RWS-2ND-SEM-REVIEWER-1 PDF

M1: PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT IN WRITING ACROSS DISCIPLINES COMMUNICATION plays a vital role in our day-to-day activities, so it is necessary to be adept to it. In order to understand and to be understood genuinely, it is very significant to be virtuoso to the FOUR MACRO SKILLS OF COMMUNICATION: SPE...

M1: PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT IN WRITING ACROSS DISCIPLINES COMMUNICATION plays a vital role in our day-to-day activities, so it is necessary to be adept to it. In order to understand and to be understood genuinely, it is very significant to be virtuoso to the FOUR MACRO SKILLS OF COMMUNICATION: SPEAKING, LISTENING, READING, AND WRITING. WHAT IS WRITING? -​ WRITING is the process of CHOOSING THE APPROPRIATE LETTERS, CHARACTERS, AND SYMBOLS to be written on paper or ENCODED in a computer. It's a skill that you should hone in order to express IDEAS, CONCEPTS, OR FEELINGS in a nonverbal way. READING -​ Is an act of DECODING the LETTERS, CHARACTERS, OR SYMBOLS that were WRITTEN, POSTED OR PUBLISHED. READING involves CRITICAL THINKING in order to fully understand the texts or symbols read. It directs you to the path of infinite potential to gain Information. TECHNIQUES IN ORGANIZING INFORMATION 1.​ BRAINSTORMING 2.​ GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS 3.​ OUTLINE 8 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT: 1.​ NARRATION 2.​ DESCRIPTION 3.​ DEFINITION 4.​ CLASSIFICATION 5.​ COMPARISON AND CONTRAST 6.​ CAUSE AND EFFECT 7.​ PROBLEM-SOLUTION 8.​ PERSUASION 1.​ NARRATION - Deals with STORIES. When you write a narrative, you are expected to tell a story whether it's REAL or IMAGINARY. ELEMENTS OF NARRATIVE WRITING: 1.​ CHARACTERS 2.​ SETTING 3.​ PLOT  4.​ POINT OF VIEW 5.​ THEME 6.​ TONE 7.​ STYLE 8.​ CONFLICT In developing narration, sequential presentation of events plays an important role. SIGNAL WORDS help to create unified thought and to show the transition of events to the next. This leads us to focus on the use of the action words in the story. It also helps us to move the story and makes the story interesting. The chronological ordering of events helps to show the reader how the story moves. Most of the common transitional words are FIRST, NEXT, THEN, AFTER AND SUDDENLY. Moreover, it's also important to give specific details in pointing out the direction of the story. A narrative paragraph contains ACTION VERBS and TRANSITION WORDS that INDICATE TIME or SEQUENCE. TRANSITIONAL WORDS USED TO SIGNAL TIME OR SEQUENCE ORDER: ​ FIRST, SECOND, ETC. ​ AFTER, NEXT, THEN, EVENTUALLY, SOON ​ MEANWHILE, A SHORT TIME LATER ​ DURING, AT THE SAME TIME, SIMULTANEOUSLY ​ SUDDENLY, INSTANTLY, MOMENTARILY ​ THE NEXT DAY, FOLLOWING, THEREAFTER ​ IN THE END, ULTIMATELY 2. DESCRIPTION - As a pattern of written texts refers to identifying concrete details about APPEARANCES, CHARACTERISTICS, AND ACTIONS. -​ ADJECTIVES and ADVERBS are used in the DESCRIPTION. DESCRIPTION ​ Includes many SPECIFIC DETAILS ​ Emphasizes the senses by painting a picture of: -​ Sight -​ Sound -​ Taste -​ Smell -​ Touch ​ Used to ESTABLISH A MOOD or ATMOSPHERE. ​ May use EMOTIONALLY CHARGED language. 3. DEFINITION - Explains what SOMETHING IS IN COMPARISON to other members of its class, along with any limitations. It explains the nature of something and moves beyond a dictionary definition to deeply examine the WORD, IDEA, OR CONCEPT as we use and understand it. In dealing with definition as a pattern of written text, you will always encounter DENOTATION and CONNOTATION. ​ DENOTATION - Is the LITERAL MEANING OF A WOD. Which means that consulting the dictionary is the best way for it. ​ CONNOTATION - Is the FEELING or IDEA that the word suggests to its literal meaning. It is an expression of how one perceives a word based on his/her background or experiences. SOME EXPRESSIONS THAT SIGNAL A DEFINITION TEXT ARE: CONTAIN, MAKE-UP, INVOLVES, IS/ARE, MEANS is defined as, refers to, appears to be, as pertains to “means” is defined as”, and “refer to” 4. CLASSIFICATION AND EXEMPLIFICATION -​ A CLASSIFICATION pattern of written text groups or CLASSIFIES ITEMS or THINGS into THEIR PARTS, TYPES, KINDS, OR CATEGORIES. -​ The SIGNAL WORDS to indicate that the CLASSIFICATION pattern of written texts isunsed are A PART OF, A KIND OF, A TYPE OF, A GROUP OF, A WAY OF, A CLASS OF, AN EXAMPLE OF, DIVIDED INTO, and COMPRISED OF. EXAMPLE: TYPES OF BULLYING There are 3 Types of Bullying: ​ VERBAL BULLYING - Is saying or writing mean things. Verbal bullying includes: -​ Teasing -​ Name-calling -​ Inappropriate sexual comments -​ Taunting -​ Threatening to cause harm ​ SOCIAL BULLYING - Sometimes referred to as relational bullying, involves hurting someone's reputation or relationships. Social bullying includes: -​ Leaving someone out on purpose -​ Telling other children not to be friends with someone -​ Spreading rumors about someone -​ Embarrassing someone in public ​ PHYSICAL BULLYING - Involves hurting a person's body or possessions. Physical bullying includes:  -​ Hitting/Kicking/Pinching -​ Spitting -​ Tripping/pushing -​ Taking or breaking someone's things -​ Making mean or rude hand gestures. 5. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST -​ The COMPARISON involves the IDENTIFICATION OF SIMILARITIES of at least TWO THINGS, IDEAS, CONCEPTS, OR PERSONS being compared while CONTRAST encompasses the IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFERENCES between or among TWO SUBJECTS or TOPICS. SIGNAL WORDS FOR COMPARING: -​ ALSO -​ EQUALLY -​ IN THE SAME WAY -​ SIMILARLY -​ AS -​ IN A SIMILAR FASHION -​ LIKE -​ TO COMPARE -​ BOTH -​ IN COMPARISON -​ LIKEWISE SIGNAL WORDS FOR CONTRASTING: -​ ALTHOUGH -​ DESPITE -​ INSTEAD -​ OTHERWISE -​ AND YET -​ EVEN SO -​ HOWEVER -​ STILL -​ AS OPPOSED -​ EVEN THOUGH -​ NEVERTHELESS -​ THE FACT REMAINS -​ TO -​ IN CONTRAST -​ NONETHELESS -​ UNLIKE -​ BUT -​ IN SPITE OF  -​ ON THE CONTRARY -​ WHEREAS -​ CONVERSELY -​ IN THE MEANTIME -​ ON THE OTHER HAND -​ YET -​ COUNTER TO SIGNAL WORDS FOR COMPARISON ARE: -​ SIMILARLY -​ IN LIKE MANNER -​ AND IN THE SAME WAY SIGNAL WORDS FOR CONTRAST ARE: -​ ON THE CONTRARY, THE OPPOSITE, COMPARED TO, IN CONTRAST, ALTHOUGH, UNLESS AND HOWEVER 6. CAUSE AND EFFECT -​ A CAUSE AND EFFECT present WHY SOMETHING HAPPENS, what causes it, what are the effects, and how it is related to something else. CUE WORDS to signify a CAUSE are: CAUSE OF, BECAUSE OF, FOR, DUE TO, AS AND SINCE. EXPRESSIONS THAT SIGNIFY EFFECT ARE: THEREFORE, CONSEQUENTLY, SO, SO THAT, THUS, THE EXPLANATION FOR, and, ACCORDINGLY. 7. PROBLEM-SOLUTION - A problem-solution text starts with a NEGATIVE SITUATION (A PROBLEM) and ends with a POSITIVE SITUATION (A SOLUTION). PROBLEM-SOLUTION CONSISTS OF FOUR KEY COMPONENTS: A SITUATION, A PROBLEM, A SOLUTION, AND AN EVALUATION. 8. PERSUASION -​ PERSUASION is a literary technique that writers use to present their IDEAS THROUGH REASON AND LOGIC, TO INFLUENCE THE AUDIENCE AND MOVE THEM TO ACTION. TYPES OF PERSUASION 1.​ ETHOS - It's linked with MORALITY and ETHICS. In this method of persuasion writers or speakers convince their audience of their goodwill and PRESENT THEMSELVES AS TRUSTWORTHY. 2.​ LOGOS - Comes from LOGIC, therefore writers use LOGIC, REASONING, and RATIONALITY to convince audiences of their perspectives. 3.​ PATHOS - The THIRD METHOD is pathos, which invokes and APPEALS TO THE EMOTIONS OF THE AUDIENCE. PERSUASIVE TEXT can be in the form of an ARGUMENT, DISCUSSION, EXPOSITION, REVIEW or even an ADVERTISEMENT. In developing your own persuasive text, a writer must first state the ISSUE. This will serve as a background information about the topic. Then, it should be followed by a CLEAR, STRONG and SPECIFIC ARGUMENT. An ARGUMENT is ONE'S CLAIM OR POSITION that can either support or reject the issue previously stated. Arguments shall be supported with a well-researched EVIDENCES, which will give details on how and why it supports the argument. Evidence can be FACTUAL, LOGICAL, STATISTICAL OR ANECDOTAL in nature. It can also explain counter arguments not because the writer wants to prove which claims are wrong or right but to enlighten the readers about other positions. Lastly, a CONCLUSION restating the main argument of the text will be the end of the text. This will be your final statement to persuade your readers. M2: PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT FOUR PROPERTIES OF WRITTEN TEXTS: A.​ TEXT ORGANIZATION B.​ COHESION AND COHERENCE C.​ LANGUAGE USE D.​ LANGUAGE MECHANICS 1.​ TEXT ORGANIZATION - Is achieved when ideas are LOGICALLY AND ACCURATELY ARRANGED. It's said that ideas are well developed when there's a CLEAR STATEMENT OF PURPOSE, POSITION, FACTS, EXAMPLES, SPECIFIC DETAILS, DEFINITIONS, EXPLANATIONS, JUSTIFICATIONS, or OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS.  FEATURES OF TEXT ORGANIZATION 1.​ PHYSICAL FORMAT - The FORMAT is an aspect of the organization that is immediately apparent to the reader. It is seen in HOW THE TEXT PHYSICALLY APPEARS like HEADINGS AND SUBHEADINGS, BULLET POINTS, OR FONT EMPHASIS. 2.​ STRUCTURE - Refers to the COMPLETE FRAMEWORK of the text. It consists of: ​ BEGINNING - INTRODUCTION, THESIS STATEMENT ​ MIDDLE - SUPPORTING DETAILS ​ END - CONCLUSION, SUMMARY, THE FINAL MESSAGE. 3.​ SIGNAL WORDS - Are the CUE in the ordering of events and concepts. 4.​ COHERENCE AND COHESION ​ COHERENCE - Is the CONNECTION OF IDEAS to the CENTRAL CONCEPT ​ COHESION - Is the RELATIONSHIP OF IDEAS between SENTENCES. COHERENCE refers to how the SENTENCES in a PARAGRAPH FOLLOW EACH OTHER REASONABLY - Stresses the connection of ideas at the IDEA LEVEL. COHESION refers to HOW THE IDEAS of SENTENCES AND PARAGRAPHS STICKS TOGETHER to support the controlling idea - stresses the connection of ideas at the SENTENCE LEVEL. To achieve GOOD COHESION, you need to know how to use COHESIVE DEVICES, certain words or phrases that serve the purpose of connecting two statements, usually by referring back to what you have previously written or said. 3. LANGUAGE USE -​ You must make good choices when it comes to language use how you use the language affects the tone of the text and the reader's interpretation of it. Know when to use FORMAL or INFORMAL LANGUAGE. EX: 1.​ We ASKED the secretary to CALL the professor and get the permission for us to continue our research. (Informal) 2.​ We REQUESTED the secretary to CONTACT the professor and OBTAIN her permission for us to continue our research. (Formal) 4. LANGUAGE MECHANICS - Is a SET OF CONVENTIONS on how to SPELL, ABBREVIATE, PUNCTUATE and CAPITALIZE. 1.​ SPELLING - Remember that there are slight differences in AMERICAN ENGLISH and BRITISH ENGLISH. 2.​ PUNCTUATION - Pertains to the act or practice of inserting STANDARDIZED MARKS OR SIGNS IN. -​ Written matter to clarify the meaning and separate structural units. 3.​ CAPITALIZATION - Is the act of writing the FIRST LETTER OF A WORD IN UPPERCASE while the rest of the letters in LOWERCASE. M3: IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT INFORMATION The goal of writing a text is to communicate a message that would STIMULATE INTEREST, REFLECTION, REACTION, AND ACTION from the readers. To achieve this, the content of a written text should have a substantial claim. CLAIM - Is what the writer tries to prove in the text through providing DETAILS, EXPLANATIONS and other types of evidence. As such, it's usually found in the introduction or in the first few paragraphs of the text. CLAIM is described as a DEBATABLE set of words or a concept that allows or a concept that allows the source to INFLUENCE the receiver for acceptance. It is equated to an OPINION, IDEA, or, ASSERTION. ✅ A good claim is DEBATABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD CLAIM: ✅ A good claim is SPECIFIC AND FOCUSED ✅ A good claim should be INTERESTING and ENGAGING ✅ A good claim should be LOGICAL EXPLICIT OR IMPLICIT CLAIM? ​ EXPLICIT CLAIM is DIRECTLY AND CLEARLY STATED in the text. It is when you can easily point out the information in the passage. ​ IMPLICIT CLAIM is INDIRECTLY EXPRESSED IN THE TEXT and you need to look for CLUES or make INFERENCES to understand its meaning. CRITICAL READING enables you to distinguish the EXPLICIT and IMPLICIT Information provided by the author. In EXPLICIT INFORMATION, there's no need to look for CLUES while in IMPLICIT TEXT, it is where the ability to make INFERENCES based on clues within the text. Tinatamad na po ako mag type, masama na pakiramdam ko.