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Questions and Answers
What does natural science primarily focus on?
What does natural science primarily focus on?
Which branch of biological science is concerned with the classification of organisms?
Which branch of biological science is concerned with the classification of organisms?
Which branch of physical science studies atmospheric conditions?
Which branch of physical science studies atmospheric conditions?
What is technology primarily described as?
What is technology primarily described as?
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Which term best describes a community with common traditions and collective activities?
Which term best describes a community with common traditions and collective activities?
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In which field does sociology primarily focus?
In which field does sociology primarily focus?
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What are the major branches of natural science divided into?
What are the major branches of natural science divided into?
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Which of the following is an example of an application of technology?
Which of the following is an example of an application of technology?
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What did the development in engineering primarily allow humans to do?
What did the development in engineering primarily allow humans to do?
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How is architecture perceived among nations?
How is architecture perceived among nations?
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What was one of the major contributions of the Sumerians?
What was one of the major contributions of the Sumerians?
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Which notable structure is the Sumerians credited with building?
Which notable structure is the Sumerians credited with building?
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What was the primary purpose of cuneiform according to Sumerians?
What was the primary purpose of cuneiform according to Sumerians?
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Why were the Sumerians motivated to develop advancements in technology?
Why were the Sumerians motivated to develop advancements in technology?
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What feature did Sumerian architecture often incorporate?
What feature did Sumerian architecture often incorporate?
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What is a characteristic of the Sumerian civilization regarding cooperation?
What is a characteristic of the Sumerian civilization regarding cooperation?
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What was the primary purpose of transportation in the context provided?
What was the primary purpose of transportation in the context provided?
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What role did communication play in the interactions with other cultures?
What role did communication play in the interactions with other cultures?
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Why was record keeping considered important in early societies?
Why was record keeping considered important in early societies?
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What necessity drove the increase in demand for mass production?
What necessity drove the increase in demand for mass production?
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In what way did weapons and armor contribute to early societal developments?
In what way did weapons and armor contribute to early societal developments?
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What was one of the main desires behind trade between groups in early societies?
What was one of the main desires behind trade between groups in early societies?
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Which of the following best describes a function of navigation in early exploration?
Which of the following best describes a function of navigation in early exploration?
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How did new settlements influence the interaction with surrounding tribes?
How did new settlements influence the interaction with surrounding tribes?
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What substance did the Babylonians use to smoothen the roads they constructed?
What substance did the Babylonians use to smoothen the roads they constructed?
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Which of the following materials was used in ancient Egypt to create writing surfaces?
Which of the following materials was used in ancient Egypt to create writing surfaces?
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Who is said to have built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon?
Who is said to have built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon?
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What primary function did the Egyptians believe makeup served?
What primary function did the Egyptians believe makeup served?
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What was the primary purpose of ink developed by the Egyptians?
What was the primary purpose of ink developed by the Egyptians?
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What type of writing system did the Egyptians develop?
What type of writing system did the Egyptians develop?
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Which civilization is known for the engineering feat of the Hanging Gardens?
Which civilization is known for the engineering feat of the Hanging Gardens?
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What was the primary ingredient of the kohl used by ancient Egyptians around their eyes?
What was the primary ingredient of the kohl used by ancient Egyptians around their eyes?
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What material did the Sumerians primarily use to build their city structures?
What material did the Sumerians primarily use to build their city structures?
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What was the primary purpose of the Great Ziggurat of Ur?
What was the primary purpose of the Great Ziggurat of Ur?
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What solutions did the Sumerians create to address issues with water supply and flooding?
What solutions did the Sumerians create to address issues with water supply and flooding?
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What mode of transportation was primarily used by the Sumerians before the invention of the wheel?
What mode of transportation was primarily used by the Sumerians before the invention of the wheel?
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What was the primary initial use of the first wheel developed by the Mesopotamians?
What was the primary initial use of the first wheel developed by the Mesopotamians?
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How did the plow benefit Sumerian agriculture?
How did the plow benefit Sumerian agriculture?
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What feature did the Sumerians develop to improve travel and traffic flow?
What feature did the Sumerians develop to improve travel and traffic flow?
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What role did sailboats play in Sumerian society?
What role did sailboats play in Sumerian society?
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Which model placed Earth at the center of the Solar System?
Which model placed Earth at the center of the Solar System?
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What significant change did Copernicus propose?
What significant change did Copernicus propose?
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What was the primary reaction to Copernicus's theory at first?
What was the primary reaction to Copernicus's theory at first?
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What theory did Charles Darwin introduce in 'On the Origin of Species'?
What theory did Charles Darwin introduce in 'On the Origin of Species'?
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What concept did Freud's theory of psychoanalysis challenge?
What concept did Freud's theory of psychoanalysis challenge?
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What does the process of natural selection imply within Darwin's theory?
What does the process of natural selection imply within Darwin's theory?
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What was a key element in Freud's explanation of personality?
What was a key element in Freud's explanation of personality?
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During which period did scientific and technological development begin in the Philippines?
During which period did scientific and technological development begin in the Philippines?
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Study Notes
Science, Technology, & Society
- This course examines the interplay between science, technology, and society.
- It explores how scientific and technological advancements impact societal structures, cultures, and values.
- The course also delves into the historical context of these developments.
Science and It's Branches
- Science is a system of knowledge about the natural world, gained through the scientific method.
- It involves the study of the natural world.
- Science employs scientific methods.
- Divisions of Science include:
- Natural Sciences (deals with natural objects and phenomena, grouped into physical and biological sciences)
- Biological Sciences (concerned with living things, their structures, processes, and influencing factors)
- Natural Science Branches: -Botany, Zoology, Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology, Cytology, Ecology, Bacteriology, Parasitology, Mycology, Phycology,
- Physical Sciences (focuses on the predictable behavior of the world around us)
- Physical Science Branches:
- Astronomy, Mathematics, Geology, Mineralogy, Oceanography, Physics, Meteorology, Climatology, Earth Science
- Social Sciences (explore human society—past, present, and behavior)
- Branches of Social Sciences:
- Economics, Anthropology, Sociology, Psychology, History
Technology
- Technology represents the practical applications of knowledge about nature.
- It's often categorized as art or craft or a subject area.
Society
- Society is a community, nation, or broad group of people with shared traditions, institutions, and collective activities.
Ancient Times
- Ancient civilizations focused on transportation, navigation, communication, record-keeping, mass production, security, health, aesthetics, and architecture.
- Reasons for transportation advancement include:
- Searching for food and better locations.
- Discovering new places.
- Trading surplus goods.
- Facilitating communication.
- Preventing possible conflicts.
- Discovering and occupying new places.
- Record-keeping provided documentation of trades.
- Mass production developed to meet the needs of expanding populations.
Mass Production
- Growing populations necessitated increased food production.
- Mass production of resources was crucial.
- Technology solved the problem of increased need for resources.
Weapons and Armor
- Weapons and armor became necessary due to conflict between groups.
- Establishments of alliances with other tribes were also needed.
- Protection, security, and avoidance of conflict were key motivations.
Health
- Science and technology played prominent roles in the discovery of cures for and prevention of illnesses.
- Engineering feats allowed the design and construction of structures to meet specific needs and wants.
- Elaborate architectural designs reflected technological advancement of civilizations.
- Beauty and aesthetics were also important motivators for development.
Sumerian Civilization
- Sumeria, located in ancient Mesopotamia, was known for its cooperation.
- Sumerians were not content with basic necessities
- Inventiveness and development of technology were paramount.
- Sumerians developed cuneiform writing utilizing word pictures and triangular symbols carved on clay.
- They were able to keep records of daily life with great historical value.
- The city of Uruk was a remarkable engineering feat built entirely using mud and sun-baked bricks.
Irrigation and Dikes
- Increasing populations led to a challenge in food production due to resource scarcity.
- Sumerians countered this using irrigation canals and dikes to bring water to farmlands and control flooding.
Sailboats
- In the absence of the wheel for transportation, water routes were used.
- Larger quantities of products could be carried and covered larger distances through the use of water-borne sailboats.
The Wheel
- The initial purpose of the wheel was not transportation, but rather for use in farm work and food processes.
- Wheel and axle inventions led to greater ease of mass production.
Plow
- Developed to enhance and speed-up farming processes.
- A faster rate of land preparation made the planting process faster.
Roads
- Advancements in road construction brought about easier and more organized flow of traffic.
Babylonian Civilization
- Babylonian civilization arose near the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
- Babylonians were notable builders, engineers, and architects.
- Hanging Gardens of Babylon were one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, a layered structure comprised of different species of plants, trees, and vines.
Egyptian Civilization
- Egyptian civilization, situated in North Africa, known for impressive engineering feats reflected in their infrastructures.
- Papyrus, derived from the Nile River plant, was a significant contribution to ease of writing.
- Ink, made from a combination of soot and chemicals, enabled the recording of history, cultures, and coded laws.
- Hieroglyphics, a system of symbols, were developed to serve as writing system.
Cosmetics
- Egyptian cosmetics were used for health and aesthetic purposes.
- Kohl, a substance applied around the eyes, was used in the prevention and treatment of eye illnesses.
- Wigs served a health and wellness function to protect the head.
Water Clock/Clepsydra
- This device relied on the principles of gravity to measure time.
- The amount of water remaining in the vessel determined the duration passed.
Greek Civilization
- Greece, an archipelago in southeastern Europe, was the birthplace of western philosophy.
- Major achievements included in-depth studies of philosophy and mathematics.
- Alarm clocks, water vessels and water systems were developed to signify the start of lectures.
- Important innovations included watermills, a better alternative that required less effort.
Roman Civilization
- The Roman Empire was a powerful political and social entity.
- They pioneered politics and governance and served as examples for other civilizations in legislation and codified laws.
- First newspapers (gazettes) were developed and contained announcements to the public of important news.
- Bound books (codex) were created in order to ease storage of papyrus documents..
- Roman architecture builds upon the traditions of the Greeks making similar architectural elements.
Chinese Civilization
- China is the oldest civilization in Asia.
- Silk production was responsible for connecting China and the rest of the world.
- Tea production employed machines to shred tea leaves into strips.
- The Great Wall of China was a large extensive infrastructure built to keep out foreign invaders.
- Gunpowder, utilized for weaponry, originally developed by alchemists to attain immortality and not as a weapon.
Medieval/Middle Ages
- Massive invasions and migrations ushered in the Medieval period.
- Wars were prevalent, resulting in advancements in weaponry, including crossbows, longbows and iron body armors.
Printing Press
- Johann Gutenberg invented a more reliable and improved method of printing, utilizing a cast type.
- The method used wooden machines to extract juice from fruits, attach them to a metal impression, and press firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper.
Microscope
- Zacharias Janssen developed the first compound microscope, building on the concept of eyeglasses.
- The tool allowed for unprecedented observation of organisms and details invisible to the naked eye.
Telescope
- The invention of the telescope supported the navigation efforts across great distances and seas.
- The combined use of a telescope and navigational tools (compass) allowed for greater ease of navigation..
War Weapons
- Widespread wars during the Middle Ages prompted significant advancements in weaponry technology.
- Development in crossbows, longbows, and iron body armors resulted from close-range and open-area combat needs.
Modern Times
- The increase in the world population and the demand for increased production necessitated more efficient use of resources.
Pasteurization
- Developed as a solution to the problem of food preservation and safety and spoilage of readily perishable items.
- Dairy products, especially milk, required special handling to prevent rapid spoilage.
Petroleum Refinery
- Samuel M. Kier developed kerosene by refining petroleum for illuminating homes.
- In the modern times, the usage of kerosene further extended into the realm of heating purposes.
Telephone
- The need to maintain real-time communication in a vastly expanding interconnected world spurred the invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell.
Calculator
- The need for more complicated calculations in modern times led to the invention of the calculator and paved the way for complex processing machines like the computer.
Philippine Inventions
- Despite the lack of readily available resources, the Filipinos demonstrated remarkable ingenuity to cope with the natural disasters and environment of the Philippines.
- Salamander Amphibious Tricycle
- SALT Lamp
- Medical Incubator
Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System
- The DOST-ITDI, in 2010, developed a mosquito control system using natural ingredients which are harmless to humans and the environment.
eJeepney
- The jeepney, a prominent mode of transportation in the Philippines, was initially powered by diesel resulting in a major contributor to noise and air pollution.
- An electric jeepney (eJeepney) was developed to address these issues.
Intellectual Revolution
- This period marked a significant shift in society's thoughts and beliefs through advances in science and technology.
Copernican Revolution
- Early humans questioned how the heavenly bodies shaped the Earth's daily and night cycle.
- The invention of the telescope allowed humans to comprehend space and the intricate patterns in the celestial bodies.
- Greek philosophers theorized about planet movements resulting in an understanding of a geocentric Earth model.
- Claudius Ptolemy, a famous philosopher and astronomer, posited that planets, the Sun and Moon revolved around Earth (geocentrism).
- Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish astronomer and mathematician, challenged the prevailing geocentric model.
- He introduced the heliocentric model, in which the Sun is at the center of the solar system and planets revolve around the Sun.
- This idea, initially rejected, was eventually universally adopted.
Darwinian Revolution
- Charles Darwin, an English naturalist published his book, "On the Origin of Species" and introduced the theory of evolution and natural selection.
- Darwin's theory of evolution explained how populations gradually adapt to their environment becoming fit to survive.
Freudian Revolution
- Psychology, once categorized under philosophy, became more defined as a science.
- Sigmund Freud's theory of psychoanalysis revolutionized individuals perception of psychology.
- Freud's theory of psychoanalysis explained human behavior as being affected by numerous conscious and unconscious factors.
- Personality was argued to be developed from the interactions of the id,ego and super ego (conflicting elements).
Science, Technology & Nation-Building
- Development in science and technology has a crucial role to play.
- The pre-colonial period witnessed the development and use of plants and herbs for medicinal purposes.
- Systems of farming and animal-raising were also established.
- Transportation modes from terrestrial to maritime were developed.
- The colonial era witnessed advances in construction methods through the introduction of walls, roads and bridges by the Spaniards.
- The American occupation further modernized various aspects of Philippine life.
- The Bureau of Science was established and supported further governmental development in science and technology.
- The post-colonial period saw continued advancements in science and technology with the various agencies supporting the cause.
- Ferdinand Marcos, a Philippine dictator, played a pivotal role in bolstering science and technology agencies and their importance..
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Description
Test your knowledge on natural science and the contributions of the Sumerian civilization. This quiz covers a range of topics including branches of science, technology, and architectural achievements of the Sumerians. See how well you understand these foundational concepts in biology, physical science, and ancient history.