Female Reproductive Systems REVIEWER PDF

Male & Female Reproductive Systems Sperm - carries and transports genetic material (DNA) to be fertilized. The uterine lining or endometrium from the male and fertilizes the egg. thickens to prepare for a potential pregnancy. Testis - produces sperm and testosterone, whic...

Male & Female Reproductive Systems Sperm - carries and transports genetic material (DNA) to be fertilized. The uterine lining or endometrium from the male and fertilizes the egg. thickens to prepare for a potential pregnancy. Testis - produces sperm and testosterone, which plays a key role in male reproductive functions. Homeostasis is the process by which the body maintains a Prostate gland and seminal vesicles – These glands stable internal environment despite external changes. produce fluid that nourishes sperm and helps it travel. To maintain this, for example when body temperature gets Vas deferens - transports sperm from the testes to the too high, the body responds by sweating to cool down. urethra. If these were damaged or blocked, sperm would Positive and Negative Feedback not reach the urethra. A. Childbirth: positive feedback Epididymis - is where sperm mature before being During labor, contractions cause the release of oxytocin, transported. which leads to stronger contractions until the baby is Urethra - Carry both semen and urine but not at the delivered. same time. The urethra carries both fluids, but never B. Lactation: positive feedback simultaneously. Suckling stimulates oxytocin release, which causes milk Male hormones like testosterone regulate sperm ejection. More suckling leads to more oxytocin, continuing production (spermatogenesis) and ensure the proper the cycle. functioning of the male reproductive system. However, Menstruation: negative feedback the growth of deposited sperm cells (inside the female Hormone levels drop when pregnancy does not occur, reproductive system) is not controlled by male hormones. causing the shedding of the uterine lining. Once sperm are released, their survival and ability to Ovulation: positive feedback fertilize an egg depend on conditions in the female Increase in estrogen leads to greater increase in LH. reproductive system. Hormones are transported through the bloodstream to target organs. Ovary – The ovary produces ova (eggs) and secretes hormones like estrogen and progesterone but the placenta delivers nutrients to the embryo. Estrogen and progesterone regulate the menstrual cycle and secondary sex characteristics but do not regulate blood sugar. Females are born with millions of immature eggs in their ovaries. Fallopian tube- usual site of fertilization Uterus - is influenced by estrogen and progesterone, which regulate the menstrual cycle, prepare the uterus for implantation, and maintain pregnancy. The uterus wall thickens, the egg is released, the uterus Section A refers to ovarian activity (e.g., follicle lining stays thick, and the uterus lining breaks down. - development, ovulation). The fetus normally develops in the uterus. Section B involves hormonal changes (estrogen and The menstrual cycle is a result of the female body progesterone levels). preparing for pregnancy. The phases of the menstrual Section C shows uterine lining changes (endometrial cycle are: thickening or shedding). Menstrual → Follicular → Ovulation → Luteal All these sections are influenced by reproductive hormones. Menstruation (1-5 days) is a monthly occurrence and DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid happens when sperm does not fertilize the egg. During Nitrogenous bases in DNA menstruation, only the functional layer of the Adenine - Thymine Guanine - Cytosine endometrium is shed with the basal layer remaining intact. Structure: DNA is double-stranded, forming a double Follicular Phase (6-13 days) helix, while RNA is single-stranded. Luteinizing hormone (LH) surges right before ovulation, Sugar: DNA contains deoxyribose sugar, while RNA triggering the release of the egg from the ovary. contains ribose sugar (which has one more oxygen atom). Ovulation (Day 14) A woman is fertile during this period Bases: DNA has thymine (T), while RNA has uracil (U) only. The egg is released by the ovary. instead. Both have adenine (A), cytosine (C), and guanine Luteal Phase (15-28 days) (G). After ovulation, the corpus After ovulation, the corpus Function: DNA stores and transmits genetic information, luteum produces progesterone which is at its highest, while RNA plays a role in protein synthesis and gene which maintains the thickened uterine lining. The expression released egg travels down the fallopian tube