Biodiversity Review Notes PDF

review  Biodiversity in Review Key Terms Prokaryote: NO nucleus, NO membrane-bound organelles, (just ribosomes), ALL are unicellular, DNA–single-strand and circular Ex. ALL Bacteria Eukaryotes: do have a nucleus with a nuclear envelope (membrane) do have membrane-bound organel...

review  Biodiversity in Review Key Terms Prokaryote: NO nucleus, NO membrane-bound organelles, (just ribosomes), ALL are unicellular, DNA–single-strand and circular Ex. ALL Bacteria Eukaryotes: do have a nucleus with a nuclear envelope (membrane) do have membrane-bound organelles (ex.Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, etc.) DNA–double-stranded and forms chromosomes (highly organized) can be uni-OR multicellular organisms Examples: protists, fungi, plants, animals Binomial Nomenclature: The system of naming and classifying organisms is known as binomial nomenclature = two names – Genus and species. Ex. Orcinus orca Dichotomous key: used to place organisms into the appropriate classification group, consists of a series of choices that lead the user to the correct name of a given organism, classification keys include two choices for each characteristic Autotroph: an organism that captures energy from sunlight to produce its own energy-producing food (sugar) using photosynthesis. Ex. all plants and photosynthetic bacteria Pathogen: a microorganism that causes disease in its host (can include bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites etc.) Alteration of Generations: The life cycle in plants (and some algae) that switches between two stages. Sporophyte (diploid stage): organism has two sets of chromosomes, and makes spores (cells with one set of chromosomes) through meiosis, spores grow into the next stage… Gametophyte (haploid stage): organism now has only one set of chromosomes, It makes gametes (sperm and eggs) through mitosis, when the sperm and egg join, they form a new zygote (a fertilized egg with two sets of chromosomes), which grows into a new sporophyte Taxonomy: original classification method (according to structural similarities) Binary Fission: asexual reproduction used by single-celled organisms, one parent cell splits into two identical daughter cells. DNA Replication: The organism's single, circular DNA molecule is copied.  This ensures each daughter cell will have a full set of genetic material. Cell Growth: The cell grows larger to prepare for division. The two copies of DNA move to opposite ends of the cell. Division: The cell membrane pinches inward, dividing the cytoplasm. A new cell wall forms between the two halves, creating two separate cells. Result: Two genetically identical cells are produced Endosymbiosis Theory: explains how certain organelles in eukaryotic cells, originated from free-living prokaryotic organisms ​ The process starts with a simple prokaryotic cell, which lacks membrane-bound organelles ​ The cell’s outer membrane folded inward and formed structures inside the cell, including a nucleus. ​ The early eukaryote engulfs an aerobic bacterium, Instead of digesting it, the bacterium survives inside the host and provides energy through aerobic respiration. Over time, this bacterium evolves into the mitochondrion. Later, the cell engulfs a cyanobacterium, which performs photosynthesis. This cyanobacterium evolves into the chloroplast in plants and algae. ​ The result is a fully developed eukaryotic cell with organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts, capable of complex functions like respiration and photosynthesis. Heterotroph: an organism that cannot make its own food and gets nutrients and energy from consuming other organisms. Ex. protists, fungi, animals, and non-photosynthetic bacteria Phylogeny: Modern taxonomy groups are based on their evolutionary relatedness Taxa 1.​ Domain Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya 2.​ Kingdom ​ Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia​ ​ ​  3.​ Phylum groups organisms that share similar body plans or major structural characteristics ex. Chordata, Arthropoda 4.​ Class Classes are separated based on unique and specific adaptations or characteristics (differences in anatomy, behavior, physiology, and ecological roles) ex. Class Mammalia, Class Reptilia 5.​ Order Orders are separated based on more refined characteristics (behavioral traits, physical adaptations, ecological roles within a class) ex. Order Carnivora, Order Primates 6.​ Family based on finer structural, behavioral, or genetic traits ex. Family Felidae (cat fam), Family Canidae (dog fam) 7.​ Genus narrows the grouping to a set of very closely related species that often look similar and have similar habits or functions in their ecosystems. The genus name is the first part of the scientific name (binomial nomenclature) ex. Genus Panthera (big cats), Genus Felis (small cats) 8.​ Species Species are the most specific level in taxonomy and reflect distinct organisms capable of reproducing among themselves. The species name is the second part of the scientific name (binomial nomenclature) ex. Panthera leo (Lion), Panthera tigris (Tiger) Single-celled Organisms -Bacteria, Archae, Viruses and Protists The Structure Of A Virus The Lytic Cycle Of Replication (of a virus) process occurs in the cytoplasm of the host cell 1.​ The virus attaches to the host cell by binding to specific receptors on the cell's membrane. 2.​ It injects its genetic material (DNA or RNA) into the host cell. 3.​ The viral DNA integrates into the host cell's DNA and is replicated alongside the host DNA during cell division. 4.​ The host cell begins producing viral components, including DNA and proteins for the viral capsid. 5.​ These components are assembled into new viral particles in the host cell's cytoplasm. 6.​ The host cell bursts (lysis), releasing the new viruses to infect other cells. Viruses are NOT living because they cannot freely exist independently Bacteria are classified by their 3 basic shapes. ​ Cocci(round-shaped) - resist drying out ​ Bacilli (rectangular-shaped) - greater surface area allows for greater nutrient absorption ​ Spirilli (spiral-shaped) - move through fluids with less resistance Structure of a Typical Bacteria Gelatin-like Capsule Location: Outer layer, surrounding the cell wall. Function: Provides protection against environmental threats (e.g., dehydration and immune attacks) and helps bacteria adhere to surfaces. Cell Wall Location: Beneath the capsule, surrounding the cell membrane. Function: Maintains cell shape, provides structural support, and protects the cell from bursting in hypotonic environments. Cell Membrane Location: Innermost boundary enclosing the cytoplasm. Function: Regulates the entry and exit of substances, acting as a selective barrier. Cytoplasm Location: The internal fluid filling the cell, enclosed by the cell membrane. Function: Contains enzymes, nutrients, and other molecules necessary for metabolic activities. Chromosome (Nucleoid) Location: Central region of the cell, floating in the cytoplasm. Function: Contains the bacterial DNA, which holds the genetic information needed for cell function and replication. Ribosomes Location: Scattered throughout the cytoplasm. Function: Sites of protein synthesis, translating genetic information into functional proteins. Flagellum Location: Long, whip-like structure extending from the cell surface. Function: Enables bacterial mobility, allowing the cell to move toward nutrients or away from harmful environments. ​ Archae Based on the environment they live in: ​ Halophiles (high salt concentration) ​ Thermophiles (high temperatures) ​ Acidophiles (low pH; acidic conditions) ​ Methanogens (anaerobic conditions & produce methane gas) Protists ​ Protists are eukaryotic organisms with a distinct nucleus that surrounds their DNA. ​ Classification is challenging due to their vast diversity. ​ Most protists are unicellular, though some are multicellular. ​ They can be autotrophs (make their own food) or heterotrophs (consume organic matter). ​ All protists live in wet habitats. ​ Classified based on nutrition: animal-like, plant-like, fungi-like Multicellular Organisms -Fungi. Plants & Animals: Fungi Types of Fungi How are fungi useful vs harmful? Plants Features That All Plants Have In Common ​ autotrophs ​ self-reliant chemical factories ​ conduct photosynthesis using chloroplasts ​ evolved from green algae ​ adapted to live on land Similarities And Differences Between Plant And Animal Cells Plant cells contain all of the organelles that animal cells have, with the addition of the following: 1.​ Chloroplasts for photosynthesis 2.​ Vacuoles to store water and minerals needed for photosynthesis 3.​ Excess glucose produced by photosynthesis is stored as starch 4.​ Cell wall provides protection, structural support and helps to regulate water pressure within the plant cell. Vascuar vs Non Vascualar Vascular Plants: Have specialized tissues (xylem and phloem) for transporting water, minerals, and food. Can grow taller because they have a system for moving nutrients and water across greater distances. Examples: Ferns, conifers, flowering plants Nonvascular Plants: Lack specialized tissues for transport. Rely on diffusion and osmosis to move water and nutrients, so they tend to be smaller and are usually found in moist environments. Examples: Mosses, liverworts, hornworts Animals Invertebrates - no backbones Vertebrates- backbone practice test  Practice Test Multiple Choice 1.​ What do prokaryotes lack? a) Nucleus b) Ribosomes c) Membrane-bound organelles d) Both a and c 2.​ Which of the following is an example of a eukaryote? a) Bacteria b) Protists c) Archae d) Virus 3.​ Which term refers to the system of naming organisms by genus and species? a) Taxonomy b) Binomial nomenclature c) Phylogeny d) Dichotomous key  4.​ What does the term 'autotroph' refer to? a) Organisms that cannot make their own food b) Organisms that use photosynthesis to make their own food c) Organisms that consume other organisms for food d) Organisms that reproduce sexually 5.​ Which of the following is part of the alteration of generations in plants? a) Sporophyte (haploid) b) Gametophyte (diploid) c) Sporophyte (diploid) d) Both a and b 6.​ What does a dichotomous key help with? a) Naming organisms b) Determining evolutionary relationships c) Classifying organisms based on physical characteristics d) Reproducing organisms 7.​ What does binary fission result in? a) Two genetically identical daughter cells b) One genetically identical daughter cell c) Two genetically different daughter cells d) One genetically different daughter cell  8.​ According to the endosymbiosis theory, what did mitochondria evolve from? a) Cyanobacteria b) Free-living prokaryotic organisms c) Aerobic bacterium d) Both b and c 9.​ What characteristic do all animals have in common? a) They are autotrophs b) They are multicellular c) They have a cell wall d) They do not reproduce sexually 10.​ Which domain includes eukaryotic organisms? a) Bacteria b) Archaea c) Eukarya d) Both a and b 11.​What is the most specific classification level in taxonomy? a) Genus b) Order c) Species d) Phylum 12.​Which of the following is an example of a heterotroph? a) Plants b) Animals c) Protists d) Both b and c 13.​What is a characteristic of all plants? a) They are heterotrophs b) They conduct photosynthesis c) They have a nucleus d) They have exoskeletons 14.​Which structure in plant cells is responsible for photosynthesis? a) Chloroplasts b) Mitochondria c) Ribosomes d) Vacuoles 15.​Which of the following is an example of a vascular plant? a) Mosses b) Liverworts c) Ferns d) Hornworts 16.​ Which term describes a type of organism that lives in extreme environments, like high salt or high temperature? a) Protists b) Archae c) Fungi d) Viruses 17.​ What type of reproduction does binary fission represent? a) Sexual reproduction b) Asexual reproduction c) Both sexual and asexual reproduction d) Genetic recombination 18.​What structure in bacteria helps them move through fluids? a) Capsule b) Ribosome c) Flagellum d) Nucleoid 19.​Which type of bacteria is typically round-shaped? a) Bacilli b) Spirilli c) Cocci d) None of the above 20.​What process occurs in the lytic cycle of a virus? a) The virus injects genetic material into the host cell b) The host cell becomes dormant c) The viral DNA stays in the host's nucleus d) The host cell divides to create new viruses 21.​Which of the following is a characteristic of viruses? a) They are living organisms b) They can reproduce independently c) They require a host cell for replication d) They have a nucleus 22.​Which of the following is NOT part of the structure of a typical bacterium? a) Ribosomes b) Nucleoid c) Chloroplasts d) Flagellum  23.​Which of the following is NOT a kingdom in the classification system? a) Protista b) Plantae c) Archaebacteria d) Viridae 24.​What do archae bacteria thrive in? a) High oxygen environments b) Moderate temperatures c) Extreme environments d) Salt-free environments 25.​Which of the following statements about protists is true? a) They are always multicellular b) They are prokaryotic organisms c) They live in dry habitats d) They are mostly unicellular 26.​What is a feature of all fungi? a) They are autotrophs b) They are unicellular c) They have chloroplasts d) They are heterotrophs  27.​Which of the following are characteristics of nonvascular plants? a) They have xylem and phloem b) They can grow tall c) They rely on diffusion and osmosis d) They have vascular tissue 28.​What is the primary function of the vacuole in plant cells? a) Storing food b) Carrying out photosynthesis c) Storing water and minerals d) Breaking down waste 29.​Which of the following is an example of a vertebrate? a) Insects b) Snakes c) Spiders d) Jellyfish 30.​What do plants store excess glucose as? a) Starch b) Glucose c) Glycogen d) Lipids Fill in the Blank 1.​ The process by which a virus injects its genetic material into the host cell and uses the host's machinery to replicate itself is called the __________ cycle. 2.​ In the binomial nomenclature system, the first part of an organism's name represents its __________, and the second part represents its __________. 3.​ Bacteria can be classified by their shapes, including cocci, bacilli, and __________. 4.​ Organisms that cannot make their own food and rely on consuming other organisms are called __________. 5.​ The life cycle in plants that alternates between the diploid stage (sporophyte) and the haploid stage (gametophyte) is known as __________ of __________. Short Answer 1.​ Explain the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 2.​ Describe the process of binary fission in bacteria.  Answer Key Multiple Choice 1.​ d) Both a and c 2.​ b) Protists 3.​ b) Binomial nomenclature 4.​ b) Organisms that use photosynthesis to make their own food 5.​ c) Sporophyte (diploid) 6.​ c) Classifying organisms based on physical characteristics 7.​ a) Two genetically identical daughter cells 8.​ d) Both b and c 9.​ b) They are multicellular 10.​c) Eukarya 11.​c) Species 12.​d) Both b and c 13.​b) They conduct photosynthesis 14.​a) Chloroplasts 15.​c) Ferns 16.​b) Archae 17.​b) Asexual reproduction 18.​c) Flagellum 19.​c) Cocci 20.​a) The virus injects genetic material into the host cell 21.​c) They require a host cell for replication 22.​c) Chloroplasts  23.​d) Viridae 24.​c) Extreme environments 25.​d) They are mostly unicellular 26.​d) They are heterotrophs 27.​c) They rely on diffusion and osmosis 28.​c) Storing water and minerals 29.​b) Snakes 30.​a) Starch Fill in the blanks 1.​ Lytic 2.​ Genus, Species 3.​ Spirilli 4.​ Heterotrophs 5.​ Alteration, Generations Short Answer 1.​ Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles and are generally smaller and simpler. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus with a membrane and other membrane-bound organelles. 2.​ Binary fission in bacteria involves DNA replication, cell growth, and division. The single DNA molecule replicates, and the cell divides into two identical daughter cells.