Historical Sources Quiz

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Historiography

• Historiography is the writing of history.
• It involves critical examination of sources, detailed selection, and synthesis of details.
• The goal is a narrative that withstands critical review.
• An imaginative reconstruction of the past.

The Entire Past

• Only a portion of the past is observed, remembered, and recorded.
• Not all of what's recorded survives.
• Only a part of what survives comes to a historian's attention.
• Only a portion of what's perceived is credible.
• Only a fragment of credible material is understood.
• Only a small fraction of understood information is expounded or written by historians.

History Without Sources

• History without sources is inconceivable.
• Not all historical works with sources are commendable.

Remember

• There's no single truth in history.
• Historians have various conclusions about periods, events, or issues.
• History is a collection of competing and conflicting arguments and viewpoints.
• History is constantly changing.

Historical Method Vs. Historiography

• Historical method is critically examining and analyzing records and survivals of the past.
• Historiography is the writing of history based on a critical examination of sources.

Sources of History

• When studying history, critically evaluate sources.

• Who wrote the source?

• How do they know the information?

• When was it written?

• Why was it written?

• Who was it written for?

Primary Sources

• Primary sources are original materials from the time period being studied.
• These documents or objects were created during the period in question.
• Examples include diaries, speeches, manuscripts, letters, interviews, news film footage, autobiographies, original works/art.

A Primary Source

• A primary source does not have to be original to be useful.

Rizal's Writings

• The original manuscript of Rizal's last poem, "Mi Ultimo Adios," is now preserved in the National Library of the Philippines.
• It's stored with other Rizal writings, and the original manuscripts of Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.

Major Lazaro Makapagal

• Major Lazaro Makapagal led the soldiers who executed Andres Bonifacio.

Letter of Col. Lazaro Makapagal

• Section of a letter from Colonel Lazaro Makapagal to the historian Jose P. Santos describing the execution of Andres Bonifacio and Procopio.
• The letter details the events surrounding the execution in May 1897.

La Solidaridad

• A photograph of the original La Solidaridad is a surprising size.
• Contrary to popular belief, the paper is only 8x11.
• Several copies exist in the UST Archives.

Jose Rizal's Admission Record

• Jose Rizal's admission record to the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery at Santo Tomas University (1878–1879) exists.
• This record contradicts a story about Rizal hiding his real name when enrolling.

Jose Rizal's Grades

• Jose Rizals third-year grades at Santo Tomas University were "Aprovado" which is equivalent to a very good grade.
• His classmate Jose Luna y Novicio had a higher grade, "Sobresaliente" which is excellent.

Rules in the Pre-WWII UST Student Handbook

• Many rules in the pre-World War II UST student handbook were developed due to female student enrollment.
• These rules regulated communication with the opposite sex and classroom protocols.

Specimen of Baybayin

• Specimen of early Filipino writing called Baybayin from the UST Archives.
• One of the irreplaceable treasures at Santo Tomas University.

Other Examples of Primary Sources

• Relics/Artifacts - furniture, pottery, clothing, buildings
• Creative Works - poems, plays, novels, music, art

Teodora Alonso

• Teodora Alonso, Rizal's mother, died in August 1911 in Binondo, Manila.
• Her death occurred a few months after Rizal's remains were transferred to the Rizal Monument.

Emilio Jacinto

• Photo of Emilio Jacinto from the Renacimiento Filipino, taken shortly before his death.
• The photo shows Jacinto during his funeral in Laguna, Philippines where he died from malaria.
• The remains were later transferred to the Manila North Cemetery and finally to Himlayang Pilipino Memorial Park in Quezon City in the 1970s.

Newstands in the U.S. (1942)

• Newspaper headlines from the U.S. reporting the fall of Bataan during World War II.

Fort Santiago Gate

• Picture of the Fort Santiago gate after World War II.
• The gate's only remaining original portions are two soldiers, the sea lions, and the Royal Seal.

Santo Domingo Church and Convent

• Picture of the ruins of Santo Domingo Church and Convent after a bombing raid in 1941.
• The church's walls remained but were in ruins from damage during the Battle of Manila in 1945.

Pilosopong Tasio

• Drawing by Juan Luna for a planned illustrated second edition of Rizal's Noli Me Tangere, showing Pilosopong Tasio.

The Malate Area

• A photograph of the Malate area in Manila during the Battle for Manila in 1945.

Padre Salvi

• Sketch of Padre Salvi, created by Juan Luna, for a planned illustrated edition of Rizal's Noli me tangere.
• Work was discontinued.

Burial of Quezon

• The burial of President Manuel L. Quezon in Manila North Cemetery in 1946.
• Quezon's remains were initially at the University of Santo Tomas and later placed in the Quezon Memorial Circle.

Quezon's Services

• Funeral services for President Manuel L. Quezon at the University of Santo Tomas Chapel, in July 1946.
• This was the last stop before being buried in the North Cemetery.

Deodato Arellano House

• The house of Deodato Arellano on Elcano and Azcarraga Streets in Manila.
• The house is significant for being where the Katipunan was founded in 1892.

University of Santo Tomas Intramuros

• Picture of the University of Santo Tomas entrance in Intramuros, taken before and after World War 2.
• The door on the left dates from 1937 renovations for the Eucharistic Congress, and the right one dates to 1945 after the Battle of Manila.

President Emilio Aguinaldo

• President Emilio Aguinaldo's photo in 1963, at age 93.
• He had lived through the revolution, the Philippine-American War and various terms in office throughout those years.

Apolinario Mabini

• Picture of Apolinario Mabini during his imprisonment in 1901, in Nueva Ecija.

Secondary Source

• A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources.
• These sources are one or more steps removed from the event.
• Examples include textbooks, magazine articles, histories, encyclopedia articles, book about the effects of WWI.

Internal vs. External Criticism

• Internal criticism deals with the accuracy and meaning of the data in a source.
• Textual criticism is an aspect of internal criticism.
• External criticism determines whether a source is genuine and if it maintains textual integrity.

Prehistory

• Prehistory covers the human experience before written records.
• Prehistoric Archaeology studies societies from that time and their pre-writing technologies.