Science, Technology & Society PDF

Science, Technology, & Society Prepared by: Edrelaine Almera Flores, LPT Science and It’s Branches Body of knowledge System of knowledge of the natural world gained through the scientific method...

Science, Technology, & Society Prepared by: Edrelaine Almera Flores, LPT Science and It’s Branches Body of knowledge System of knowledge of the natural world gained through the scientific method Study of natural Involves scientific world method Philosophy Philosophers of the of nature. natural world.  Biological Natural Physical Divisions of Social Science Formal  explore human society past and Social Science present, and the way human beings behave. Economics Anthropology branches Sociology Psychology History Natural Science division of science which deals with natural objects and natural phenomena. This may be group into Physical Science and Biological Science. Biological Science those concerned with living things, their structure, processes and influencing factors.  Branches Botany Taxonomy Zoology Ecology Microbiology Bacteriology Anatomy Parasitology Physiology Mycology Cytology Phycology Physical Science deals with the predictable behavior of the world around us.  Branches Astronomy Oceanography Physics Mathematics Meteorology Geology Climatology Mineralogy Earth Science  Practical applications of what we know about nature Art or craft Subject or interest tekne Technology logia Society A community, nation or broad grouping of people having common traditions, institutions and collective activities and interests.  Technology Science Society Interdisciplinary course that confront the realities brought about by science and technology in society with all its socio-political, cultural, economic and philosophical underpinnings at play  Ancient Times – In the ancient times, people were concerned with transportation and navigation, communication and record keeping, mass production, security and protection, as well as health, aesthetics and architecture.  Search for food and find better locations for their settlement To trade their Trying to go surplus goods places and in exchange discover new for things that horizons they lacked Why is transportation important?  It allowed them to return Navigation assisted them home after they discovered in their journeys to new places or completed unfamiliar and strange an important trade with areas in the world. other group of people.  To facilitate trade and prevent possible To communicate conflicts To discover with the natives of the and occupy areas they new places. visited Why is communication important?  To keep records of their Record keeping was history and cultures so also important to they could establish their document the identities as they tried to trades they made relate with other cultures with each other. and civilizations  Mass Production Increase in size and number of nations demand for food and other basic necessities. People must be able to produce food at a given time and space since resources were getting scarcer as more people struggled to share the basic necessities. People needed a form of technology that would enable them to increase food supplies and other survival needs without them travelling more or working harder.  To avoid conflict when people met others with different culture Establishments and orientations For protection of new and security alliances with from possible other tribes invaders Why is weapons and armors important? Science and Science and technology technology played played a major a major role in role in the the discovery of discovery of preventions to cures to illness. illness. The development in Some of the the field of engineering structures built allowed humans to during the ancient build structures that times still exist today would address their and continually awe specific needs and people. wants. Elaborate architectural designs were signs of technological advancement of a particular civilization Architecture is considered a status symbol among nations of how advanced their technology is. architecture also establish the identity of a nation.  They discovered ways like Aside from beautifying adding some features and their infrastructures and decorations in their body surroundings, people will make people looked also focus on the way more visually presentable how they looked. and appealing. – With all this in mind, one can conclude that the developments in science & technology, aside from affecting lives of the people, were the results of many prior antecedents. –Out of necessity, people in ancient times were able to discover and invent things that would impact the lives of the modern people. Sumerian Civilization Sumeria is located on the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia. Sumerians are known for their high degree of cooperation with one another and their desire for great things. –They are not contented with the basic things that life can offer thus, their desire pushed them to develop many things connected with science and technology. Cuneiform One of the major contributions of the Sumerians is the development of the first writing system known as cuneiform. It is a system that utilizes word pictures and triangular symbols which are carved on clay using wedge instruments and then left to dry. –This allowed the Sumerians to keep records of things with great historical value or their everyday life. Sumerian deities listed in cuneiform, 2400 BC Uruk City Another important contribution of the Sumerians is the City of Uruk. It is a great wonder not only because it is considered to be the first true city in the world but also for the way it was erected. – The Sumerians were able to build the city using only mud or clay from the river, which they mixed with reeds, producing sun-baked bricks – a true engineering feat. They used the bricks to make houses that protected them from harsh weather and to build a wall around the city that prevented wild animals and neighboring raiders from entering. Uruk City The Great Ziggurat of Ur Also called as the mountain of God, it was built in the same manner that they constructed the City of Uruk. This served as the sacred place of their chief God, where only their priests were allowed to enter. Even until today, people still enjoy and marvel the preserved Great Ziggurat of Ur. Ziggurat of Ur (Reconstruction) Irrigation and Dikes Because of increasing population resulting to increasing demand of food, the Sumerians were challenged to mass produce food items but the elements in the environment seemed uncooperative. – It was difficult to get water from the rivers, thus they could not maintain farmlands. Some groups had scarce water supply, while others had problems with flooding caused by the river. As a solution, they created dikes and irrigation canals to bring water to farmlands and at the same time control the flooding of the rivers Sumerian Fields Sailboats Another challenge to the Sumerians was transportation. At that time, the wheel was not yet invented; the main mode of transportation was through waterways such as rivers and seas. – Boats were used to carry large quantities of products, and were able to cover large distances. However, boats were not enough to accommodate more people and product. – Some sources attribute to the Sumerians the invention of sailboats to address their increasing demand. Sailboats were essential in transportation and trading as well as in fostering culture and information & technology Mesopotamian Sailboat Wheel The first wheel were not made for transportation but for farm work and food processes. Because of the wheel and axle, mass production was made easier. Mesopotamian Wheel Plow The plow was invented to dig the earth in a faster pace. As the plow breaks the ground, the farmer would just drop the seeds and farm work would already be done. Mesopotamian Plow Roads In order to facilitate faster and easier travel, the Sumerians developed the first roads. With this work, the flow of traffic became faster and more organized. – They made the roads with the same technology they used in making the sun-baked bricks that they laid down on the ground. They later poured bitumen, a black sticky substance similar to asphalt, to smoothen the roads. Babylonian Civilization Babylonian civilization emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The Babylonians were great builders, engineers, and architects. – One of their major contributions is the hanging gardens of Babylon, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Today, people can only marvel at the beauty of the famous Hanging Gardens of Babylon from stories of historians and paintings that portray the place. – It was said to be a structure made up of layers upon layers of gardens that contained several species of plants, trees, and vines. According to legends, the great Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II built the gardens for his wife, Queen Amytis. However, no physical evidence has been found to prove the existence of it. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon Egyptian Civilization The Egyptian civilization was located in North Africa and is well known about engineering feats especially regarding the infrastructures established by the pharaohs. Paper or Papyrus Although Egypt was not the first to develop a system of writing, they were able to make writing easier for the world. – Papyrus was a plant that grew abundantly along the Nile River in Egypt. They were able to process the plant in order to produce thin sheets on which one could write down things. Ancient Egyptian Papyrus Ink Egyptians invented ink by combining soot with different chemicals to produce inks of different colors. The ink must withstand the elements of nature since it was used to record history, culture and codified laws. Hieroglyphics Like the Sumerians, the Egyptians also developed a system of writing using symbols, known as hieroglyphics. The Egyptians believed that this writing system was provided to them by their Gods. Egyptian Hieroglyphics Cosmetics Although cosmetics in the modern times are used to improve and highlight the facial features of a person, their function in Egypt was for both health and aesthetic reasons. – Egyptians wore Kohl around the eyes to prevent and even cure eye diseases. It was created by mixing soot or malachite with mineral galena. They believed that a person wearing make-up was protected from evil and that beauty was a sign of holiness. Egyptian woman putting kohl in her eyes Wig During the ancient Egypt times, wigs were worn for health and wellness rather than for aesthetic purposes. It was used to protect the shaved heads of the wealthy Egyptians from harmful rays of the sun Egyptians wearing wigs Water Clock/Clepsydra This device utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to the other. The amount of water remaining in the device determines how much time has elapsed since it is full. Egyptian Water Clock Greek Civilization Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part of Europe. Known as the birthplace of western philosophy, some of the major achievements of the Greeks include in-depth works on philosophy and mathematics. –More than coliseums and the Olympics, the Greek civilization has contributed much to the world especially in the fields of science and technology. Alarm Clock The ancient Greek’s alarm clocks used large complicated mechanisms to time the alarm. They made use of water or small stones or sand that drooped into drums which sounded the alarm. – Plato was believed to have utilized an alarm clock to signal the start of his lecture. His version used four water vessels lined up vertically. The upper vessel supplied the water which dropped to the vessel below it, which was set to be filled in a given time. – After it was full, water was siphoned off at a faster rate into the third vessel which would cause the expulsion of contained air, creating a whistling noise. Afterwards, this vessel would empty towards the bottom vessel for storage and reuse. An illustration of Plato’s alarm clock Water Mill Watermills were considered better than mills powered by farm animals because they required less effort and time to operate since the farmer did not have to raise animals. They only required access to rivers or flowing water where a mechanism of a large wheel with small “buckets” of water attached to it could be installed. Roman Civilization The Roman empire was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west. It was considered to be the cradle of politics and governance during that period. Other civilizations looked up to it as their model in terms of legislation and codified laws. Newspaper The first newspapers, known as gazettes, contained announcements of the Roman Empire to the people. Made before the invention of paper, these gazettes were engraved in metal or stone tablets and then publicly displayed. Roman Newspaper Bound books or Codex According to sources, Julius Caesar started the tradition of stacking up papyrus to form pages of a book. Later on, they were able to provide covers to protect the papyrus. The earlier covers were made of wax but were later on replaced by animal skin which proved to be stronger and longer lasting. Bound Books Roman Architecture Roman architecture was considered a continuation of Greek architecture, hence, the resemblance. However, Roman architecture was still regarded as pioneering since the Romans were able to adapt new building and engineering technology on architectural designs established in the past. Roman Forum in Italy Roman Numerals Since the Roman empire was expanding, it had to deal with many nations to maintain its power. For this reason, the Romans devised their own number system specifically to address the need for a standard counting method that would meet their increasing communication and trade concerns. Clock with Roman Numerals Chinese Civilization The Chinese civilization is considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia, if not the world. Also known as the middle kingdom, China is located on the far east Asia. It was famous among other civilizations because of its silk trade. Silk One of the things that connected Far East China to the world is silk. Although silk is naturally produced by silk worms, the Chinese were the ones who developed the technology to harvest the silk and process it to produce paper and clothing. Silk weaving in China Tea Production It was believed that the first tea was drunk by a Chinese emperor. Tea production was developed when an unknown Chinese inventor created a machine that was able to shred tea leaves into strips. Chinese Tea The Great Wall of China Once considered the only man-made structure that could be seen from outer space, the Great Wall of China is said to be the largest and most extensive infrastructure that the nation built. It was constructed to keep out foreign invaders and control the borders of China. The Great Wall of China in 1907 Gunpowder Originally, it was developed by Chinese alchemists who aimed to achieve immortality. They mixed charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate, but instead of creating an elixir of life, they accidentally invented a black powder that could actually generate large amounts of heat and gas in an instant Earliest know gunpowder formula Medieval/Middle Ages The start of the middle ages was marred by massive invasions and migrations. Wars were prevalent during this time. As such, great technology was needed in the fields of weaponry, navigation, mass food and farm production, and health. Because of this, population decline and then rise again. Printing Press After the Chinese developed woodblock printing, Johann Gutenberg was able to invent the printing press, a more reliable way of printing using a cast type. He utilized wooden machines that extracted juices from fruits, attached to them a metal impression of the letters, and pressed firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper. Printing Press Microscope Guided by the principles used for the invention of eyeglasses in earlier years, Zacharias Janssen was able to develop the first compound microscope. Using this, people were able to observe organisms that were normally unseen by the naked eye. Microscope Telescope The invention of the telescope, an optical instrument that helps in the observation of remote objects, was a great help for navigators. Together with the telescope, the invention of the compass, oars and rudders made sea travelling easier and safer. Sketch of Galileo’s Refractor War Weapons Since wars were widespread during the Middle Ages, great development in the weaponry technology also occurred. For open-area battles, people develop cross bows and long bows. In close range hand to hand combat, soldiers should wear protection leading to development of iron body armors Modern Times The booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards demanded that more goods be produced at a faster rate. Massive industrialization started, thus modern times again faced more complicated problem. Pasteurization During modern times, food preservation and food safety became an issue. The challenge to keep manufactured food from deteriorating was greater for dairy products, especially milk since they spoiled faster. Since transporting these products would also take time, trading would be impossible. – Louis Pasteur found a way to solve the problem. He invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster. It also prevented illness caused by harmful bacteria. Pasteurization Process Petroleum Refinery Samuel M. Kier was able to invent kerosene by refining petroleum. Kerosene was later on referred to as the “illuminating oil” because it was used at first to provide lighting to homes. After some time, it was applied for heating purposes. Telephone The more people got connected by trade and exploration, the more they needed a way to easily maintain communication with each other in real time. Governments needed some kind of communication system which would allow them to administer their states well. Because of these the invention of telephone by Alexander Graham Bell was of great help. Alexander Graham Bell’s Telephone Calculator Circumstances in the modern times required a faster way to compute more complicated equations. The creation of modern calculators did not only pave the way for easier arithmetic calculations, but also resulted in the development of more complex processing machines like the computer. Mechanical Calculators Philippine Inventions It is quite remarkable to note the ingenuity of the Filipinos despite the lack in resources. The Philippines is known to be one of the most vulnerable countries in terms of natural disasters. Many inventions made by the Filipinos were built from indigenous materials or created to adapt to the harsh tropical environment. Salamander Amphibious Tricycle During rainy season, flooding is a common occurrence in many areas in the country and tricycles find it difficult to traverse the streets. As a solution, Victor Llave and his team at H2O Technologies were able to invent the Salamander, an amphibious tricycle that can cross flooded streets as well as rivers and lakes. Salamander Amphibious Tricycle During rainy season, flooding is a common occurrence in many areas in the country and tricycles find it difficult to traverse the streets. As a solution, Victor Llave and his team at H2O Technologies were able to invent the Salamander, an amphibious tricycle that can cross flooded streets as well as rivers and lakes. Amphibious Salamander SALt Lamp A young Filipina inventor, Aisa Mijeno was able to invent a lighting system that utilizes a material abundant in the Philippines – saltwater. She invented the Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALt) lamp, an environment friendly light source that runs on saltwater. SALt lamp Medical Incubator A common problem in the Philippines is the high mortality rate of new born babies. One reason for this was the lack of available incubators. Dr. Fe del Mundo, a Filipino pediatrician and the first Asian woman admitted into Harvard Medical School, devised a medical incubator made from indigenous and cheap materials which did not run on electricity. – Dr. del Mundo’s incubator was made by placing a native laundry basket inside a bigger one. Hot water bottles were inserted between the baskets to provide warmth and a makeshift hood to allow oxygen circulation. Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System In 2010, the Department of Science and Technology – Industrial Technology Development Institute (DOST-ITDI) was able to introduce the Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System, also known as OL Trap. This trap system is made of natural ingredients that are lethal to mosquitos but safe for humans and the environment. DOST – ITDI OL Trap eJeepney Over the years, jeepneys dominated Philippine streets and is considered as the primary mode of transportation of most Filipinos. However, the diesel powered jeepneys produces large quantities of black smoke and is usually an major contributor of noise pollution. To counter these disadvantages, electric jeepney (eJeepney) was developed. eJeepney Intellectual Revolution Copernican Revolution In early times, people questioned what created days and nights. They wanted to understand what heavenly bodies like stars, moons and planets are. The invention of the telescope allowed the people to take peek at the outer space, but more importantly, it also intrigued them to know what was actually out there. – Many Greek philosophers and intellectuals wrote about planets in an attempt to explain the movements of heavenly bodies and their effects on the world as they knew it. Many philosophers agreed that planets moved around in circular motion creating days and nights. – A famous philosopher and astronomer, Claudius Ptolemy, stated that the planets, as well as the sun and moon, revolves around the Earth. The sun and moon’s revolution explained the existence of days and nights. He believed that Earth was at the center (Geocentrism) – In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus, a polish mathematician and astronomer, challenged the Ptolemaic model. He introduced a new concept known as Heliocentrism, which suggested that sun is the center of the Solar System. – This idea was rejected at first in the public. It appalled many since their religious belief had taught them that Earth as created first before all other things. After some time, astronomers realized that Copernican model simplified the orbits for planets. – It was eventually accepted by the people in a period which was called the Birth of Modern Astronomy. This era began what was known as the scientific revolution which resulted in the transformation of society’s thoughts and beliefs. The Geocentric Model The Heliocentric Model Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Ptolemy Copernicus Darwinian Revolution The Darwinian revolution was considered to be one of the most controversial intellectual revolutions of this time. In 1859, Charles Darwin, an English naturalist, biologist and geologist published his book, On the Origin of Species. Charles Darwin – In this book, Darwin introduced the Theory of Evolution, which posited that populations pass through a process of natural selection in which only the fittest would survive. – He stated that organisms have the ability to adapt to their environment and would gradually change into something that would be more competitive to survive, a process known as evolution. Evolution of Man Freudian Revolution In the past, psychology was always classified under philosophy. Psychology was considered more of an art rather that a science. In the late 19th century, Sigmund Freud was able to change people’s perception of psychology with his revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis.  Sigmund Freud – Psychoanalysis is the study that explains human behavior. In his theory, Freud explained that there are many conscious and unconscious factors that can influence behavior and emotions. He also argued that personality is a product of three conflicting elements: id, ego and super ego. Science, Technology & Nation – building Pre – colonial Period Scientific and technological development in the Philippines began in the pre – colonial period. Even before the Spaniards came to the Philippine islands, early Filipino settlers were already using certain plants and herbs as medicines. – Systems of farming and animal-raising were also implemented. Moreover, early Filipinos had also developed different modes of transportation, whether terrestrial or maritime. A complicated feat was achieved by the natives of the Cordilleras when they built rice terraces by hand. Colonial Period Colonization by the Spaniards provided the Philippines with modern means of construction. Walls, roads, bridges, and other large infrastructures were built using some of the engineering skills and tool brought by the Spaniards. – In addition, the Spanish government developed health and education systems that were enjoyed by the principalia class. – The American occupation modernized almost all aspects of life in the Philippines. –They established a government agency, the Bureau of Science for the sole purpose of nurturing development in the field of science and technology. Post – Colonial Period After achieving independence from the colonizers, the Philippines, under different administrations, continued to pursue programs in science and technology. – One of the presidents who ushered in advancements in science and technology was former president and dictator Ferdinand E. Marcos. Under his term, many agencies in science and technology were established and strengthened. – These agencies included the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), the National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) and the National Science and Technology Authority (formerly known as DOST) – Marcos saw that the key to nation – building is the continued development of science and technology. The progress in science and technology continued even after his dictatorial rule and the presidents after him left their own legacies. The End