Opportunities, Challenges, Threats and Risks in Media and Information PDF

OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, THREATS AND Illegal content. The Internet has also been, and RISKS IN MEDIA AND INFORMATION continues to be, used by unscrupulous people to Modern professionals, students an...

OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, THREATS AND Illegal content. The Internet has also been, and RISKS IN MEDIA AND INFORMATION continues to be, used by unscrupulous people to Modern professionals, students and adults use online further their illegal activities, like human tra cking, materials to gather needed information for any the use of force, force, fraud, or coercion to obtain a research work. The Internet has made research work commercial sex act or labor, and child pornography. easier. Some would say that the use of technology is Some groups also use the internet to further the ideas not always a sign of progress. For them, the use of of racism and discrimination. traditional methods such as government documents, Privacy invasion and identity theft. Data posted on minutes of the meeting, journalistic writings, the Internet may be accessed and used for illegal eyewitness accounts and other information sources is activities. Personal information may be willing shared more e ective than the use of modern technology as pictures or text on social media or inadvertently speci cally the "internet". given by users as part of such o erings as games or UNESCO recognizes that the internet holds surveys. It is important for users to be aware of the enormous potential for development. It provides an risks before they decide to share their personal data. unprecedented volume of resources for information A way to get sensitive personal information is and knowledge that opens up new opportunities and phishing. It is the fraudulent attempt to obtain challenges for expression and participation. sensitive information such as username, passwords The principle of freedom of expression and human and credit card details by disguising oneself as a rights must apply not only to traditional media but trustworthy entity in an electronic communication. also to the internet and all types of emerging media platforms, which will contribute to development, T H R E AT S A N D R I S K S O F M E D I A A N D democracy and dialogue. INFORMATION Digitalization and the accessibility of information It is stated in the Philippine Constitution that each through a wide range of devices has increased the one of us has the right to freedom of opinion and information resources available to people. expression; this right includes freedom to hold The internet provides numerous and diverse opinions without interference and to seek, receive opportunities towards attaining our goals and and impart information and ideas through any media objectives in life. It has positive e ects in education and regardless frontiers. and in economic growth. As citizens of the country, we are entitled to freedom For example, online marketing has become vital to of expression, and because of this, we can negotiate, business success, as it has a wider audience reach. A chat, express provided that we show empathy with wider audience reach leads to increased product the di erent opinions. We should listen, understand awareness, which, in turn, results in higher sales. and appreciate other opinions In education, the use of technology is vital. It makes Furthermore, this simply tells us that we should never information sharing convenient. Also, educators use it abuse and misuse our freedom of speech that our to supplement lessons and to conduct online classes. opinions are to be expressed nicely and politely. As de ned by the Webster dictionary, internet is Always remember that an opinion is a self-report of always associated with global computer network that feelings or personal judgement accompanied by provides a variety of information and communication responsibility of thought. facilities. Moreover, it is consisted of interconnected These are some laws against the abuse and misuse networks using standardized communication of media and information, which violates the rights of protocols. Therefore, it is bene cial to all in all others and threatens them in some ways. aspects. LIBEL / SLANDER OPPORTUNITIES A person commits libel if he/she publishes false Online Shopping. Through online shopping and by statement that is damaging to a person's reputation. using a web browser, consumers can directly buy It is a piece of writing that says bad, false, and goods over the internet. Consumers may visit the harmful things about a person. In the Philippine website of the retailer directly or search alternative constitution, libel is a violation of Article 355 of the vendors' websites using a shopping search engine. Revised Penal Code. As stated in this article, libel can Citizen Journalism. It is the collection, be committed in the form of writing, printing and dissemination and analysis of news and information other similar means. by the general public, especially by means of Would a person be accused of libel if he/she internet. broadcasted on radio that the president is not doing Online Education. With internet connection, anyone his job religiously? If the statement is made in writing can earn a degree without having to attend face-to- and published, the defamation is called libel. If the face class sessions. hurtful statement is spoken, the statement is slander. CHALLENGES PIRACY Age-inappropriate content. With the unabated Piracy is referred to the unauthorized duplication of spread of media, one has to be very careful about copyrighted content that is then sold at substantially access. There is a wealth of information one can gain lower prices in the grey market. The ease of access from the Internet, but there is also content that is un t to technology has meant that over the years, piracy for children and young people like pornography and has become more rampant. violence. fi ff fi ff ff fi ff ffi fi  This form of cheating is considered illegal under the There are still other powerful means that educate the Cybercrime Law. It says here that acquiring any students with interactive lessons such as CDs, DVDs digital copy of any copyrighted material is now that allows them to watch lms and documentaries of punishable by ne Php 200,000 to Php 500,000 and various topics related to the course. six to twenty years in prison. The Intellectual Property Code and the Anti-Camcording Law were previously SOCIETAL INFLUENCE in place to combat piracy in the country. Media plays an essential part of the modern society. Piracy is a form of plagiarism for it steals the In the 21st century, media is unavoidable because compensation of the producers and artists that they every human being is exposed to countless media deserve based on the product sales. Piracy is images, advertisements, and magazines. Nowadays, rampant especially along Quiapo Manila where the people are being connected in ways that were not district has been named by the Washington-based possible before. The communication line is always o ce of the US Trade Representative (USTR) as one open with the use of Instagram, Messenger, Twitter, of the world's 21 most "notorious markets" for pirated email and the like. Because of these, people develop and counterfeit goods. Ordinary people prefer pirated camaraderie and interaction needed in any society. copies of CDs, DVDs because the prices are more The way we deal with the di erent persons with practical. The government must do something to ght di erent personalities and ideas; the way we gain to piracy for it is an o ense against the universal law of information about human life, relationships, the society. education, careers and entertainment; and the way do business to promote products and services online CYBERCRIME LAW are all originated with the so called Modern Media in There is the latest law called Cybercrime Prevention the Society. Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10175) covers all other Once upon a time, the most prominent forms of online anomalies such as identity theft, child media include the use of magazines, newspapers and pornography, data misuse, cybersquatting and other books have declined as the time passes by due to a computer-related and internet facilitated practices. higher technology version such as the computer This law became controversial in 2012-2013 since it chips are becoming more like human brains and the also criminalizes libel in the online world, limiting like. certain exercises of freedom of expression. ECONOMIC INFLUENCE EDUCATION, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL The new media has made it possible for ordinary ASPECTS AND INFLUENCES OF MEDIA AND individuals to o er products and services online. The INFORMATION LITERACY various media platforms contribute an additional income to people. It is indeed true that the new MEDIA INNOVATION media a ect the economic progress and stability of When we talk about media innovation, it always the country. includes the change in several aspects of the media Several available jobs are waiting online. Many landscape - from the development of new media positions and designations and jobs opportunities are platforms to new business models such as changes created such as online English tutor, airline booking, in education, society, economic and even political. creator or the one selling an art online, product As time passes by, there are always improvements reviewer on Youtube, blogger, photographer and and advancements to create. Innovation in media other IT related jobs. would mean mew media associated with telephones Once upon a time, social media was very expensive and communications, computers and internet, virtual that you had to pay to get out information about your worlds, website games, human-computer interface, business and advertisement. But in the modern computer animation and other related media approach, every person and company has own media improvements and advancements. brand to reach people in the easiest way possible without encountering barriers. INFLUENCE OF MEDIA IN EDUCATION Nowadays, media play a crucial role in strengthening POLITICAL INFLUENCE the society for it helps us to know the current issues Nowadays, Filipinos are connected very easily to the not only in the society but also around the world. It internet. With the development of internet and with also enhances the teaching and learning processes the increase social media users, government gures inside the four walls of the classrooms. Media comes and business organizations realize the good e ects of in di erent forms and each form a ects the way social media platforms in terms of public people learn and interpret information. communication. Some strategies could be employed in order to Basically, foreign ministries and embassies are reinforce concepts and spark discussions as such connected to social media accounts especially on short lm, written articles, and blog postings. Twitter and Facebook. Digital Diplomacy is the term Teachers could employ modern technology in associated with the overall impact of information and executing the lessons and activities. However, a piece communication technology. This is also the same of chalk, blackboard and Manila paper could still be with the so-called E-Diplomacy wherein the use of used to aid teachers in conducting lessons if the the web and ICT are carried out for some diplomatic resources are still limited. objectives. ffi ff ff fi ff fi ff ff fi ff ff ff fi fi  Spreading information through social media enables connected to or available through a system, and the to send messages directly to the target audiences in "course" means the act of moving in a path from a quick manner and at low cost without convening a point to point. Therefore, massive open online course press conference or sending press release to some refers to a route or pattern of getting a content or news agencies. Moreover, people are having greater information available through an online system that political participation raised by some issues in the can be accessed by many people. Massive Open country. The people are informed about subjects they Online Course (MOOC) is also described as a need or they want. pattern for providing learning information or content Through media reports focusing on the government online to any person who needs to take up a course programs and activities and issues, the publics are with no limit on attendance. informed about the political a airs and functions of MOOC is asynchronous web-based course geared the country. towards enabling several hundreds of students all over the world to enroll and learn from top world- CURRENT AND FUTURE TREND OF MEDIA AND renowned academic institutions at the same time. INFORMATION MOOCs deliver content via recorded video lectures, Smartwatches- Smartwatches are wrist-worn online readings, and online assessments as well as devices that connect to your mobile phone allowing various degrees of student-student and student- you to see noti cations on your wrist at a glance. instructor interactions. Most MOOCs are free of cost Most smartwatches rely on a smartphone to function, which entice more people to enroll and to access the which also means the model you choose will depend course. Some MOOCs also provide certi cate of on your phone. For example, the Apple Watch can completion to the students however, several MOOCs only be synced with an iPhone. do not count for college credit. The concept of Smartglasses- Google Glass was the rst to launch MOOC was invented in 2008 by Dave Cormier, from this technology in 2013. It brings wireless connectivity the University of Prince Edward Island for a course into our eyewear, controls that we can only usually do o ered by the University of Manitoba, "Connectivism on our smartphones and computers, So instead of a and Connective Knowledge". keyboard or mouse, you can Image source: control The learning material or video content used in MOOC smart glasses by tapping or swiping control built into is created by an educational institution like university the frame. or college that o ers such programs. The operation of 3D Environment- 3D or three-dimensional, in its a MOOC (course organization, administration) is literal sense, refers to anything that has a width, coordinated by active MOOC platforms (e.g. height, and depth (Gonzales, 2016). This Coursera and edX). MOOCs were created from the technological concept of a 3D environment is idea of covering an entire university course online and explored to imitate and simulate the physical world thereby making it accessible to everyone in the world. through media. If you have been to one of these 3D The intent was to "democratize" educational content lms, you are made to wear special 3D glasses, from elite universities. which directs each of your eyes to see a slightly di erent picture. KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF CMOOC AND XMOOC Fitness Trackers And Sports Watches- They can xMOOCs. These are based on traditional course track the number of steps you take, your heart rate, structures and make use of established teaching how long you sleep, etc. This data can then be approaches and materials. Students will watch pre- synced with another device, which allows you to see recorded lectures, complete required readings, and trends and patterns in your activity. For example, you participate in discussions as produced and managed could nd out how far you've walked over the past by course instructor or an instructional team from a week or estimate how many calories you've burned in higher education institution. These are typically self- a day. contained and rarely if ever utilize content external to VR Headsets- VR or Virtual Reality headsets are the main content delivery and learning platform. devices connected to a PC/games console and show cMOOCs. These are based on Connectivism learning you a computer-generated virtual reality that fools models that privilege collaboration as a form of active you sight and your brain into thinking you are in a learning. Students in MOOC work together to locate, di erent scenario. evaluate, and contribute course content, uploading 3D Printing- 3D printing creates objects by bonding materials, in the form of tweets, blog posts, wikis and the print material one layer at a time. They work by others, to the course using the learning platform. A making use of 3D design les, such as those created cMOOC instructor or instructional team facilitates in AutoCAD or similar applications. These les are learning by nalizing, aggregating, and assessing the processed by specialized software that slices the students' contributions to the course. data into cross-sections. The printer uses this data to build the desired object from the bottom up one layer TEXT INFORMATION AND MEDIA at a time. TEXT INFORMATION MASSIVE OPEN ONLINE COURSE (MOOC) Text information can be written in script using the If we are to study the meaning of MOOC, it is an Roman alphabet or a di erent script that is acronym for Massive Open Online Course. The word appropriate to the language of the reader. For "massive" means large number or amount, the example, Japanese, Chinese, and Korean textbooks "open" means accessible to all, the "online" means are written using their own scripts. fi ff ff ff fi fi ff fi fi ff ff fi fi fi  CREATORS OF TEXT INFORMATION punctuation marks, symbols and other special Readers are in uenced and persuaded by the power characters. of written words. A reputable and well-organized Di erent emotions and meanings are expressed when material is a collective e ort between writers and various font types are used. In case there is an members of the editorial team. Below are several absence of images and drawings, the easiest way to kinds of writers. communicate to people is through text. - Author- someone who writes books, stories, or articles on di erent kinds of topics. However, TYPES OF TYPEFACES there is a di erence in the focus of their writing. Serif- One common form of a typeface is called serif. Usually, an author writes stories or articles that are It pertains to a short line at the top or bottom of some lengthy, like a novel. He/she is also connected to styles of printed letters. This kind of typeface entails scholarly works such as general reference material familiarity and readability in large amounts of texts. or a textbook. An author also refers to a writer Some publications such as books, newspapers, who already has a published work. magazines, and researches normally use serif - Writer- a writer is more associated with writing typeface for the body of the text. Serif fonts are also literary works like poems and short stories. A used to achieve a classic and elegant look in writer is usually a person who writes stories or publications. Examples: Times New Roman, articles as an occupation. Garamond, Baskerville - Contributor- Like a writer, the contributor puts in Sans Serif- A typeface which does not contain serif articles about topics that are of particular interest. in the letters is called a sans serif. This typeface Contributors can only submit articles depending conveys a clean and minimalist look to the text. To on the theme or space available. Most writers express clear and straightforward meaning of the work full time in a publication but there are some text, road signages, building directories, and nutrition who are considered as contributors which means facts in food packaging use this typeface. Moreover, that they are freelance writers and their works do sans serif fonts are mainly used in designing not appear regularly in a publication. webpages to achieve a modern style look. Examples: - Columnist- someone who writes his opinion, Arial, Helvetica, Tahoma, Verdana, Calibri insights, and commentaries about social or Slab Serif- A heavy and solid look to the text is political issues. In a newspaper or a magazine, expressed by slab serif. Usually, large advertising sign articles written by columnists appear on a regular on billboards use the slab serif typeface. Examples: basis. Even though columnists are free to express Rockwell, Playbill, Blackoak their opinion, he or she must abide by the Script- The brush-like strokes make people drawn to professional code of ethics for journalists. This the script typeface. It is not advisable to use this font means that columnists should avoid bias and to large body text and thus it must be used sparingly. derogatory remarks. Most formal events such as weddings or evening - Blogger- a blogger is someone who writes charity balls use the script typeface. Examples: personal opinions on topics or issues that interest Edwardian, Vladimir, Kunstler him or her. Rather than writing a column for a Decorative- Display or decorative typeface are magazine or a newspaper, a blogger shares his artistic and eye-catching since it caters to a wide insights, ideas, re ections, experiences, and variety of emotions (such as happiness, fear, horror, activities through a blog entry. etc.) or decorative fonts also cater to various themes - Data Encoder- someone who is responsible for (such as spaceships, carnivals, holidays, seasons, encoding handwritten text into soft copy using an kiddie, etc.). Examples: Chiller, Jokerman, Curiz MT o ce application such as MS Word. - Layout and Graphic artist- someone who DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND ELEMENTS assembles text, images, illustrations, photographs Emphasis- pertains to the force or intensity of and drawings to create a visual design on printed expression Which contributes importance or vivid or digital media. impression to something. A text can be changed to - Editor- someone who coordinates with the author bold, italicized, have a heavier weight, darkened or or writer in planning, reviewing, and revising lightened, or even enlarged. content for publication. In addition, an editor's Appropriateness- refers to how suitable or matching task is to coordinate with the layout artists to the text utilized for a target audience, intention, or ensure that all corrections are carried out from event. The selection criteria (tone, style, purpose, start to end. clarity) should be followed in the creation of text- - Publisher- someone who is responsible for based content. The discussion of font characteristics preparing, acquiring, and managing a publication. must be considered when choosing the typefaces to The publisher works with a team of writers, be used in an output. Large body text must use fonts authors, and layout artists and decides on the which are readable and clear. type and theme of the material to be published. Proximity- refers to the closeness or looseness of text elements from each other. Things that are closely TEXT AS VISUAL related should be brought together. Otherwise, text The representation or style of a text in the digital elements should be placed far from each other. For formal is called a typeface. example, the placement of main title and subtitle are A typeface, (also referred as font, font type, or type) usually close to each other. is usually comprised of alphabets, numbers, ffi ff ff ff fl fl ff  Alignment- refers to the proper positioning or state Texture- the way a surface feels or is perceived of adjustment of parts in relation to each other to feel. Texture can be added to attract or repel (Merriam-Webster Dictionary). The text positioned in interest to a visual element. Visual texture is the the page can be left, right, center or justi ed. illusion of the surfaces peaks and valleys, Organization- refers to the act or process of resulting in a feeling of smoothness or organizing various elements of text in a page. roughness in objects. Although elements of text are sorted out from each Color- determined by its hue (name of color), other (based on the principle of proximity), intensity (purity of the hue), and value (lightness organization sees to it that somehow, they are still or darkness of hue). Color and color connected with the rest of the elements in the page. combination can play a large role in the design. Repetition- the unity of the entire design and Color may be used for emphasis or may elicit consistency of elements are the concerns of emotions from viewers. Color maybe warm, repetition. The repetition of some typefaces within the cool, or neutral. It plays a major role in our page are encouraged. However, when various visual perception, as it in uences our reactions typefaces are used on a page, it might result to about the world around us. It is therefore distraction and failure to communicate the content of important to create color palettes that evoke the text. the appropriate audience reactions. Contrast- refers to the degree of di erence between Form- a gure having volume and thickness. An things having similar or comparable natures (Merriam- illusion of a 3-dimensional object can be Webster Dictionary). Visual interest to text elements is implied with the use of light and shading. Form generated by contrast. Contrast can be achieved can be viewed from many angles. when we join the following elements like: large fonts - Visual Design Principles are consistency of with small fonts, serif and sans serif, thin and thick margins, typeface, typestyle, and colors is elements, and warm and cool colors. necessary, especially in slide presentations or documents that are more than one page. VISUAL INFORMATION AND MEDIA - Center of interest- an area that rst attracts attention in a composition. This area is more VISUAL INFORMATION important when compared to the other objects or Visual information is the artistic or creative elements in a composition. This can be achieved representation or interpretation of an idea, concept, by contrast of values, more colors, and placement or emotion using di erent media. in the format. - Visual media and information- materials, - Balance- a feeling of visual equality in shape, programs, applications, and the like that teachers form, value, color, etc. Balance can be and students use to formulate new information to symmetrical and evenly balanced, or asymmetrical aid learning through the use, analysis, evaluation, and unevenly balanced. Objects, values, colors, and production of visual images. textures, shapes, forms, etc. can be used in - Types of visual media- photography, video, creating balance in a composition. screenshots, infographics, data visualization - Harmony- brings together a composition with (charts and graphs), comic strips/cartoons, similar units. If for example your composition was memes, visual note-taking. using wavy lines and organic shapes, you would - Formally and informally produced visual media- stay with those types of lines and not put in just visual media produced by formal organizations one geometric shape. such as schools, government, and established - Contrast- o ers some change in value creating a media/publishing out ts are considered formally visual discord in a composition. Contrast shows produced. Other visual media are considered the di erence between shapes and can be used informally produced. as a background to bring objects out and forward - Purpose of visual information- the primary in a design. It can also be used to create an area purpose of visual information is to gain attention, of emphasis. create meaning, and facilitate retention. - Directional Movement- a visual ow through the - Visual design elements- the building blocks or composition. It can be the suggestion of motion in basic units in the construction of a visual image. a design as you move from object to object by The Design Elements are: way of placement and position. Directional Line- describes a shape or outline. It can create movement can be created with a value pattern. It texture and can be thick or thin. Lines may be is with the placement of dark and light areas that actual, implied, vertical, horizontal, diagonal, or you can move your attention through the format. contour lines. - Rhythm- it is a movement in which some Shape- usually a geometric area that stands elements recur regularly. Like a dance, it will have out from the space next to or around it, or a ow of objects that will seem to be like the beat because of di erences in value, color, or of music. texture. Shape may also be organic. - Perspective- this is created through the Value- the degree of light and dark in a design. arrangement of objects in two-dimensional space It is the contrast between black and white and to look like they appear in real life. Perspective is a all the tones in between. Value can be used with learned meaning of the relationship between color as well as black and white. Contrast is the di erent objects seen in space. extreme changes between values. ff fl ff fi ff ff ff fi fl fl ff fi fi  AUDIO INFORMATION AND MEDIA sequence compression for the transmission and playback of music on most digital audio players AUDIO - M4A/AAC (MPEG-4 Audio/Advanced Audio Audio is de ned as anything connected to sound, Coding)- a le extension for lossy digital audio speci cally when received, recorded, transferred, or compression duplicated (Collins English Dictionary). It is anything - WAV (Waveform Audio File Format) - the related to the documentation and transmission of Microsoft audio le format standard used for the sound (Cambridge Dictionary). Audio is one of the storage of digital audio data on personal resources of media and information along with text, computers visual, and motion. - WMA (Windows Media Audio) - a le extension developed by Microsoft and used with Windows AUDIO MEDIA AND AUDIO INFORMATION Media Player Audio Media refer to the media communication that uses audio equipment to report, document, and deliver information through the means of sound. It HEARING VS. LISTENING may also refer to audio formats such as analog tape “Hearing is simply the act of perceiving sound by the cassettes, digital compact discs, and computer les ear. If you are not hearing-impaired, hearing simply containing audio. On the other hand, audio happens. Listening, however, is something you information is the le or sound that is created and consciously choose to do. Listening requires transferred by using high delity waves that are heard concentration so that your brain processes meaning through certain audio tools. from words and sentences. Listening leads to learning.” T Y P E S A N D C AT E G O R I E S O F A U D I O INFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS OF A SOUND types of audio le: Volume- the force of a sound - Radio Broadcast– the act of sending a live or Tone- the musical or vocal sound of a de nite quality recorded audio through radio waves meant for a (Merriam-Webster Dictionary) large group of listeners Pitch - the degree of highness or lowness of a sound - Music– an artistic form of auditory communication (Oxford English Dictionary) incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a Loudness - the feature of a sound that determines structured and continuous manner the degree of the auditory sensation produced - Sound Recording– the encoding of any sound (Merriam-Webster Dictionary) from the surroundings; the act or procedure of making a record of a certain sound (Merriam- PURPOSES OF USING SOUNDS OR AUDIO MEDIA Webster Dictionary) Audio media have a vital role when it comes to - Sound Clip/Sound E ect – the sound, aside from teaching and learning process. Some of the learners dialogue and music, arti cially made to create an are auditory learners. This means that there are e ect in a movie, play, or other broadcast learners who can comprehend lessons by listening to production (Oxford English Dictionary) the content and concepts that they need to grasp. - Audio Podcast– an episodic series of digital This is the reason why it is important to use audio audio or video le or recording that can be media, along with text and visual media, since these downloaded by a user from a website to a media will make the lessons more motivating for the player or computer in order to listen. learners. The following are some of the purposes of ways of storing audio les: using sounds or audio media in facilitating learning: - Tape– a magnetic tape sound recording format on - These enable the learners to listen to the ideas which sound can be documented. and views of the experts and other people who - Compact Disc– a plastic-fabricated, circular tool are reliable on which audio, video, and other digital - These give learning materials, like speeches, for information is recorded, stored, and played back. the learners to scrutinize and or react to - USB Drive- an external hard disk drive, small - These serve as alternative guides for the learners enough to carry on a keychain, that can be when they are doing their tasks such as plugged into the computer’s USB port experiment - Memory Card– a small, at ash drive used to - These grant the learners audio les of important save data such as audios, pictures, texts, and past events or sounds from the settings that the videos for use on small, portable, or remote leaners cannot visit personally computing devices. - Computer Hard Drive– a secondary data storage ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF SOUND DESIGN device for saving digital data. Nowadays, sound is an essential part of any movie, - Internet/Cloud– a wide network of remote servers play, or broadcast production. A well-created in the internet meant to operate as storage and soundtrack makes the audience enjoy any dramatic retrieval of audio les and other computer data. presentation. Therefore, it is a must for us to know audio le formats: the elements and principles of sound design. It is - MP3 (MPEG Audio Layer 3)- a coding format for important to get a comprehension of what makes up consumer audio, as well as a mean of sound an entire production soundtrack. Sound Design is the vivid use of sound during a production in connection ff fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi ff fi fi fi fl fl fi fi fi fi  to its images and contents of the story to create visual media. Aside from that, motion media are emotional response. These are the elements of sound considered as collections of images and footages. design or the objects that one must work with to These media are combined with other media, such as produce soundtracks: text and audio, to produce multimedia. Motion - Dialogue– a composition in the form of Information, otherwise, is the le or clip that is conversation between two people. created using motion media. Occasionally, it is - Sound E ect- the sound, aside from dialogue and utilized as a support to the visual tracking of a certain music, arti cially made to create an e ect in a thing or object. movie, play, or broadcast production (Oxford In motion media, every graphic or image is a frame. English Dictionary) Through rendering, or the act of displaying - Music- an instrumental or a vocal sound that consecutively various frames per second, motion is conveys emotions and ideas in signi cant forms produced. For one to have a smooth animation, one through the elements of color, harmony, melody, must have 24 frames or more per second. This series and rhythm of frames or graphics follows a sequence to create a - Silence– the complete absence of noise or sound story or a message. This sequence is called a Aside from the things that one must work with in storyboard. It represents the shots planned for a making a certain soundtrack, principles of sound commercial, lm, or television show (Oxford English design, or the audio techniques for merging the Dictionary). various elements or objects of sound design, should also be considered: EARLIEST MOTION MEDIA DEVICE - Mixing– the balance, combination, and control of Flipbook- or ick book is a book with a series of numerous sound elements pictures that vary gradually from one page to the next - Pace– the editing and the time control of sound design; it has numerous categories: CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTION MEDIA Linear– the sounds that are permanent once These transfer messages to many people used and will be in the same place. These deliver the same message to the audience at Non-Linear– the sounds that are much more once open in comparison to linear sounds. These represent messages that are typically Multi-Linear indi erent and temporary - Transition– the process of getting from one These are multisensory element or fragment of sound design to another; it These are formal, in uential channels of has various types: communication Segue– an uninterrupted movement from one These are contributors in behavior and attitude piece of music to another. alteration Cross-Fade– the smooth transition of a sound These discuss some important issues, persons, between two side by side audio les on the organizations, or social movements same track. V-Fade– a switch from one volume level to PRODUCTION OF MOTION MEDIA another softer or louder level. Motion media can be produced in two ways: Fade to Black– a type of V-Fade which has Informal and Formal. Informally produced motion some silence between the elements of sound media are created by people just for personal design. consumption. In contrast, formally produced motion - Stereo Imaging - the feature of sound media are made by professionals, such as lm documentation and duplication concerning the director, who follow the standard of the industry when supposed spatial locations of the sound sources, it comes to the re nement and creation of motion both sideways and in depth. media. The formal production of motion media includes the succeeding steps: MOTION INFORMATION AND MEDIA - Generating of storyboard Refers to materials, programs, applications and the - Scriptwriting and dialogue recording like that teachers and students use to formulate new - Sketching for animation; Acting and shooting for information to aid learning through the use, analysis, video evaluation and production of moving text and images. - Adding background music and background details - Rendering MOTION, MOTION MEDIA, AND MOTION INFORMATION FORMATS OF MOTION MEDIA There is no universally adopted de nition for the term Film– a series of moving graphics or images, with “motion media.” Nevertheless, its very idea relies on accompanying of a recorded sound the de nition of its rst word, which is motion. - Short Film Motion is described as the act or process of moving - Documentary Film or being moved (Oxford English Dictionary). It is the - Animation action of constantly moving from one place to the Television– a telecommunication system for next or changing position (Collins English Dictionary). transmitting and receiving visual images and sounds Therefore, motion media can be de ned as a media that are reproduced on screens (Oxford English communication that provides the presence of spatial Dictionary) movement of texts and images. Practically, these are - Commercial Advertisements on TV ff fi ff fi fi fl fi fi fl fi fi fi fi fi ff fi  - Philippine Drama event or a mere representation of the information - Reality Shows learned about it - Game Shows Relationship of the author to the event– we need to - Talk Shows learn if the author has rst-hand knowledge about the - Television News event Interactive Video– a kind of digital video that Technical methods of detecting tampered/fake involves the user’s interaction and participation video: - "Customizable" Online Interactive Videos - - Smoothness of the video Customizable videos allow the user to adjust - Lighting coverage matches some variables and then play a video customised - Scale and size consistent- scale refers to the size to the user's particular preferences. of an object in reference to another object - "Conversational" Online Interactive Videos - Conversational videos allow the user to interact ADVANTAGES OF MOTION MEDIA with a video in a turn-based manner, almost as These provide better mastery of processes though the user was having a simple conversation These display the procedures in detail and in with the characters in the video. sequence Videoconferencing These allow for harmless observation Videophone These capture motion in a manner that can be viewed - "Exploratory" Online Interactive Videos - over and over Exploratory videos allow the user to move through These allow recreation of the scenes, history, events, a space or look at an object such as an artwork and phenomenon from multiple angles, almost as though the user These contribute in molding personal and social was looking at the object in real life. The object or attitudes space is depicted using video loops, not still, These provide problem-solving skills for the viewers creating a more "live" feel. These promote cultural understanding and Others (such as Internet and Mobile Phone) appreciation - Livestream is a live streaming video platfom that These establish harmony among the people with allows users to view and broadcast video content di erent cultural backgrounds us-ing. a camera and a computer through the internet. It o ers a free ad-supported service aad LIMITATIONS OF MOTION MEDIA multi-tiered premium services. These cannot be interrupted by the viewers - YouTube is a video-sharing website, created by These are, at times, unsuitable for other topics that three former PayPal employees in February 2005, are presented best using stagnant pictures on IDIOTS which users can upload, view and These are subject to misinterpretation, especially for share via-eos.Unre gistered users can watch younger audiences who lack maturity videos, while registered users can upload an These are oftentimes more expensive than other unlimited number of vid-eos. forms of visual media SOURCES OF MOTION MEDIA W H AT M A K E S V I D E O - B A S E D M AT E R L A L S Internet- a universal computer network that delivers EFFECTIVE FOR INSTRUCTION? a variety of information and communication facilities T h e s e m a t e r i a l s p ro m o t e s t u d e n t - c e n t e re d (Oxford English Dictionary) instructional approach. A er viewing and utilizing a Film and Television Studios- a place where lms, material in the classroom, online, or in a distant television shows, and broadcast productions are learning setting, students create their own inter produced (Collins English Dictionary) pretation, Thus, they dig deeper into the content and Broadcast Channels- a terrestrial frequency or understands the topic more. Concepts are transferred computer-generated number over which a broadcast to new problem questions and the construction of station or broadcast network is disseminated knowledge occurs. Thus, students are becoming Video Channels- an account on an online media more engaged in the leaming process. Research sharing or streaming service from which one can shows that the amount of student learning that create media content, such as videos, accessible to occurs in a classroom is directly proportional to the other people who are also using the service (Merriam- quality and quantity of student involvement in the Webster Dictionary) educational program (Cooper and Prescott 1989). Library- a building or room that contains collections of books, periodicals, and sometimes movies and HOW CAN VIDEO-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS recorded audio for people to read, borrow, or refer to AMPLIFY RATHER THAN MINIMIZE THE ROLE OF (Oxford English Dictionary) TEACHERS? Distant learning is a form of schooling that is BASIC METHODS ON DETERMINING THE continuously emerging. Since video call and CREDIBILITY OF MOTION MEDIA conferences are already possible, the teacher can Validity of the information– we need to know if the still facilitate and deliver the intended content. information was peer-reviewed and provable Moreover, video-based materials require further Source– we need to identify the types of source used explanation, analysis, synthesis and conclusion from to generate the information; we also need to teachers. Thus, teachers need to go beyond the determine if the video was an actual footage of the content to explain the signi cance of the material. ff ff fi ff fi fi  ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF MOTION DESIGN can also be done unfairly which will only favor one Motion is a vital part of any commercial, lm, or side. Meanwhile, information is quite a broad term. television show. It is signi cant because the - Information can cover data, knowledge derived movement of the combination of texts and images or from di erent studies, experiences, or instructions pictures delivers an e ective message to the viewers. and even signals or symbols. A well-crafted motion makes the audience appreciate - Information sources can come from virtually any motion-based media presentation. This is the anywhere; these are in the form of books, journals, main reason why it is signi cant to know the elements magazines, and even through personals and principles of motion design. Motion Design is a experiences expressed in blogs, videos, discipline that applies the principles of graphic design webpages, and many more. So, imagine just how to lmmaking and video production through utilization information can be easily accessed by someone of animation and visual e ects. The following are the anytime and anywhere. We all know that one of elements of motion design or the things that a the most in uential users and moderators of person must work with to create a motion: information is the media. - Speed– highlights the tone of the movement; it - The media world often uses information to has two types: describe knowledge of speci c events or Fast Movement– provides alertness and situations that has been collected or perceived escalating emotions through communication, intelligence, or news. Slow Movement- indicates weariness, - Therefore, manipulative information is the type seriousness, or sorrow of information that can be handled, managed, or - Direction– speci es a movement from one route in uenced by something or someone skillfully for to another; refer to the growth or shrinkage of an the advantage or disadvantage of something or object or thing someone. - Motion Path- refers to the spatial movement that - Nowadays, the term 'media' comes in many a thing or an animated object will take; displays forms. Media is de ned as the combination of the change in direction of a certain movement physical objects used for communication or mass - Timing– is used to explain or strengthen the communication through physical objects (such as message or the event; it has two kinds: radio, television, computers, or lm). It can also be Objective Timing- can be measured in the means of communication or can also be seconds, minutes, hours, days, etc. de ned as a group of people working together in Subjective Timing- is psychologically the eld of radio and television broadcasting, experienced or felt newspapers, magazines, and/or even the Internet, Aside from the objects that a person has to work with that reach or in uence people widely. Media, as it in producing a certain motion, principles of motion is supposed to be, are sources of credible design, or the motion techniques for merging the information wherein contents are provided through various elements or objects of motion design, should an editorial process determined by journalistic also be studied: values attributed to an organization or a legal - Speed, direction, and timing should portray person. natural laws of physics. - We know that the people's perception of reality - Timing in uences recall. can be shaped based upon on what they read, - Transitions are utilized to shift between scenes. hear, or watch through the various media - Sound and color enhance depth and purpose to a platforms and technologies. That is why, some certain movement. rms perform media manipulation to satisfy their - Cartooning one’s image and text o ers dynamic clients. movement. This can be easily done by following - Media manipulation is the strategy used by the following movements: stretching, rotating, and advertising or marketing rms to manipulate squashing. information in favor of a client who usually wants - Blurring can be used in several ways. In to promote their product or service. Through animation, blurring gives the illusion of fast media manipulation, a rm can create an image or movement. In videos, blurring is frequently used to argument which will favor their client using censor con dential information or sensitive propaganda techniques and suppression of content. information which can widely in uence the people. - Various research agreed that TV advertisements MANIPULATIVE INFORMATION AND MEDIA have positive in uence on the consumer's buying This refers to the materials, programs, applications, behavior. So, some rms use manipulative and the like that we can use to formulate new information to convince the consumers to buy the information. product of their client. Some of these rms are: Marketing rm or Ad Agency, They DIMENSIONS OF MANIPULATIVE INFORMATION generate sales of goods and services and AND MEDIA directly contribute to the company's De nition, Characteristics and Sources pro tability. They usually o er services like - Manipulate means to handle, manage, or creating, planning, and handling di erent in uence something or someone skillfully. forms of advertisements for promoting its Although to manipulate may be to create order, it clients. fi fl fl fi fi fi fi fi ff fl fi fl fi fl fl fi fi ff fi fi ff fi ff fi fl fi fi fi ff fi ff fi  Public Relations (PR) rm. They coordinate - Gatekeeping relationships through the media with various Description: Gatekeeping is the type of publicities in order to gain public acceptance manipulation where information is being ltered and approval of the client's activities, for dissemination (whether for publication, including its sales activities. They intend to broadcasting, the Internet, or some other mode change the public's action by in uencing of communication). The public is informed with their opinions. only a portion of the truth for di erent kinds of Format And Types purposes. - Manipulative information and media can be Example: formally and informally produced, organized, and During a gas leak accident in a condominium, disseminated through di erent types and format. only few causalities are mentioned to protect To better understand how advertising and public the owner of the condominium. relations rm manipulate information, we must During a terrorist attack, the strategy of the understand the perspective of a viewer and/or a soldiers to rescue the hostages are not consumer. Recall the times you have watched a disclosed to the public for security and TV commercial and become persuaded to buy a protection purposes. certain product, and/or the times you believed in - Celebrity endorsements fake news found in the internet and share it to Description: This is the use of celebrities as others. Those are examples of media endorsers of a certain product or services who manipulation. The following are the di erent kinds will attest that it is of good quality and e ective. of media manipulation: Example: - Consumer confusion Kris Aquino, "The Queen of all Media", was Description: Consumer confusion is the state named top celebrity endorser by YES! of mind of the consumers during purchasing Magazine because her credibility and gift of that leads them to lack con dence towards gab. She endorses a lot of products and their purchasing decision and even have services which includes brands of bakeshop, incorrect purchasing decisions. This happens textiles, juices, canned goods, shampoo, because there are many products of the same telecom, feminine wash and many more. kind but di erent brands on the market today. - Ноах Some sellers become creative with their Description: This is use of manipulative packaging so it stands out. Meanwhile, some information which intends to deceive or defraud attract the consumers with di erent kinds of the public. promotions which confuse the customers. Example: Example: In a grocery store, there are various In 2015, Peter Onneken and Diana Löbl, a promotions on each kind of product between pair of documentary lmmakers from the two di erent brands. Usually, consumers Germany, and John Bohannon, a biologist are confused which one to choose. and science journalist based at Harvard, Two brands of detergent: Buy One, Take One' tricked millions of people into believing or Buy One, Get One Free' chocolate could help them lose weight. Two brands of shampoo:'Buy 10 plus 1' or 'Buy 10 plus free mug' promo - Crowd Manipulation Description: Crowd manipulation is the intentional use of principles and techniques of crowd psychology. This is used by advertising rms to engage, control, and/or in uence the desires of the consumers in order to make them believe that there is a great demand for the product being advertised. Example strategies used by advertising rms for crowd manipulation: Hired random people would attest the e cacy of the product. False survey results or testimonies to convince the consumers the bene ts of the product. - Propaganda Description: It is the information or idea that an advertising rm can release using di erent forms of media which can help the image of their client and adversely a ect the image of its opponent. Example: Showing the charity works done by the client while exposing the opponent's slush funds. fi ffi fi ff ff fi fi ff fi ff fi ff ff fi fl fl ff ff fi ff fi