in the university in the 1930s. — Specimen of the writing of the early Filipinos called Baybayin from the UST Archives. This brittle sheet of paper is one of the irreplaceable treasures found at the University of Santo Tomas Other examples of Primary source: RELICS OR ARTIFACTS: Pottery, furniture, clothing, buildings CREATIVE WORKS: Poetry, drama, novels, music, art Teodora Alonso lying in state at the Funeraria Nacional in Sta. Cruz, Manila, 1911 Photo published in the Renacimiento Filipino Rizal's mother died on 16 August 1911 at her home Binondo, Manila, a few months after the transfer of her son's remains to the new Rizal Monument at the Luneta Emilio Jacinto, taken by an unknown photographer, 1899 Published in Renacimiento Filipino. This photograph was taken during his funeral in Laguna where he died of malaria. His remains were later transferred to the Manila North Cemetery and in the 1970s at the Himlayang Pilipino Memorial Park in Quezon City. Newstands in the United States on April 10, 1942 announcing the Fall of Bataan  Fort Santiago gate, ca. 1950. This was how the gate looked after the Second World War. After it was restored, the only remaining original section of the gate was the two soldiers on the two lower sides, the sea lions, and the Royal Seal on top of the doorway  The remains of the Santo Domingo Church and Convent following the bombing raid, December, 1941. Nothing much remained of the church except its walls which were further reduced to rubble during the Battle of Manila in 1945.  Pilosopong Tasio by Juan Luna One of a series of drawings Luna made for a planned illustrated second edition of Jose Rizal's Noli me tangere — The Malate area during the Battle for Manila, 1945. Photo taken from today's Quirino Ave. side. Taft Avenue is on the left and present- day Fidel Reyes St. is on the right. The war- damaged north wing of De La Salle College can be seen in the background and the baseball stadium of the Rizal Memorial Coliseum can be seen beside it.  Padre Salvi as drawn by Juan Luna. The sketch was supposed to be part of a series of drawings Luna made for a second edition of the Noli me tangere which Rizal planned as an illustrated edition. The project, however, was discontinued. Luna's signature can be seen on the lower right "JB" which meant "Juan Buan" - "Luna" being the Spanish word for "Moon" The first illustrated edition of the Noli came out in 1909 in the first Tagalog translation of the Noli me tangere by Pascual Poblete The burial of the remains of Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon at the Manila North Cemetery, 1 August 1946. One hundred soldiers pulled the military caisson containing the coffin from the University of Santo Tomas until the North Cemetery. Quezon's remains stayed at the cemetery until the completion of the Quezon Memorial Circle where his remains were transferred in a mausoleum in 1979.  The necrological services for the late Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon at the University of Santo Tomas Chapel, 29 July 1946. Quezon's remains were brought home from Arlington Cemetery in Virginia, USA where it was temporarily buried in August, 1944 following his death in Saranac Lake, New York. The UST Chapel was the last stop of the funeral cortege before the late president was buried at the North Cemetery on August 1.  The house of Deodato Arellano on Elcano corner Azcarraga St. where the Katipunan was founded on July 7, 1892. The accessoria where the members met is the last door on the left with an "X" mark.  The entrance door of the Intramuros campus of the University of Santo Tomas. The door on the left is the university portal after the renovations of 1937 during the XXXIII Eucharistic Congress. The one on the right is the door after the Battle of Manila in 1945. This entrance was later dismantled and transferred to the Sampaloc campus. It is now the Arch of the Centuries. President Emilio Aguinaldo at 93 in 1963. By this time, he had lived through the Philippine Revolution, the Philippine-American War; the Commonwealth Government under Presidents Quezon, Osmena and Roxas (1935 to 1945); World War II; the Second Philippine Republic under Laurel (1943-1945); and the Third Philippine Republic from Roxas to Macapagal (1946-1961). By the time he died, Marcos was already Senate President and was getting set to run for President. Aguinaldo died a year later.  Apolinario Mabini. Picture taken during his imprisonment at the Anda St. prison cell where he was confined following his capture and arrest in Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija in 1901 Secondary Source A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources. These sources are one or more steps removed from the event. Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of primary sources in them. Some types of secondary sources include: PUBLICATIONS: Textbooks, magazine articles, histories, criticisms, commentaries, encyclopedias Examples of secondary sources include: 1. A journal/magazine article which interprets or reviews previous findings 2. A history textbook 3. A book about the effects of WWI ACTIVITY  ACTIVITY: True if the statement is true or False if false (2 pts. each) 1. The historian brings with them their biases in writing history. 2. External factors (e.g. climate, geography, or religion) can never affect a specific historical event. 3. There are no fictions in history. 4. Primary sources in history such as diaries, manuscript, historical novels are 100% objective. 5. We can always doubt history. ACTIVITY: T if the statement is true or F if false (2 pts. each) 6. All historical works and sources are commendable. 7. One has to look at the 19th century Philippine and European society in order to understand Rizal’s greatness. 8. Without Rizal, Bonifacio and the other heroes, freedom can never be attained. 9. Movies can be considered as a primary source in history. 10. One cannot “sanitize” history. THE PROBLEM OF AUTHENTICITY THE PROBLEM OF CREDIBILITY Prehistory  A term given by 19th century French scholars, covers past human experiences prior to the existence of written records. Prehistoric Archeology- basic source of prehistory. It studies societies at the time writing system has not yet been invented.