RPH-POINTERS-ipasa-mo-ako (1) PDF

INTRODUCTION These original documents are often diaries, letters, memoirs, speeches, manuscripts, interviews, HISTORY and other s...

INTRODUCTION These original documents are often diaries, letters, memoirs, speeches, manuscripts, interviews, HISTORY and other such unpublished works. The English word ‘History’ is derived from A primary source is prepared by an the Greek noun ‘Historia’ which mean “knowledge individual who was a participant in, or a direct acquired through inquiry and investigation.” witness to, the event that is being described. It became known as the account of the past of 2. SECONDARY SOURCES the person or a group of people through written documents and historical events. The function of these is to interpret primary sources, and so can be described as at least one step It became an important academic discipline. removed from the event or phenomenon under It is thus important to ask: What counts as a history? review. “No Document, No History” Secondary source materials, then, interpret, assign value to, conjecture upon, and draw ❑"History is not the past...History is the distillation conclusions about the events reported in primary of evidence surviving from the past. Where there is sources. no evidence there is no history." (Oscar Handlin, Trust in History) A secondary source is a document prepared by an individual who was not a direct witness to an HISTORIOGRAPHY event, but who obtained his or her description of the event from someone else. refers to the writing of history based on the critical examination of sources and the selection of HISTORICAL SOURCES particulars from the authentic materials. It also includes the synthesis of particulars into a narrative ✓Documents that will stand the test of critical methods. ✓Numerical records In simple terms, it is the history of the history. ✓Oral statements ELEMENTS OF HISTORY ✓Relics 1. THE HISTORIAN/ AUTHOR External Criticism Refers to the person writing/ documenting the events/ history. refers to the genuineness of the documents a researcher uses in a historical study. Whereas 2. PLACE external criticism has to do with the authenticity of a The location where the history was written. document. 3. PERIOD Internal Criticism It refers to the context of the time when the Internal criticism refers to the accuracy of the history was written. contents of a document. It has to do with what the document says. 4. SOURCES REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY Defined as objects that have been left in the SOURCES past and that exist either as relic or as testimonies of witnesses to the past. National Archives of the Philippines (NAP) repository of public documents- notaries, birth certificates, government correspondences and NATIONALISM records, maps to name few. “Nationalism is nourished by a sense of The National Archives survived the history. It is of its essence to know profoundly the destruction during World War II, termites and past, so that we may be in complete openness with silverfishes, earthquakes, floods, and fire. The the men who made that history and to intimate government effort in maintaining these national communism with their thoughts, their deeds, and treasures continues. their noble lives.” (Former Senator Claro M. Recto) National Library of the Philippines (NLP) DISTINCTION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES The official national library of the country. 1. PRIMARY SOURCES Its collections consist of more than 210, 000 books; over 880,000 manuscripts, all part of the These are contemporary accounts of an event, Filipiniana Division; more than 170,000 newspaper written by someone who experienced or witnessed issues from Metro Manila and across the Philippines; the event in question. some 66,000 theses and dissertations; 104,000 government publications; 3,800 maps and 53,000 photographs. National Museum of the Philippines CONTENT ANALYSIS It is the government institution in the This analysis applies appropriate techniques Philippines that serves as an educational, scientific, depending on the type of source (written, oral, and cultural institution in preserving the various visual). permanent national collections featuring the ethnographic, anthropological, archaeological, and This analysis considers the following: visual artistry of the Philippines. to identify the author’s thesis, Local Study Centers and Museum compare points of view, identify biases, Described and dedicated for the enrichment and study of one locality’s history, culture, and and evaluate the author’s claim based on the related studies. evidence presented or other available evidence at the time. TECHNICAL TOOLS IN EXAMINING SOURCES CONTEXT ANALYSIS 1. Paleography This analysis considers the following: It is the study of handwriting. the historical context of the source (time and place it was written and the situation at the time. 2. Diplomatic the author’s background, Used primarily for textual analysis; writing styles maybe determined by its specific time/period intent (to the extent discernable), and authority wherein there is a set of writing conventions and on the subject. formulas. and the source’s relevance and meaning today. 3. Statistics PRIMARY SOURCE THAT WE ARE GOING It is the branch of mathematics dealing with TO EXAMINE ARE: the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of masses of numerical data. Antonio Pigafetta's First Voyage around the World with Magellan 4. Archeology Juan de Plasencia’s Customs of the Tagalog The scientific study of the material remains Emilio Jacinto’s Kartilya ng Katipunan of past human life and activities. The 1898 Declaration of the Philippine Independence 5. Linguistics Political Cartoon Corazon Aquino’s speech before the U.S The study of the structure and development Congress of language in general or of particular languages. Antonio Pigafetta (Antonio Lomabardo / 6. Genealogy Francisco Antonio Pigafetta) The study of family relationships. It includes He joined the expedition to the Spice Islands family history and even tracing of family lineages. led by explorer Ferdinand Magellan under King 7. Prosopography Charles I of Spain. The use of biographical material to construct He is a chronicler and kept a detailed and group narratives. comprehensive journal of his 8. Sigillography journey with Ferdinand Magellan. He was one of the 18 of Magellan's original crew who, having Science and art of identifying and decoding completed the world's first circumnavigation, seals. This tool in examining sources is used to returned to Spain onboard another vessel, the authenticate archival documents. Victoria. 9. Numismatics Ferdinand Magellan Study of coins was a Portuguese navigator and explore LESSON 1.2 who sailed under the flags of both Portugal and Spain. Content and Contextual Analysis of selected primary sources in Philippine History Magellan, in service to Portugal, joined the fight, traveling to India, Malaysia, and Indonesia. After doing external and internal criticisms However, he was accused of illegal trading and fell of the historical sources and when the authenticity out with Manuel I (King of Portugal), who turned and credibility is already established, we can now down his proposal to locate a new spice route. analyze these sources to understand them more and for us to make historical claims and positions.  King Charles I (King of Spain) was the grandson TWO DAYS AFTER of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. He was the one who granted support to Magellan. In turn, the natives also gave them fish, palm wine(uraca), figs (fruit), rice (umai), cocos, and other Spices were in-demand commodities among the food supplies. Europeans because of their numerous benefits such as food preservation, flavor enhancement, and ▪ Pigafetta characterized the people as "very medicine. familiar and friendly" and willingly showed them different islands and the names of these The Treaty of Tordesillas was effective at that time. islands. It is an agreement between Spain and Portugal to settle conflicts over lands newly discovered or ▪ Humunu Island (Homonhon) and there they explored by Christopher Columbus. found what Pigafetta referred to as the"Watering Place of Good Signs.” During 15th Century, spices are the epicenter of the world economy, much like oil as today. FIRST SIGNS OF GOLD IN THE ISLAND. Cinnamon, Clove, Nutmeg and Black Pepper. ▪ They named the island (Humuno Spices could not be cultivated in cold and arid orHomonhon) with the nearby islands as the Europe. Archipelago of St. Lazarus. ▪ Pigafetta recounted that they saw two ballanghai (balangay), a long boat full of people in Mazzava/Mazaua. ▪ The leader, who referred to as the King of the Ballanghai (Balangay), sent his men to the ship of Magellan. ▪ When the King of the Balangay offered to give Magellan a bar of gold and a chest of ginger, Magellan declined. ▪ Magellan sent the interpreter to the king and asked for money for the needs of his ships and expressed that he came into the islands as a friend and not as an enemy. Santiago Trinidad ▪ Magellan also boasted of his men in in armor San Antonio Victoria who could not be struck with swords and Concepcion daggers. ▪ Magellan also shared with the king his charts Magellan's fleet continue sailing from and maps and shared how they found the Sanlucar De Barrameda, Spain and Crossed the islands. Atlantic Ocean on September 20, 1519. ▪ Pigafetta described this king (Raia Calambu) Mar Pacifico - Pacific Ocean Today - "Tranquil or as the most handsome of all the men that he Calm" saw in this place. ▪ He was also adorned with silk and gold In Pigafetta's account, their fleet reached accessories like a golden dagger, which he what he called Landrones Island or the “Island of carried with him in a wooden polished sheath. Thieves. ▪ This king was named Raia Calambu, King of Zuluan and Calagan (Butuan and Caragua). Landrones Islands is presently known as the ▪ The first king was Raia Siagu. Marianas Islands. ▪ Which happened to be Easter Sunday, Located at south-southeast of Japan, west Magellan ordered the chaplain to preside a southwest of Hawaii, North of New Guinea and east Mass by the shore. of Philippines. ▪ Magellan ordered that the cross be brought with nails and crown in place. TEN DAYS AFTER ▪ Cross, Nail, & Crown - were the signs of his Pigafetta reported that they reached what he emperor (Magellan). called the isle of Zamal, now Samar but Magellan ▪ The king concurred and allowed for the cross decided to land in another uninhabited island for a to be planted. greater security where they could rest for a few days. ▪ This Mass would go down in history as the first Mass in the Philippines, and the cross Pigafetta recounted those nine (9) men came to them would be the famed Magellan's Cross still and showed joy and eagerness in seeing them. preserved at present day. ▪ Magellan and his men decided to move and look for islands where they could acquire more supplies and provisions.  ▪ They learned of the islands of Ceylon instructed him not to join the battle and stay in the (Leyte), Bohol, and Zzubu (Cebu) and balangay boat so that he would see how they fought. intended to go there. The king offered the people of Mactan gifts ▪ Raia Calambu offered to pilot them in going of any value and amount in exchange of to Cebu. Magellan's body, but the chief refused because ▪ Cebu is the largest and richest islands. they wanted to keep Magellan's body as a ▪ Magellan's men and the king of Cebu, memento of their victory. together with other principal men of Cebu, met in an open space. There, the king of Cebu Magellan's men elected Duarte Barbosa as the offered a bit of his blood and demanded new captain. that Magellan do the same. ▪ Magellan spoke to the king (Cebu) which is Pigafetta also told how Magellan's slave and named Rajah Humabon and encouraged interpreter named Henry (Enrique of Malacca was him to be a good Christian by burning all the a native of the Malay Archipelago) betrayed them idols and worship the cross instead. and told the King of Cebu that they intended to leave ▪ The king of Cebu was then baptized as a as quickly as possible. Christian. The two conspired and betrayed what was left of ▪ Magellan spoke before the people of Cebu Magellan's men. about peace and God. ▪ Magellan responded to this by saying that his ▪ They left Cebu and continued their journey faith entailed children to render honor and around the world. obedience to their parents. Enrique was said to believe to originate from ▪ Magellan also preached about their faith Malacca but was acquired by Magellan as a slave. further and people were reportedly convinced. Sebastian Elcano led the Victoria (ship) back to Spain to complete the Circumnavigation. EIGHT DAYS AFTER September 6, 1522 – Victoria (ship return to April 22, 1521- When the queen (Juana) Spain. came to the Mass one day, Magellan gave her an image of the infant Jesus made by Pigafetta himself. REASONS WHY MAGELLAN EXPEDITE The king of Cebu (Rajah Humabon) swore ▪ Spread Christianity that he would always be faithful to Magellan. ▪ Expansion and Territory ▪ Spices and Gold They went to the sick man and baptized him. After baptismal, Pigafetta recorded that the man was Contribution and Relevance of the Document to able to speak again. He called this a miracle. Philippine History and Present Day Zula, a principal man from the one of islands ▪ Contribution to Geography and Cartography of Matan (Mactan) went to see Magellan and asked ▪ Debunked the flat earth theory. him for a boat full of men so that he would be able to ▪ Catholicism arrived in the Philippines. fight the other chief of Mactan named Silapulapu ▪ Discovery and rediscovery of information (Lapulapu). ▪ Importance of traveling Magellan offered three boats and LESSON 1 (CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS) expressed his desire to Mactan himself to fight the About the author: said chief. ▪ Fray Juan de Plasencia (real name is Joan Magellan's forces arrived in Mactan in de Portocarrero) is one of the seven children daylight. of Pedro Portocarrero. Zula's company numbered 49 in total and the ▪ He grew up in the region of Extremadura islanders of Mactan were estimated to number 1500 during the Golden Age (Siglo de Oro) of and THE BATTLE BEGAN. Spain. ▪ During this period there was an upsurge of Seeing that the captain has already men entering religious life with the intention deteriorated, more natives came to attacked him. of suiting up for missionary works in the MAGELLAN DIED IN THAT BATTLE newly discovered territories. ▪ Plasencia belonged to the Franciscan order ▪ It was not Lapu Lapu who killed Magellan, and came together with the first batch of but his troops. Franciscan missionaries who arrived in the Pigafetta also said that the king of Cebu who was Philippines on July 2, 1578. baptized could have sent help, but Magellan  ▪ He and Fray Diego de Oropresa were Children belonging to this caste inherit the assigned to do mission works in Southern status of their parents Tagalog area. Cannot be treated as a slave nor can be sold ▪ Aside from performing sacerdotal and off. missionary functions, Plasencia also helped in the foundation and organization of ALIPING SA GUIGUILIR (SLAVES) numerous towns in Quezon, Laguna, Rizal and Bulacan. They serve their master in their houses and ▪ His continuous interaction with the people he lands converted to Christianity enabled him to The master can reward his/her slaves by write a book entitled Relacion de las giving them a portion of the harvest so that Costumbres de Los Tagalos (Customs of the slaves would be faithful to him/her the Tagalogs, 1589). Can be sold off ▪ It vividly describes the political, social, economic, and cultural practices of the Marriage Customs Filipinos before they were Christianized. In the case of a divorce, if the wife would ▪ His biggest challenge at that time was how to leave her husband for the sake of marrying another make the articles of faith comprehensible to man, all her belongings plus a certain amount would people who have never heard of Christ nor be given to her former husband however, if she the Catholic Church. chooses to leave and do not have any plans to marry, then all of her dowry will be returned to her. ⮚ In 1593, he published the book Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Espanola Y Tagala, Worship and Belief (Religion) the first printed book in the Philippines. ❑There were no temples or sacred places in which SOCIAL HIERACHY Filipinos would worship. o Datu ❑The word simbahan means a place to worship o Maharlica which is constructed at a large house of the chief o Aliping Namamahay where people of the tribe go to celebrate festivals o Aliping sa Guiguilir. (aka pandot or worship) ❑They beat large and small drums successively ⮚ DATO or DATU during the feast which usually lasted four days the chiefs of the village; they governed the people as captains even in wars, were obeyed, and nagaanitos - worship; (anito - soul or spirit of revered; any subject who committed any offense ancestors) against them, or spoke to their wives and children, sibi - a temporary shed, made on each side of the were severely punished. chief’s house, for the assembled people. ❖ Barangay – tribal gathering ruled by Bathala - one of their many idols, whom they chiefs. specially worshipped. It is called a “barangay” because they associate They worshipped the sun, the moon, and themselves with the “Malay” who are one of the first some, even the stars or a particular dead man with people to arrive in the Philippines through a boat in special capability that fought bravely. which they call “balangay”. Some consisted of around 30 - 100 houses ❑sun - almost universally respected and honored because of its beauty. Barangays also have some sort of diplomacy ❑moon - they would rejoice, especially All barangays were equal in terms of status when new ⮚ MAHARLICA (NOBLES) ❑stars - they did not name them except for Must accompany the datos in war the morning star, which they called Tala Do not need to pay taxes ❑ “Seven little goats” - the Pleiades; a star cluster People who are born free ❑Balatic - the Greater Bear constellation ALIPING NAMAMAHAY (COMMONERS) ❑Mapolon - the change of seasons They have their own properties but has to lic-ha - idols; images with different shapes. serve their own masters  Dian masalanta - an idol; patron of lovers and 11. PANGATAHOJAN generation - Can predict future. Lacapati and Idianale - idols; patrons of the 12. BAYOGUIN cultivated lands and husbandry. These are men who are in the nature of a buaya - crocodiles; were respected by the woman. Tagalogs due to their fear of being harmed by them; Superstition they offered a portion of what they carried in their They find omens in events they witness. boats to them (i.e. when someone sneezed, met on their way a rat or serpent, or the Tigmamanuguin bird sang they 12 PRIESTS OF DEVIL would go home in fear that evil would befall them if they continued their journey) 1. CATOLONAN The Tigmamanuguin bird’s (a blue bird as large as Was either a man or a woman. This office was an a turtle-dove) song had two forms: a good omen, and honorable one among the natives, and was held a bad omen. ordinarily by people of rank, this rule being general in all the islands. Burying the dead No distinction as a witch exists today. In burying the dead, the corpse would be placed beside its house and be mourned at for 4 days. 2. MANGAGAUAY It will then be laid on a boat which serves as a They pretend to heal the sick in order to deceive coffin which is guarded by a slave. others. The grief of the relatives of the deceased is 3. MANYISALAT followed by eating and drinking. Same as mangagauay. These priests had the power of applying such remedies to lovers that they would abandon and despise their own wives. LESSON 2 (KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN) 4. MANCOCOLAM Founding of the Katipunan whose duty it was to emit fire from himself at Bonifacio then founded the “Katastaasang night, once or oftener each month. This fire could not Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng be extinguished. Bayan ” (KKK) on July 7, 1892 in a house on Azcarraga street (now Claro M. Recto), in Tondo 5. HOCLOBAN Manila. The Katipunan had colorful beginnings. Without the use of medicine, and by simply As a symbol of the member’s loyalty, they saluting or raising the hand, they killed whom they performed the solemn rite of sanduguan (blood chose. But if they desired to heal those whom they compact), wherein each one signed his name with had made ill by their charms, they did so by using his own blood. other charms. Objectives of Katipunan 6. SILAGAN Political - Separation from Spain They would tear out and eat the liver of those they saw were wearing white. Moral - Good Morals 7. MAGTATANGAL Civic - Help and defend of the poor and the oppressed. They would go out at night without their heads and put it back into their bodies before the sun rise. To unite the Filipinos into one solid nation 8. OSUANG To fight for Philippine independence from Spain. Tribesmen reported that they saw the “osuang” The Katipunan prepared the country for an armed who can fly and murdered a man and ate his flesh. revolution to regain the country’s lost freedom. 9. MANGAGAYOMA Secret initiation of the Katipunan They would reduce their partners with charms Originally the KKK recruited new members by and other accessories so they can deceive them. means of TRIANGLE SYSTEM a system of enlistment wherein a recruiter would ask only two 10. SONAT members to join. Only the recruiter would know the This devil helped people to die. They can also names of both recruits while the recruits would not know if the soul they helped to die can either be each other. saved or not.  They also agreed that they would pay a membership Jacinto became a general in the group's guerrilla fee amounting to one real fuerte (twenty-five army, taking an active role in the fight against the centavos) and a monthly due of media real (twelve Spanish near Manila. centavos). Emilio Jacinto lived and fought the Spanish in A candidate for membership was first blindfolded Magdalena, Laguna. He was seriously injured in a and entered a dark secret room called CAMARA battle at the Maimpis River in February of 1898, NEGRA. but found refuge in the Santa Maria Magdalena. In the room there was a table with a lamp, a skull, He died on April 16, 1899, of malaria. General and a bolo. The blindfold was removed from his Emilio Jacinto was just 23 years old. eyes. He was given a test on the history of the Philippines to show that he knew the Spaniards had oppressed the Filipinos. He had to pass other tests on KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN his patriotism, courage and sincerity. Primarily written by Andres Bonifacio. The Decalogue (10 commandments) originally Membership in the Katipunan titled Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga anak ng Third Grade: Bayani (Patriot) They wore red mask. bayan. Z. Ll. B (Duties of the Sons of the People), Their password was “Rizal.” was never published because Bonifacio believed that Jacinto's Kartilya was superior to what he had made. Second Grade: Kawal (Soldier) They wore green mask. Their passwords was “GOM-BUR-ZA.” Andres Bonifacio – Philippines patriot, founder and leader of the nationalist Katipunan Society. First Grade: Katipun (associate) They wore black mask. Their password was “Anak ng Bayan (Sons He first formulated the code of conduct which is of the People). Kartilya ng Katipunan. About the author: Andres Bonifacio first wrote “Duties of the Sons of the People” which were strictly followed by the The Kartilya ng Katipunan was written on 1892 members of the Katipunan. by Emilio Jacinto/ EMILIO JACINTO Y DIZON This Decalogue showed the beliefs of Bonifacio. Emilio Jacinto was an eloquent and brave young Later on, Bonifacio adopted Emilio Jacinto’s man, known as both the soul and the brain of the Kartilya ng Katipunan as the official teaching of Katipunan. the Katipunan. His pen name was “Dimas-ilaw”. “Pingkian” alias The original version of the document has 14 in Katipunan paragraphs that contains the values that a Katipunero should have. He was born in Manila on December 15, 1875 to Mariano Jacinto and Josefa Dizon Each paragraph contained unique discussion of the different aspects of a person’s life. He wrote the society’s paper called Kalayaan. The difference between Bonifacio’s Decalogue and In his short life, Jacinto helped to lead the fight for Kartilya ng Katipunan is Kartilya ng Katipunan is Filipino independence from Spain. much longer and philosophical which showed He attended to the University of San Tomas to study concepts of virtuous living as lessons for self- law. reflection. Emilio left college before completing his law Content and Contextual Analysis : degree. Understanding the Historical Information His wife is Catalina de Jesus Kartilya is a small PAMPHLET that is given to the Katipunero particularly to the new ones. He joined the Katipunan, a secret revolutionary society. This was a group whose objective was to Kartilya ng Katipunan was not only a leading for gain Philippines independence from Spain in 1892. the members of the Katipunan but it embodied moral He was youngest member and secretary at that time. and nationalistic principle for all Filipinos. He laid out principles for the new government It can also be noted that this document shows envisioned by Bonifacio about life philosophy in life, exhibiting human greatness within, to appreciate the authenticity of He received a good education and was fluent in local traditions, spiritual beliefs, family idea and both Tagalog and Spanish. cultural diversity, a collection of the Katipunan’s He served as the spokesperson for the Katipunan, ideas and principles and its significance, and to bear as well as handling its finances. in the minds of the members that they are their own people, Filipinos, uniting for the betterment of their country.  Katipunan (KKK) is an organization with the 14. When these rules of conduct shall be known to goal of liberating from the West. It also aimed to all, the longed-for sun of Liberty shall rise brilliant teach Filipinos good manners, cleanliness, fine over this most unhappy portion of the globe and its morals, and to encourage the people to help rays shall diffuse everlasting joy among the themselves and defend the oppressed. confederated brethren of the same rays, the lives of those who have gone before, the fatigues and the The order for those who want to join the well-paid sufferings will remain. If he who desires to association shall have the full understanding and enter (the Katipunan) has informed himself of all this knowledge of its guiding principles and main and believes he will be able to perform what will be teachings so that they may perform their duties his duties, he may fill out the application for wholeheartedly. admission. Katipuneros have weighty tasks that is why it is The Kartilya ng Katipunan was written in order to important that those who will join will have sense of maintain the standard of what it is being a responsibility and are ready to fight in order to Katipunero. Being part of the association would protect the association and the Filipinos. mean adhering to the rules and exhibiting virtuous life. The Katipunan Code of Conduct Jacinto also aimed to educate the Filipinos what a 1. The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and true Katipunero stands for and that is becoming a reasonable purpose is a tree without a shade, if not a person with integrity, courage, stands for equality, poisonous weed. and overall bearing the teaching of living life 2. To do good for personal gain and not for its own purposively and contribute to the greater good. sake is not virtue. RELEVANCE 3. It is rational to be charitable and love one's fellow The Kartilya ng Katipunan was able to constitute creature, and to adjust one's conduct, acts and words patriotism and nationalism. to what is in itself reasonable. The Katipunan was one of the many movements 4. Whether our skin be black or white, we are all born which were established in order to defend our equal: superiority in knowledge, wealth and beauty freedom. With their sacrifices, we were able to obtain are to be understood, but not superiority by nature. the life that we had. The document demonstrated the 5. The honorable man prefers honor to personal gain; values and beliefs our heroes had before which we the scoundrel, gain to honor. can learn so much from. 6. To the honorable man, his word is sacred. The document was able to provide us with information in order to fully understand our history. 7. Do not waste thy time: wealth can be recovered but not time lost. Also, it can serve as basis for instituting good governance in our present time, teach honor and 8. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor dignity, generosity, compassion, and to practice before the law or in the field. respect for women and love for our family. 9. The prudent man is sparing in words and faithful in keeping secrets. LESSON 3 DECLARATION OF PH 10. On the thorny path of life, man is the guide of INDEPENDENCE woman and the children, and if the guide leads to the precipice, those whom he guides will also go there. NOTE: FOR CLARIFICATION PURPOSES 11. Thou will increase thy interest in her and she will 8 lalawigan - patuloy ang recruitment sa KKK remind thee of the mother must not look upon woman May BuNE CaPaLa Batang Tarlac as a mere plaything, but as a faithful companion who will share with thee the penalties of life; her SPANIARDS-Nagpatupad na ng Batas Militar at (physical) weakness who bore thee and reared thee. lalong naghigpit dahil sa pag-aaklas ng mga Pilipino 12. What thou dost not desire done unto thy wife, *Pero nanatiling nag-aapoy ang kagustuhan ng mga children, brothers and sisters, that do not unto the Katipunerong Pilipino na ipaglaban ang ating bayan. wife, children, brothers and sisters of thy neighbor. 1896- laging panalo ang mga Pilipino laban 13. Man is not worth more because he is a king, sa mga Espanyol because his nose is aquiline, and his color white, not because he is a *priest, a servant of God, nor because Sentro ng labanan ay sa CAVITE of the high prerogative that he enjoys upon earth, but → Kaya sumikat si EMILIO AGUINALDO he is worth most who is a man of proven and real value, who does good, keeps his words, is worthy and 1. Nagbunsod ito ng IMUS CONVENTION honest; he who does not oppress nor consent to being FACTIONS IN THE CAVITE CHAPTER oppressed, he who loves and cherishes his fatherland, though he be born in the wilderness and know no MAGDALO FACTION (Baldomero Aguinaldo) tongue but his own. Establish a new government.  the document on the declaration of the Philippine independence. MAGDIWANG FACTION (Mariano Alvarez) The document 'Proclamation of Philippine Keep the Katipunan Independence' shall be the subject of this lesson. 2. Matapos ng hindi pag kasunduan sa Imus Convention ay nagkakaroon ng TEJEROS PROCLAMATION OF PHILIPPINE CONVENTION (March 22, 1897) INDEPENDENCE CHARACTERISTICS Noon: San Francisco Malabon, Cavite It tells of the kind of government that was created under General Emilio Aguinaldo. Ngayon: General Trias, Cavite The document is 2000-word document. Pumayag na si Bonifacio na palitan ang It summarizes the reason behind the Katipunan kaya may eleksyon para malaman revolution against Spain, the war for ang magiging bagong Pangulo. independence, and the future of the nev republic under Emilio Aguinaldo. TEJEROS CONVENTION: President Election SOME ABUSES DURING THE SPANISH Emilio Aguinaldo (Votes: 146/256) REGIME AS MENTIONED IN THE FIRST PART OF THE PROCLAMATION TEJEROS CONVENTION: Vice President Arbitrary arrests. Mariano Trias Harsh treatment. NAME AND POSITIONS Killing of prisoners under the pretext that they were attempting to escape; Unjust Emilio Aguinaldo (President) deportations; and Mariano Trias (Vice President) Absence of due process. Artemio Ricarte (Captain General) Emiliano de Dios (Director of War) IN GENERAL Andres Bonifacio (Director of Interior) Abuses of the Civil Guards. Tutol si DANIEL TIRONA sa posisyon ni Unequal protection of the law. Bonifacio dahil wala raw itong pinag-aralan sa batas. Avarice and greed of the clergy; and Unjust deportations without proper hearing Kaya matapos nito sinabi ni Bonifacio walang bisa ang bagong ginawa na revolutionary government at WHY DID THE PROCLAMATION BEGIN dapat manatili ang Katipunan. WITH AN ENUMERATION OF THE ABUSES? Kaya may dalawang pamahalaan na umiiral ang The recollection of abuses under the Spanish KKK at Revolutionary Government ni Aguinaldo. Regime at the beginning of the Proclamation is intended to reinforce the need for THE ACT OF DECLARATION OF independence and to illustrate the PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE experiences of Filipinos under Spain. Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista (Don Bosyong) The recollection also justifies the revolution against Spain; and A distant relative to the Rizal family and the The recollection provides a vision for the Bonifacio family, Bautista often gave advice to José New Republic characterized by equality and Rizal, a Filipino nationalist, while studying in peace. Manila. SOME NARRATIONS IN THE He studied law at University of Santo Tomas, PROCLAMATION obtaining a degree in 1865. Historical narrative from Magellan's arrival In 1898, Bautista became the first adviser to to the Philippine revolution. President Emilio Aguinaldo and subsequently wrote The spread of the movement (Katipunan) the Declaration of Philippine Independence. through different towns and provinces in BACKGROUND Luzon (Bataan, Pampanga, Batangas, Bulacan, Laguna, etc.) The spread of the Annual Independence Day Celebration - June revolt in the Visayas ensured the success of 12 the revolution. The celebration of Independence Day Narration of the unjust execution of Dr. Jose annually is rooted in the historic event which Rizal, done to "please the greedy body of took place in Kawit, Cavite on June 12, friars in their insatiable desire to seek revenge 1898. upon and exterminate all those who are This event signaled the end of 333 years of opposed to their Machiavellian purposes, Spanish colonization. which tramples upon the penal code Although this event is of utmost significance prescribed for these islands." to nationhood, very few (students, teachers, The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 and the infamous and Filipinos in general) have actually read execution of Father Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora (GOMBURZA)  "whose innocent blood was shed through the mention of its foundation and especially of intrigues of those so-called religious orders" Andres Bonifacio and his co-founders. that incited the three secular priests in the said This shows us that the historical narration mutiny. found in this document also reflects the politics of the victors. This reminds us of the Presidency of Emilio Aguinaldo axiom that history is written by the victors. He was born in Kawit, Cavite on March 22, The point is, even official records and 1869. documents like the proclamation of He came from a well-to-do family. independence, while truthful most of the He was educated in the Colegio de San Juan time, still exude the politics and biases of de Letran but was not able to finish college whoever is in power. This manifests in the due to an outbreak of cholera in 1882. selectiveness of information that can be He joined the Katipunan in 1895 and used the found in these records. call-sign Magdalo after Mary Magdalene. The task of the historian, thus, is to analyze He became the supreme leader of the the content of these documents in relation to Dictatorial Government when the Philippines the dominant politics and the contexts of the became independent in 1898 and the people and institutions surrounding it. President of the First Republic pursuant to the This tells us the lesson on taking PRIMARY Malolos Constitution of 1899. SOURCES like official government records within THE PHILIPPINE FLAG the circumstances of this production. The Three Stars represent the three principal islands of the Philippine Archipelago, Luzon LESSON 4 (POLITICAL CARICATURE) Mindanao, Panay. The sun represents the gigantic strides and TREATY OF PARIS- officially ended the period the eight rays of the sun symbolizing the eight of Spanish colonization in the Philippines and provinces of Manila, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, granted possession of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and Cavite, Pampanga. Laguna, Batangas, and the Philippines to the United States. It also required Tarlac. that the United States pay $20 million USD in The color blue, red, and white commemorate recompense to the Spanish government. those of the flag of the United States of North America. MANUEL L. QUEZON- He is the second The Blue and Red colors of the flag are often President of the Philippines and won the Philippines' associated with courage and peace, first national presidential election. respectively. SUFFRAGE- is the right to vote in electing public PROCLAMATION OF THE PHILIPPINE officials and adopting or rejecting proposed INDEPENDENCE legislation. The document reflects the general WHY NATIONAL THANKSGIVING DAY IS revolutionary sentiment of that period. For NOT PRACTICED TODAY? example, the abuses specifically mentioned -According to the Official Gazette of the Republic of in the proclamation like friar abuse, racial the Philippines, “Marcos built up the cult of discrimination, and inequality before the law September 21, proclaiming it National reflect the most compelling sentiments Thanksgiving Day by virtue of Proclamation No. represented by the revolutionary leadership. 1180 s. 1973 to memorialize the date as the However, no mention was made about the foundation day of his New Society.” After the more serious problem that affected the Marcos Sr. regime, it was no longer a Thanksgiving masses more profoundly, that is, the land and Day since it was the day he signed Proclamation No. agrarian crisis felt by the numerous Filipino 1081, which is a dark period in Philippine history. peasants in the nineteenth century. According to the renowned Philippine WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS- habeas corpus is Revolution historian, Teodoro Agoncillo, "You shall have the body"—that is, the judge must the Philippine revolution was an agrarian have the person charged with a crime brought into revolution. The common revolutionary the courtroom to hear what he's been charged with. soldiers fought in the revolution for the hope This was suspended during Martial Law of owning the lands that they were tilling. Implementation of Marcos, Sr. This agrarian aspect of the revolution must BATAS MILITAR have been unfamiliar to the middle-class revolutionary leaders or were intentionally I. Two (2) Alleged Plans of Marcos to Extend his left out because they were landholders Terms. themselves. A. Plan A - to make the Philippine government a The martyrdom of Dr. Jose Rizal was also parliamentary system. mentioned. However, the Katipunan was also mentioned in the end but there was no B. Plan B to declare Martial Law or Batas Militar. II. Important Details in Creation of Martial Law A. Oplan Sagittarius suspension was immediately revoked by Marcos due to the protest of the Filipinos. It is considered by Senator Aquino to be the blueprint or detailed plan on how to execute Martial · Aside from Senator Aquino, Marcos primarily Law. accused the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) headed by Jose Maria Sison for the series of Romeo Espino wrote the original report of the plan. bombing events. The CPP was formed December 26, He refuted Aquino's claim by saying that Oplan 1968. After three (3) months, the CPP formed Sagittarius is just an emergency plan on how to another group named New People's Army (NPA). utilize the Armed Force of the Philippines (AFP). The previous "Huks" of Hukbo Mapagpalaya ng B. Rolex 12 Pilipinas, an armed group located in Central Luzon, helped in the formation of NPA. It is the name given to the group who helped Marcos on his plan regarding Martial Law. B. Natural Calamities (July-August 1972) The name was based on the story that each member A typhoon during the months of July-August of group received a Rolex watch. 1972 caused a great flood in Central Luzon destroying the agricultural crops. The members were: The government was forced to import almost 1. Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile half a million tons of rice products. This caused the prices of other product to rise. 2. Gen. Fabian Ver of National Intelligence Security The student, once again, protested the Authority - Head of Presidential Security increase of prices. 3. Gen. Romeo Espino - Chief of Staff of Armed C. Constitutional Convention (Con-Con) Force of the Philippines The convention was established to replace the 4. Gen. Fidel Ramos - Chief of the Philippine 1935 Constitution, which was made when the Constabulary (PC) Philippines was still under the colonial rule of America. 5. Gen. Rafael Sagala - Chief of Philippine Army Due to manipulation of the current 6. Gen. Ignacio Paz - Chief of the Intelligence administration, social and economic reform Services of the Armed Force of the Philippines were set aside. Instead, the focus of Con-Con is to change the 7. Gen. Jose Rancudo of the Philippine Air Force presidential system of government into a 8. Gen. Tomas Diaz of Philippine Constabulary parliamentary system. Napoleon Rama, a delegate from Cebu, 9. Gen. Alfredo Montoya - Chief of the Metropolitan proposed a resolution to prohibit Marcos Command (METROCOM) from running for a third term which the 10. Gen Hilario Ruiz- of the Philippine Navy majority of the convention supported. Eduardo Quintero, a delegate of Leyte, 11. Colonel Romeo Gatan - Commander of exposed that Imelda Marcos tried to influence Philippine Constabulary in Tarlac the Con-Con by giving money to the delegates. 12. Eduardo "Danding" Conjuangco - Governor of The Con-Con passed a Transitory Provision, Tarlac. a provision stating that during the transition III. Events Leading to the Proclamation of to parliamentary system, all executive and Martial Law legislative power will be exercised by the current administration - Marcos regime. A. Plaza Miranda Bombing D. Enrile's Ambush On August 21, 1971, during the campaign rally of the Liberal Party at Plaza Miranda, On September 22, 1972, reports regarding the two (2) grenades exploded causing hundreds ambush of Defense Minister Enrile of civilians and politicians to be injured. circulated. Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino, a liberal According to Enrile, he was saved from the candidate and mortal enemy of Marcos, was ambush because he rode the car of his not harmed since he was not yet at the place bodyguards instead of his car. during the incident. Because of this, he was 14 years later, Enrile would confirm that the accused as an accomplice of the communist ambush was fake. group in the bombing incident. On the other IV. Proclamation No. 1081 hand, many believe that it was Marcos who planned the infamous incident. A. On September 23, 1972, President Marcos Because of the Plaza Miranda bombing, declared Proclamation No 1081 or the declaration of Marcos suspended the Privilege of Writ Martial Law. Habeas Corpus. The suspension allowed authorities to arrest anyone without the need B. According to Marcos, the purpose of the of presenting him/her to a judicial body. The proclamation was to save the republic and reform the society.  C. Though the proclamation happened a day after The words spoken out reflects the socio-economic Enrile's ambush, official papers with his signature and political circumstances in the Philippines at the showed that Marcos put the Philippines under time and tells the story of the country's first Martial Law as early as September 21, 1972. successful revolution. It bears the emotional pain of the Filipinos who fought against the horrors of subjugation as they LESSON 5 (CORAZON AQUINO -SPEECH) mobilize for liberty. Authors Background The words spoken out reflects the socio-economic - CORAZON AQUINO and political circumstances in the Philippines at the time and tells the story of EDSA PEOPLE She was the 11th president and the first female POWER REVOLUTION on February 22 to 25, president of the Philippines. 1986 the country's first successful revolution. She is the only president who has no government It bears the emotional pain of the Filipinos who experience. fought against the horrors of subjugation as they She was also the first leader of a nation in the mobilize for liberty. world to be installed through a peaceful revolution. The speech was passionate, intensely personal, and She restored democracy after the long dictatorship successful. It was even disrupted 11 times with of Ferdinand Marcos. applause and completed with standing ovations. Biography It would be remembered as one of the former Presidents best speeches in the history of our country. Corazon Aquino was the author of the primary source. She is known as the wife of Benigno S. Contribution and Relevance of the document in Aquino Jr., the opposition of Ferdinand Marcos. Understanding the Grand Narrative of Philippine History The intended audience of the primary source is the Filipino people, as well as the whole world who The speech of the former President Corazon Aquino witnessed the impoverishment of the Marcos gives us insights on how Filipinos struggled to administration: students, researchers, and political attain freedom and between the insisted resistance analysts. from the past have inspired Filipino revolutionaries in our current era. It also gives clarification about BACKGROUND OF THE TEXT what really happened during the time of Ninoy Aquino. The speech of President Corazon C. Aquino during the joint session of the United States Congress is an The document also mentioned the debt incurred oral statement type of primary source. The original by the former government before Cory Aquino. This recording can be seen on youtube while the full speech also shows how the dictatorship transforms transcript can be read at the website of the Official into democratic government. From its president Gazette. It was delivered on September 18, 1986. down to its laws, order, and rules. The document also mentioned the killing of Ninoy Aquino and the terror This was her first trip to the United States since from torture and conviction during the Martial Law authoritarian Ferdinand Marcos was forced out of office in February that year, and her country was still It shows the problem faced by Cory Aquino as soon dealing with the fallout from his regime. The fallout as she became the President. For instance, poverty included the overall external debt of $26 billion, as and unemployment. The document mentioned two well as the communist insurgency that grew from elections that occurred after the death of Ninoy 500 armed guerillas to 16,000 during the era. Aquino. His wife participated during the election and lost in the first election. During the second which is ABOUT THE TEXT snap election, she became the president and declares The Filipinos were only at the beginning of a long democracy in the country. path to heal. As a result, Corazon made a plea for RELEVANCE assistance. She delivered a historic speech to the House, swaying the vote for an emergency $200 Cory's speech still has historical significance. It million aid appropriation in our favor. spoke for our countrymen who were victims of the Marcos regime and who fought for democracy. It Her speech, which she delivered with the help of also serves as a primary source about the regime. Teodoro Lopez Locsin, Jr., stands as a primary source of the Philippines' Martial Law era. Teodoro Her position as president is memorable because it Lopez Locsin, Jr. was her speechwriter at that time. marked the success of the "People Power Revolution", the return of democracy and the She spoke for all those who were victims of the downfall of the Marcos administration — the end of Marcos regime in that historical address, retelling its 20- year dictatorship. By this time the present how the fate of her husband ignited the first People constitution — "1987 Constitution" of the Power Revolution, with Filipinos demanding Philippines was ratified. democratic.