RIPH-111-FINALS Lecture 3: Philippine Government and Constitutions PDF

PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT AND CONSTITUTIONS A Short History  H T H I S # S T ITC  #STITCH THIS CONTENT  PRE- HISPANIC BARANGAY  AMERICAN OCCUPATION GOVERNMENT  THE COMMONWEALTH OF THE  SPANISH COLONIZATION PHILIPPINES PER...

PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT AND CONSTITUTIONS A Short History  H T H I S # S T ITC  #STITCH THIS CONTENT  PRE- HISPANIC BARANGAY  AMERICAN OCCUPATION GOVERNMENT  THE COMMONWEALTH OF THE  SPANISH COLONIZATION PHILIPPINES PERIOD  WORLD WAR 2  THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION  THE FIRST PHILIPPINE  THIRD REPUBLIC REPUBLIC AND THE PHILIPPINE AMERICAN WAR  RUBRICS CRITERION POINTS  DELIVERY /SUBECT  20 points KNOWLEDGE  MASTERY OF THE CONTENT  20 points  PREPAREDNESS  20 points  TIME LIMIT  20 points  ELOCUTION & ENTHUSIASM  20 points  BREAK OUT ROOM MEETING LINK  https://meet.google.com/oik-apci-ykq  https://meet.google.com/dba-prgj-zgd  https://meet.google.com/pkp-tukn-rgf  https://meet.google.com/xpz-vguy-mex  https://meet.google.com/wxq-myhf-rvh  THE PRE-HISPANIC BARANGAY GOVERNMENT  THE PRE-HISPANIC BARANGAY GOVERNMENT In the pre-historic times, much of the Philippines were ruled by a Datu or Rajah who was a king and the sovereign of his village, the barangay. The barangay was composed of around thirty to a hundred families.  THE PRE-HISPANIC BARANGAY GOVERNMENT There was the institution of social classes with the nobles referred to as “maharlika’ the affluent people of the community; the free people, “timawa” who engaged in daily labors, and; the “alipin” who were slaves categorized as “namamahay” who were accorded certain rights and privileges, and the “saguiguilid” who are fully owned by their masters.  THE PRE-HISPANIC BARANGAY GOVERNMENT  There was the existence of laws created by the Datu who was advised by his council of elders. In Mindanao, where the Muslim religion started to spread, the Sultanate of Sulu was formed in the 15th century, while the Sultanate of Maguindanao, in the 16th century.  SPANISH COLONIZATION PERIOD  SPANISH COLONIZATION PERIOD  The advent of colonization began with the arrival of Spain through Ferdinand Magellan in 1521. Soon after, the Philippines was a crown colony of Spain through Mexico from 1565 to1821, as such, Spain ruled with the help of the Council of the Indies, created in 1524, which was an overseas ministry governing the colonies of Spain. The head of the council was the Viceroy of Mexico. Las Leyes de Indias were the laws that Spain implemented in the colony.  SPANISH COLONIZATION PERIOD The first government system based on land partition was the Encomienda. After Mexico declared its independence in 1821, Las Islas Filipinas was directly ruled by Spain until 1898.  SPANISH COLONIZATION PERIOD  Throughout the period of colonization, the Patronato Real provided for the union of the State and Church where the Church was placed under the power Spain making the friars became politically powerful or what is referred to as “frailocracy”. In the local government, high political powers such as the Alcalde mayor of the pacified province were reserved only to Spaniards. THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION  THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION  The Filipinos, from the beginning of colonial oppression had always find themselves in defiance and struggle. As a result, rebellions and resistance broke out, more than a hundred in all, in the cry for freedom. Out of these, even though short of victory, heroes rose in the likes of Rajah Sulayman, Diego and Gabriela Silang, Dagohoy and Hermano Pule.  THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION  In January 1872, the failed attempt of the Cavite Mutiny against the government resulted to a case of rebellion against three secular priests Fathers Gomez, Burgos and Zamora. They were convicted and were executed. The disappointment of the “Ilustrados” in Europe over the fate of Gomburza pushed for the formation of the Propaganda Movement, an action for reforms.  THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION  The Propaganda was active for years and was most effective during the period of del Pilar and Jaena and Rizal. The “Noli Me Tangere’, Rizal’s first novel was considered as the most powerful weapon the Propaganda ever had against Spain.  However, the disunity among the members dismayed Rizal and he resigned his leadership. He returned to Manila where he secretly formed the Liga Filipina, a civic association. Rizal’s political plans were disrupted when the government exiled him to Dapitan.  THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION  The Katipunan, otherwise known as the Kagalang-galangan, Kataas-taasang, Katipunan ng Mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK), started as a secret organization against the Spanish power in 1892. It was an organization initially membered by the splinter of the defunct La Liga Filipina, a civic organization founded by Jose Rizal.  The Katipunan government under its leader Supremo Andres Bonifacio declared separation from Spain in Aug. 26, 1896 in Pugadlawin, Balintawak resulting to a nation-wide revolution.  The execution of Dr. Rizal on December 30, 1896 drew more men and women to join in and fight.  THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION  To solidify further the Katipunan, Bonifacio proceeded to Cavite, the most successful province against Spain. To unify the Magdiwang and the Magdalo factions of Cavite, the Tejeros Assembly was conducted. The assembly resulted to the dissolution of the Katipunan and the birth of the Revolutionary government of the Philippines that elected Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo as President.  THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION  The Biak-na-Bato Republic under Aguinaldo was established in 1897 upon the government’s retreat in Bulacan. It ratified the Biak- na-Bato Constitution drafted by Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer. While in Biak-na-Bato, the governments of Spain and the Republic reached a truce called as the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. In the hope of ending the revolution, the pact provided for the exile of the Aguinaldo administration upon the immediate initial payment of P400,000 to the revolutionaries.  While the government was in exile, the Hong Kong Junta was established with Felipe Agoncillo as President.  The pact proved to be a failure in that the revolution continued after Aguinaldo’s exile considering that only a few firearms were surrendered while the generals who remained did not cease to fight.  THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION  While in exile at Hong Kong, Aguinaldo worked on his return to the Philippines. Realizing that the Spanish-American Was already broke out, he was able to negotiate an unstable alliance with the United States through Commodore George Dewey. On May 1, 1898, the American Asiatic Squadron destroyed the Spanish armada in the Battle of Manila Bay. Aguinaldo returned to Cavite while the Americans were entering Manila.  THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION  The dictatorial government under Aguinaldo was established upon the advise of his cabinet. The revolution regained strength as the Philippine army defeated the Spaniards in the provinces from southern Tagalog, to the north, and in the Visayan islands.  On June 12, 1898, the culmination of all the sacrifices of all Filipino heroes and martyrs was reached when the Independence of the Philippines was proclaimed by Aguinaldo in his residence at Kawit, Cavite. The national flag was waved while the Marcha Nacional Filipinas was played.  THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION  The Second Revolutionary Government was established after the day of independence. Upon the advice of Premier Apolinario Mabini the government shifted once more to its revolutionary state in the attempt to stabilize a true democratic state that will appeal to the recognition of the United States who recently has established a Military Government.  THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION  On August 13, 1898, the Fall of Manila was achieved when the Spaniards under Gov. General Fermin Jaudenes preferred to surrender to the Americans rather than the Filipinos.  The U.S. Military Government was founded on August 14 upon orders for U.S. President William McKinley. The first U.S. Military Governor of the Philippines was Gen. Wesley Merritt who was succeeded by Gen. Elwell Otis. The last one in the position was Gen. Arthur Mac Arthur. THE FIRST REPUBLIC & THE PHILIPPINE- AMERICAN WAR  THE FIRST REPUBLIC & THE PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR  On September 15, 1898, the Malolos Congress was inaugurated at the Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan. Its first task was to draft a constitution needed for the formation of a republic. On November 29, the Congress approved the Malolos Constitution which was drafted by Felipe Calderon. With much debates regarding some provisions, Aguinaldo only finally approved it on January 21, 1899.  THE FIRST REPUBLIC & THE PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR  On the 10th of December 1898, the Treaty of Paris was signed. Aguinaldo sent Felipe Agoncillo as Philippine emissary, and was tasked to insist the recognition of Philippine independence by Spain and the United States. Agoncillo was not recognized.  In the treaty, Spain transferred her possession of the Philippines to the United States via cession together with Puerto Rico and Guam for a compensation of $20 million.  THE FIRST REPUBLIC & THE PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR  On January 4, 1899, Governor Otis made public the President McKinley Proclamation (on the US occupation of the Philippines). Aguinaldo and the government in Malolos protested against the US proclamation.  THE FIRST REPUBLIC & THE PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR  On January 23, 1899, the First Republic of the Philippines was inaugurated. Desiring to prove that the country is a stable state, the first Republic, otherwise known as the “Malolos Republic” was inaugurated. President Emilio Aguinaldo was sworn into office as the Republic President.  THE FIRST REPUBLIC & THE PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR  While continuous talks between the Filipino and American panels resulted to no agreement, an incident at San Juan Bridge started the Philippine-American War on February 4, 1899. The war resulted to a series of defeats to the Republic as more American troops arrived. In its retreat to Palanan, Isabela, President Aguinaldo was captured resulting to the fall of the Republic.  AMERICAN OCCUPATION  AMERICAN OCCUPATION  On July 4, 1901, right after Aguinaldo's capture, the U.S. Civil Government was inaugurated with William Howard Taft as Civil Governor. However, the military rule, due to the continuing resistance, still prevailed over Southern Luzon until 1902, Northern and Central Luzon until 1905 (after the execution of Macario Sakay), and Southern Mindanao until 1914 (due to Muslim resistance).  The first stage in the development of the Civil Government was done through the passage of the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 which was officially called as the Philippine Bill of 1902, passed on July 1,1902.  AMERICAN OCCUPATION  The act provided for the formation of the all- Filipino elected Philippine Assembly which served as the lower house of the bicameral legislature wherein the Philippine Commission served as the Upper House. The first leaders of the Philippine Assembly were Sergio Osmena, who served as House Speaker, and Manuel Luis Quezon who served as Majority Floor Leader.  AMERICAN OCCUPATION  Under the administration of Gov. Francis Burton Harrison, the Filipinization of the Philippine government was achieved with the Philippine Commission to become dominantly Filipinos and 89% of government offices be occupied by Filipinos.  Finally, the Philippine Autonomy Law or popularly known as the Jones Law of 1916 was passed by the U.S. Congress. The Jones Law finally allows the Philippines to already work for its independence, thus, leading to the Independence Missions.  AMERICAN OCCUPATION  The end of the Harrison administration made Leonard Wood to become the next governor. His anti-Filipino policies made him unpopular to government politicians that led to a mass resignation of his Cabinet members or what was called the “Cabinet Crisis of 1923.  AMERICAN OCCUPATION  The Os-Rox Mission, or the 9th Independence Mission of 1931, headed by Senate President ProTempore Sergio Osmena and House Speaker Manuel Roxas, triumphantly achieved the independence law Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act.  However, this was rejected by Senate President Manuel Quezon who worked on his own independence law in the U.S. and returned with his own Tydings-McDuffie Law which has the same provisions as the previous one.  THE COMMONWEALTH OF THE PHILIPPINES  THE COMMONWEALTH OF THE PHILIPPINES  On July 10, 1934 the Philippine Legislature elected the representatives to the Constitutional Convention, the delegates' task was to draft the Constitution of the Philippines. The Presidential election of 1935 made Manuel L. Quezon as first Commonwealth President with Sergio Osmena as Vice President. Under the 1935 Constitution national defense was the priority of the government.  THE COMMONWEALTH OF THE PHILIPPINES Under the Commonwealth new government offices were created, new cities were created, women were allowed to vote and the Filipino, based on Tagalog, became the national language. WORLD WAR 2  WORLD WAR 2  After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7, 1941 the Japanese started their attack of the Philippines the next day. On January 2, 1942, Manila was occupied. Executive Commission during the Japanese occupation in 1942. On Jan. 3, the Japanese High Command proclaimed the founding of the Japanese Military Administration, which established the Philippine Executive Commission with Jorge Vargas as chairman.  WORLD WAR 2  After the departure of President Quezon, Gen. MacArthur also left Corregidor. After months of resistance and valor, Bataan fell to the Japanese resulting to the “Death March” from Mariveles, Bataan to San Fernando, Pampanga. About 70,000 American and Filipino soldiers died before and after the Fall of Bataan. After heavy battles and air raids, Corregidor surrendered on May 1942 to Commander in Chief Masaharu Homma of the Japanese High Command. The resistance, nevertheless continued on with the Guerilla resistance with leaders such as Manuel Roxas and Ramon Magsaysay.  WORLD WAR 2  On May 5, 1943, Premier Hideki Tojo publicly promised independence to the Filipino people. As a result, the Philippine Preparatory Commission was organized to draft a Constitution.  The Philippine Constitution was finished on September 4 and was ratified by the Constitutional Assembly. The election of the delegates to the National Assembly was held on September 20. On the 25th, the Assembly elected the Speaker and the President of the future republic.  Benigno Aquino was elected Speaker while Jose P. Laurel became the President of the Second Republic. Jorge Vargas ended his term as chairman of the Philippine Executive Commission.  WORLD WAR 2  On August 1, 1944, President Quezon died while in exile. Osmeña was then sworn to office in Washington D.C. as President of the Commonwealth. On October 20, about 174,000 American troops landed at Leyte with USAFFE Commander Gen. Mac Arthur and President Sergio Osmeña. The “Battle of Leyte Gulf”, the largest naval battle in world history gave the Japanese their conclusive defeat against the Allied forces. On January 5, 1945, MacArthur landed in Lingayen. Manila, with all its destruction and casualties, was won in February.  The Commonwealth government was restored in Manila. On July 5, 1945, Mac Arthur finally announced the liberation of the Philippines.  WORLD WAR 2  To force Japan to her unconditional surrender, the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were destroyed by the Americans with their new weapon, the atomic bomb.  On August 15, 1945, the Japanese finally surrendered to the Allied forces in a formal signing aboard the USS Missouri.  On August 17, 1945, Jose P. Laurel, in Nara, Japan, dissolved the Second Republic of the Philippines. THE THIRD REPUBLIC  THE THIRD REPUBLIC  On June 9, 1945, the Philippine Congress convened for the first time after the war. Brig. Gen. Manuel Roxas was elected Senate president.  In the election of April 1946, Manuel Roxas of the newly founded Liberal Party won against Nacionalista’s Sergio Osmeña. Roxas became the third, and would be the last, President of the Commonwealth.  On July 4, 1946, the independence of the Philippines and the inauguration of the Third Philippine Republic were highlighted by the lowering of the American flag by American Ambassador Paul McNutt and the raising of the Philippine flag by President Manuel Roxas.  The Presidents of the Third Republic with their accomplishments:  MANUEL ROXAS (LP) 1946-1948 *VP - Elpidio Quirino  Rehabilitation of the country after the war: he was able to achieve the U.S. grant of $25 million loan and UNRRA $10 million;  US Philippines Military Bases Agreement;  The Bell Trade Act (free trade relations with the U.S.;  The Parity Amendment gave U.S. citizens equal rights with Filipinos to develop natural resources in the country and operate public utilities.  Roxas died of heart attack in April of 1948.  ELPIDIO QUIRINO (LP) 1948-1949-53: *VP - Fernando Lopez  The Bell Mission Report was conducted;  Creation of economic institutions like the ACCFA and PACSA;  Infrastructures such as the Maria Cristina and the Ambuklao Dam Project;  In social welfare, the Boys’ Town of the Philippines;  An excellent ambassador of goodwill and friendship;  He was able to improve foreign affairs;  Tainted with accusations of graft and corruption like the damaging scam on the U.S. War Surplus Property amounting to $ 50 million with $ 20 million in question and allegation that Liberal Party used it for its election campaign;  His administration failed in its HUKBALAHAP peace program due to insincerity.  RAMON MAGSAYSAY (NP) 1953-57 VP - Carlos P. Garcia  Called the “Man of the Masses”;  Succeeded in the HUKBALAHAP amnesty program  Opened Malacañang for the people;  The formation of SEATO;  The Laurel-Langley Agreement;  The Philippines-Japan Reparations Agreement  The founding of the Social Security System  Signed the Land Tenure Reform Act to address agrarian problems.  Died of plane crash on March 17, 1957  CARLOS P. GARCIA (NP) 1957-61 *VP - Diosdado Macapagal (LP) The “Filipino First” Policy The Austerity Program; The Bohlen-Serrano Agreement  “FILIPINO FIRST POLICY”  García exercised the Filipino First Policy, for which he was known. This policy heavily favored Filipino businessmen over foreign investors. He was also responsible for changes in retail trade which greatly affected the Chinese businessmen in the country. In a speech during a joint session of Congress on September 18, 1946, García said the following:  “We are called upon to decide on this momentous debate whether or not this land of ours will remain the cradle and grave, the womb and tomb of our race – the only place where we can build our homes, our temples, and our altars and where we erect the castles of our racial hopes, dreams and traditions and where we establish the warehouse of our happiness and prosperity, of our joys and sorrows.”  "THE AUSTERITY PROGRAM"  In the face of the trying conditions in the country, García initiated what has been called "The Austerity Program". His administration was characterized by its austerity program and its insistence on a comprehensive nationalist policy.  On March 3, 1960, he affirmed the need for complete economic freedom and added that the government no longer would tolerate the dominance of foreign interests (especially American) in the national economy. He promised to shake off "the yoke of alien domination in business, trade, commerce and industry."  Garcia was also credited with his role in reviving Filipino cultural arts.  "THE AUSTERITY PROGRAM"  The main points of the Austerity Program were:  The government would tighten up its controls to prevent abuses in the over shipment of exports under license and in under-pricing as well.  There would be a more rigid enforcement of the existing regulations on barter shipments.  Government imports themselves were to be restricted to essential items.  The government also would reduce rice imports to a minimum.  An overhauling of the local transportation system would be attempted so as to reduce the importation of gasoline and spare parts.  The tax system would be revised so as to attain more equitable distribution of the payment-burden and achieve more effective collection from those with ability to pay.  There would be an intensification of food production.  The program was hailed[by the people at large and confidence was expressed that the measures proposed would help solve the standing problems of the Republic  THE BOHLEN-SERRANO AGREEMENT  During his administration, he acted on the Bohlen–Serrano Agreement, which shortened the lease of the American military bases from 99 years to 25 years and made it renewable after every five years.  DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL (LP) 1961-65 *VP - Emmanuel Pelaez  The Decontrol Program  The Agricultural Land Reform Law;  The official Philippine Claim to Sabah;  Joined the confederation MAPHILINDO;  Transfer of Independence Day from July 4 to Aguinaldo’s June 12;  The use of Filipino language in official documents  FERDINAND MARCOS (NP) 1965-69; Reelection 1969-73 VP - Fernando Lopez  Stabilization of government finances by means of more effective collection of taxes, imposing new tax laws, and getting loans from foreign banks and governments;  Greater production of rice by promoting the IR- 8 hybrid "miracle rice" and other fast-growing rice seeds, and the construction of more irrigation systems;  FERDINAND MARCOS (NP) 1965-69; Reelection 1969-73 VP - Fernando Lopez  Infrastructures of bridges and roads like the North Diversion Road; most number of school,houses by a President;  The improvement of the Philippine National Railways;  Intensive operations against smuggling, crime syndicates, and the communist New People's Army (NPA);  Holding of the Manila Summit Conference in 1966  FERDINAND MARCOS (NP) 1965-69; Reelection 1969-73 VP - Fernando Lopez  Second term was marred by overspending in the 1969 elections the led to higher inflation and the "floating peso” devaluated;  the prevalence of dirty politics, rampage of graft and corruption in government, the widening gap between the rich and the poor, the impotency of the 1935 Constitution to cope with the new socio- economic problems and the rising tides of crimes, communism and subversion resulted to student power and demonstrations.