Malayuning Komunikasyon sa Filipino PDF

MALAYUNING KOMUNIKASYON SA FILIPINO Henry Gleason – Katangian ng Wika: ang wika ay masistemang balangkas ng mga tunog na pinili at isinaayos sa paraang arbitaryo upang magamit ng mga taong nabibilang sa isang kultura Lingua Franca – katawagan sa wikang ginagamit ng mas nakakarami sa is...

MALAYUNING KOMUNIKASYON SA FILIPINO Henry Gleason – Katangian ng Wika: ang wika ay masistemang balangkas ng mga tunog na pinili at isinaayos sa paraang arbitaryo upang magamit ng mga taong nabibilang sa isang kultura Lingua Franca – katawagan sa wikang ginagamit ng mas nakakarami sa isang Lipunan, wikang ginagamit rin upang lubos na makaunawaan ang mga namumuhay sa isang komunidad (FILIPINO & ENGLISH). Communicare – ang salitang komunikasyon na pinagmulan sa Latin na ibig sabihin ay maibabahagi, ito rin ang pagtatalaga ng kahulugan sa mensaheng kilos o pangyayari. Kinesika – maraming sinasabi ang ating katawan, Komunikasyon – Sa aklat ni Roberto AMpil (2014), minsan pa nga’y higit pa sa mga tunog ang komunikasyon ay binigyang kahulugan bilang Pictics – hindi maitatago ang ating damdamin at pinagsamang pagkaunawa ng mensahe, at malaking tunay na intension sa ating mukha. bahagi ng pagtatagumpay nito ay ang pagkakaroon ng komon ng “wika” ng mga kasapi sa Oculensics (Galaw ng Mata) – tumutukoy sa komunikasyon at ang kanilang kahusayan sa paggamit ng mata sa paghahatid ng mensahe. paggamit nito. Haptics (Pandama o Paghawak) – sense of touch, Berbal na Komunikasyon – ito ay uri ng paraan ng paghawak sa ibang tao o bagay. komunikasyon kung saan ang impormaswyon ay Proksemika/Espayomika/Espayo – maaring may naibabahagi o naihahatid sa pamamagitan ng mga kahulugan din ang salita, maaring pasulat o pasalita. Chronemics (oras) – ang paggamit ng oras ay maaring kaakibat ng mensahe Objectics – paggamit ng bagay Olfactorics – amoy Paralanguage – tono, diin, bilis Komunikasyong Biswal – ito ay uri ng komunikasyon kung saan anng impormasyon ay naibabahagi o naihahatid sa pamamagitan ng larawan, o simbolo Intrapersonal na Komunikasyon – kilala rin bilang komunikasyon pansarili. Madalas, hindi maikakailang ang ganitong lebel ng komunikasyon ay nagpapatunay na likas sa isang indibidwal Interpersonal na Komunikasyon – tumutukoy sa dalawang indibidwal na nagpapalitan ng mga ideya batay sa karanasa, trabaho, at mga kaugnay nito. Komunikasyong Pangrupo – komunikasyong na kinasasangkutan ng 3 hangang 20 katao. Komunikasyong Pangmadla – ito ang lebel ng komunikasyon kung saan hindi malinaw sa tagapaghatid ng mensahe kung anong uri o saang pangkat kabilang ang kanyang mga tagapakinig I manonood. Uri ng mediated communication at tinuturing pinakapormal at pinakamagastos na lebel ng komunikasyon. Pampublikong Komunikasyon – lebel ng Rehistro – paf-angkop ng paggamit ng wika batay sa komunikasyon na pormal uri at paksang tatalakayin, sitwasyon o kausap Komunikasyong Interkultural – komunikasyon sa Prinsipyo ng Komunikasyon – Alamin o kilalanin pagitan ng mga taong nabibilang sa iba’t ibang ang iyong tagapakinig, alamin o kilalanin ang iyong kultura, kabilang na din sa iba’t ibang kultura na sadya o nais na ipabatid, alamin ang iyong paksa, matatagpuan sa isang bansa. asahan ang mga pagtuligsa o mga taliwas na opinion, ipakita ang kabuon Mga Sagabal sa Interkultural na Komunikasyon – Kakulangan ng kaalaman sa kultura, Takot at walang Prinsipyo ng Komunikasyon – gawing mas kapani- tiwala, Rasismo, Etnosentrisismo (mas mataas na paniwala ang sarili sa iyong tagapakinig, huwag kultura), Stereotyping, Pagkakaiba ng wika paputol-putol, magkaroon ng koneksyon sa iyon g tagapakinig, magpakita ng impormasyon sa iba’t Sangkap at Proseso ng Komunikasyon – Nagpadala ibang pamamaraan, mag-isip ng isang Magandang ng mensahe, mensahe, daluyan o tsanel ng menssahe, paraan upang makuha ang opinion ng iyong taghatanggap ng mensahe, tugon o pidbak, potensyal tagapakinig, gumamit ng iba’t ibang paraan ng na sagabal sa komunikasyon komunikasyon Sensori na daluyan – ginagamit ang limang Sampung pangunahing etika sa komunikasyon – pangunahing pandama ng katawan bilang laging gawing mahusay ang pakikipagkomunikasyon pakikipagkomunikasyong na magkaroon ng interaksyon sa kausap, indibidwal man o grupo; making kapag nagsasalita ang kausap; iwasang maging mapanghusga sa pagpapahayag, pagsasalita man o pasulat; magpahayag nang mula sa sariling karanasan at perspektibong maibabahagi ang sariling naiisip; iwasan magsalita para sa iba na hindi naman makakatiyak na pareho ang inyong pag-unawa o sinasabing iyon din ang opinion ng nakakarami; magkaroon ng limitasyon sa mga ipinahahayag na kung ano lamang ang hangganan ng iyong nalalaman ay iyon lamang ang ibabahagi, iagalang din kung ano lamang ang lalaman ng kausap; iwasan din ang bilglang pagsingit habang may sinasabi pa ang Multi-Kultural – hinggil sa o may kaugnayan sa kausap at huwag magbigay ng biglaang koment sa pagkakaroon ng iba’t ibang kultura o etnikong sinasabi ng kausap; tiyakin ang kausap o mga kausap pangkat sa isang lipunan. ay nakakapagsasalita rin at hindi nadodomina ang kausap Dayalek – wikang rehiyonal (lalawigan), pagkakaiba-iba sa loob ng isang wika (Kapampangan-arayat), pagkakaiba-iba sa tono, Sosyolek – nakabatay sa katayuan o antas panlipunan (gay lingo, jejemon) Etnolek – wikang nadedebelop mula sa mga etnolonggwistang grupo (Vakuul – tumutukoy sa mga gamit ng mga ivatan na pantakip sa kanilang ulo tuwing panahon ng tag-init at tag-ulan; Bulanim – salitang naglalarawan sa pagkahugis buo ng buwan) Ekolek – wika sa bahay, impormal, nauunawaan ng gumagamit Jargon – barayti ng wika na tinatawag din bilangnatatanging bokabularyo ng isang particular na pangkat na gawain o propersyon Pidgin – wikang walang pormal na estraktura. nadedebelop ito dahil na rin sa pangangailangan na makabuo ing isang pahayag (Let's make tusok-tusok the fish balls.)  PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION Encl – Enclose TOS – Table of Specifications CC – carbon copy Communicare – is a Latin word that means “to Phoneme – smallest unit of sound impart, to transmit, to share and to convey” Morpheme – unit of meaning, cannot be divided Aristotle - Father of purposive communication Allomorph – variation of morpheme Alexander Graham Bell – Father of Modern Allophone – variation of phoneme Communication Pragmatics – study of the practical use of language Aristotle’s Model – public speaking (thank you speech to classmates), linear Syntax – study of the formation of a sentence Schramm’s Model - experience 7Cs of Communication – Clarity, conciseness, concreteness, correctness, completeness, Linear model of comm. – one way, direct consideration, courtesy Shannon and Weaver’s Model – New Frivolous – insignificant Communication Systems, with telephone Herald – messenger, announce Lasswell’s Model – Mass Media Colossal – huge Berlo’s Model – Source and Receivers some level, SMCR model Culpable – guilty Foulger’s ecological model – creator, consumers Hiatus – pause Osgood and Schramm’s circular model – continues Credulous – gullible communication/interpretation Pulchritude – beauty Haptics – touch communication NV Shilly Shally – be unsure Kinesics -0 movement Ersatz – fake Proxemics – Distance Hubbub – noise Chronemics – time Full Block - Most popular and easiest style of Interim Notes – from one doctor to another business letter (left align) Diagnosis notes – patient’s diagnosis Consultative – speaking with experts Discharge notes – summary of stay Formal – Professional, academic, legal setting Patient notes – all medical needs Frozen – unchanged Straight Lead – contains a brief summary that Casual – friends, family answers all or most of the 5Ws and H Impromptu – on the spot Quotation Lead – quote Manuscript – reading from script Novelty lead – unusual Memorized – committed to the script Anecdotal lead – story Extemporaneous – given a time Declamation – to test skills in paralanguage (stress, Pathos – romantic appeal intonation, volume, speech) Ethos – credibility Physiological – state of body Had left – past perfect (before/when) Systematic – info systems and communications channels Appositive – additional information on the subject Kachru’s model – Inner Circle: Native, Outer Circle: Euphemism – lighter word Second Language, Expanding Circle: Foreign Acronym – ASAP Language Metonymy – they pledge to the crown SWOT – best used in Business (monarch/representation) substituting using a closely BCC – blin carbon copy associated word PS – post script Synecdoche – all eyes on me, The number of – singular, A number of – plural Who – subject, Whom – object Denotative – literal meaning Connotative – symbolical meaning /zh/ sound – when s is placed between two vowels Palindromes – same spelling Imageries – words appealing the senses Tautology – repetition Homonyms – same pronunciation and spelling Direct object – answer what Language acquisition – learning language subconsciously SLA – second language acquisition Language learning – conscious Mother tongue – native language Environment – where communication occurs Channel – pathway/medium Interference – barrier/noise Context – situation Biting – poisonous, bitten – venomous Put your finger in the pie – to participate Pink of health – in good health  ARTAPP objects, but as a way of understanding the world, and the societies in which they are created. Art as imitation – mimesis or imitation of the real world Lascaux Cave Paintings – Valley of Vezere, in southwestern France, modern humans lived and Art as experience – experience and perceiver is the witnessed the migratory patterns of a vast range of crossroad where we discuss who we are wildlife. Art as expression – art is use on how we express our Venus of Willendorf – A 25-30,000-year-old female feelings and sentiments/impact of the art/emotional figurine, discovered in an Austrian village in 1908. aspect An example of a piece of art from the Paleolithic Art as form – we are focusing on the material, and (Old Stone Age) era in human prehistory, long we don’t focus on the form we focus on how it was before humans began writing or living in permanent made/performance output/how it looks like settlements. Its exaggerated proportions with outsized breasts, stomach, and thighs, easily invite Art as an institution – artworld is complex field of interpretations involving fertility and sex, but the forces that determine what is and is not art figurine’s actual connotations and function remain PH ART AND SOCIETY mysterious. Art and the Environment – nature/environment Stonehenge – prehistoric stone, circle monument, (mountains, lowlands, and coastal lands) permeate cemetery, and archeological site located on our country continue to influence the forms of art Salisbury Plain (a farming calendar) that Filipinos create Doric, Ionic, Corinthians order – doric (plain, Art and Spirituality – Filipinos have created their Greek), Ionic (with curve, Greek), Corinthians own sense of faith and art as we examine the (details, Roman) prevalence of the many folk religious practices that Greeks are more realistic than Romans who live on today exaggerate Art and Everyday Life – practice pf art is strongly Contemporary Art – any “today’s” art/artist characterized by its integration into the everyday life of people ART MEDIUM & FORM Art and Technology – when we use our knowledge CATEGORIES OF ART – FINE ARTS to harness resources towards changing our social - Supreme cultural achievement of human environment, then we are engaging in the use of civilization; heavily influenced by Greek, technology Roman, and Italian Renaissance art; Art and Politics – art is used by those in power to expanded to film, photography, prints, and perpetuate themselves at the same time may be used installation, performance, video, and digital by those who want to resist this. In the hands of the art stat that can harness the resources of government to CATEGORIES OF ART – POPULAR ART impose its will, art come in danger of becoming a propaganda toll by people with vested interests. On - Product of popular culture which appeals to the contrary, political issues which the government a broad mass audience; “pang-masa”, does not address find expression in various “bakya”, “jologs”; highly creative, mediums of protest art such as posters and stream innovative, whimsical and expressive Art and Economy – Just as everyone is affected by CATEGORIES OF ART – CRAFT the state of the economy of the PH, the production - Specific media, including ceramic glass, of art is influenced by a patronage system driven by jewelry, weaving, and woodworking; have a those who have power and resources utilitarian purpose; display aesthetic and/or Science – from the world into the mind conceptual dimensions that go beyond mundane use; distinction between fine art Art – from the mind into the world and popular culture, the distinction between ART HISTORY craft and art is culturally specific and ever changing Art History – the study of art from across the world, and from the ancient to present day – covers MEDIUM-BASED CLASSIFICATION virtually every aspect of human history and CONTEMPORARY ARTS experience. It looks at works of art not just as  - Contemp. Art and its modes of production were a product of a profound social change that happened in 20th century triggered by developments in communication technology and emergence of radio, television, and the internet. This social transition, known as the “postmodern shift” was ignited by a historical passage from the “industrial age” to the “information age” - AI art (artificial intelligence art) is any form of digital art created or enhanced with AI tools. - NFT artwork is digital art that can’t be duplicated. It’s a digital asset that the buyer owns and sell or trade. Anew way of selling art without building an extensive social network. HYBRID ART FORM - Mixed media/art - El Gamma Penumbra - Wish Stone Impy Pilapil (wish through writing your wish with a brush and water from the stone) CLASSIFICATIONS OF PH ART - Painting - Sculpture - Architecture - Music - Dance - Theater - Cinema Medium - Is the material/substance that is manipulated Technique – the skillful manipulation of the medium OVERVIEW Visual Arts – Pottery, Sculpture, Weaving, Paper Craft, Ornament & Decorative Art Conceptual Art – focused on concept Found Object – gives deeper meaning as you re- decorate Performance Arts – the artist goes to the audience, to be able to show the message Installation Art – a visual art form often specific to a three-dimensional sit. It may be temporary or permanent. Everyday and natural materials are often chosen and incorporated with new media.  UNDERSTANDING SELF - Think about your own experiences and beliefs to form your own perspective on the THE PHILOSPHY OF SELF nature of the self - Is a vast and intricate area of inquiry delving THE SOCIO-ANTHROPOLOGY OD THE SELF: into the very nature of what it means to exist EXPLORING THE “ME” WITHIN THE “WE” as a distinct, conscious being. - Central Questions: What defines the - Within the vast field of anthropology, the boundaries of the self? Are we simply our socio-anthropology of the self focuses on bodies, or is there something more? Is there understanding how individuals from their self a unified entity, or is it collection of sense of self in relation to their social and experiences and thoughts?, Is the self static cultural environment. It moves beyond or constantly evolving? Does it have free individualistic perspectives and explores will, or are our actions predetermines?, how society and culture shape our identities, What is the relationship between the self and values, and behaviors the world around us? KEY CONCEPTS: EARLY THEORIES Socialization – the process by which individuals Plato – believed in an immortal soul separate from learn and internalize the norms, values, and the body, representing the true self. expectations of their society. This forms the foundation of our self-concept Aristotle – emphasized the self as a product of experience and sensory perception. Enculturation – the specific content of what is learned during socialization, including language, Descartes – coined the famous phrase “Cognito, rituals, beliefs, and practices ergo sum” (I think, therefore I am), emphasizing consciousness as the core of the self Cultural Scripts – Shared beliefs and narratives within a culture that guide individuals in forming MODERN PERSPECTIVES their identities and interpreting their experiences Empiricism (Locke, Home) – sees the self as a Discourse – the social process through which product of sensory experiences and impressions, knowledge and meaning are produced and constantly evolving circulated, influencing how we understand Rationalism (Kant) – argues for a prior self with ourselves and others innate capacities for reason and morality Multiple Selves – individuals may possess multiple Phenomenology (Hussserl) – focuses on the lived self-concepts influenced by different social contexts experience of the self, exploring subjective and relationships consciousness THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Existentialism (Sartre) – emphasizes the self as a Symbolic Interactionism – Emphasizes how self- project, constantly created through our choices and identity emerges through social interactions and actions interpretations of those interactions CONTEMPORARY DEBATES Ethnography – studying specific cultural groups to Free will vs determinism – can we truly make understand how they construct and understand the choices, or are our actions predetermined by self biology or environment? Postcolonialism – critique Western-centric notions The embodied self – how does our physical body of the self and explores how colonialism has shaped and brain shape our sense of self? self-understanding in different societies The digital self – does our increasing presence in GLOBAL VARIATIONS the digital world impact our understanding of the Individualism vs Collectivism – western cultures self? generally emphasize individual identity, while many EXPLORING FURTHER eastern cultures focus on the self in relation to the group - Numerous other theories and perspectives exist, reflecting the dynamic nature of this Gender Roles – different have varying expectations field and norms for main and female behavior, - Consider specific philosophers and their influencing self-concepts arguments to delve deeper into particular aspects of the self Religious Beliefs – religious values and practices MAJOR THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES: can significantly shape individuals understanding of - Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: proposes themselves and their place in the world the existence of the id, ego, and superego, CONSEQUENCES AND APPLICATIONS highlighting internal conflicts and unconscious influences on the self - Understanding the socio-anthropology of the - Carl Jung’s Analytical Psychology: self helps us appreciate the diversity of emphasizes the role of archetypes and the human experience and avoid ethnocentrism collective unconscious in shaping our - It can inform culturally sensitive approaches understanding of ourselves and the world to education, healthcare, and development - Humanistic Psychology: focuses on the work individual’s potential for growth and self- - It encourages reflection on our own actualization, highlighting self-awareness socialization and cultural biases, promoting and agency intercultural understanding and empathy - Social Cognitive Theory: considers how CRITICISM AND LIMITATIONS: thoughts, emotions, and social learning interact to shape the self and behavior - Some argue that focusing solely on social - Attachment Theory: explores the impact of influences neglects individual agency and early relationships on emotional biological factors contributing to self- development and self-worth concept - Generalizing about entire cultures can be EXPLORING SUBFIELDS: problematic, as individual experiences Personality Psychology – studies individual withing them are diverse differences in temperament, traits, and behaviors, - The field is constantly evolving, and new contributing to understanding self-concept and theoretical frameworks are emerging to identity address contemporary issues Social Psychology – examines how social FURTHER INTERESTS: interactions and situations influence thoughts, - How technology and globalization are feelings, and behaviors, shedding light on the social impacting self-understanding across cultures self - The role of social media in shaping identity Developmental Psychology – tracks how our sense formation of self evolves from infancy through adulthood, - The experiences of marginalized groups and exploring stages and influences their unique self-concepts Cognitive Psychology – investigates mental THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE SELF: processes like perception, memory, and attention, UNRAVELING THE MYSTERIES WITHIN contributing to understanding self-awareness and - The psychology of the self delves into the self-reflection intricate workings of the human mind and BIOLOGY OF SELF explores how we understand ourselves, our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. It’s a vast - Delves into the fascinating realm of how our and constantly evolving field, encompassing physical bodies and brains contribute to our diverse viewpoints and theoretical sense of self. frameworks. KEY CONCEPT CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS: The Nervous System – plays a crucial role in - What is the self? Is it a unified entity, or a processing information, generating emotions, and collection of experiences and thoughts? coordinating behaviors, all impacting our perception - How do we develop our sense of self? What of ourselves factors contribute to self-esteem, identity The Brain – specific regions like the prefrontal formation, and self-awareness? cortex, insula, and temporoparietal junction are - How does self interact with the world associated with self- awareness, self-reflection, and around us? How do our experiences, understanding mental states of other relationships, and social contexts shape who we are? Neuronal Networks – the interconnectedness of - What are the different aspects of the self? neurons and their firing patterns are linked to the Do we have different “selves” in different formation of our internal representation of the self situations? Hormones and Neurotransmitters – chemicals like - Individuals with disabilities or chronic dopamine, oxytocin, and serotonin influence our illnesses may need to adapt their self- mood, social interactions, and sense of self-worth perception and identity to their physical realities The Microbiome – gut bacteria might play a - Overcoming physical challenges can build surprising role in influencing brain function and resilience and a strong sense of self-worth emotional regulation, potentially impacting self- 3. SENSE AND SENSATION: perception - Sensory experiences – sight, smell, tough, EXPLORING DIFFERENT FRONTIERS: taste, and hearing – provide information about our environment and shape our Neuroimaging: techniques like fMRI and EEG perception of ourselves allow us to observe brain activity associated with - How we perceive and interpret these self-related processes sensations influences our emotions, Genetics: studying how genes influence personality, memories, and self-awareness and neural functions might offer insights into the - Engaging with our senses mindfully can biological basis of self-differences enhance self-awareness and appreciation for the physical world Evolutionary Biology: understanding how self- 4. PHYSICAL EXPRESSION AND awareness and social cognition evolved can inform COMMUNICATION: our understanding of the self’s biological purpose - Our physical expressions like facial Artificial Intelligence: exploring how machines can expressions, posture, and gestures achieve self-awareness raises fundamental questions communicate emotions, thoughts, and about the biological basis of the human self intentions - Being aware of our body language allows us CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS: to present ourselves authentically and - The brain is incredibly complex, and effectively connect with others isolating neural correlates of the self remains - Physical movement and exercise can challenging positively impact mood, cognitive function, - Reducing the self solely to its biological and self-perception basis risks neglecting psychological and 5. BODILY CHANGES AND social influences EXPERIENCES: - Ethical considerations are crucial when - Throughout life, our bodies undergo various conducting research on the self, especially changes like puberty illness, aging, and with neuroimaging techniques pregnancy - These changes can trigger emotional THE PHYSICAL SELF: A BUILDING BLOCK responses and necessitate adjustments to our OF IDENTITY self-concept - Plays a significant role in shaping our UNDERSTANDING THE PHYSICAL SELF IS overall understanding of who we are. It’s not CRUCIAL FOR: just our body appearance but encompasses various aspects that influence how we - Building a positive self-image and healthy perceive and interact with the world and self-esteem ourselves. - Developing self-acceptance and appreciation 1. BODY IMAGE AND SELF-ESTEEM: for our bodies - Our perception of our body image, whether - Enhancing self-awareness and navigating positive, negative, or neutral, significantly personal challenges impacts our self-esteem and confidence - Communicating effectively and relating to - Body image is influenced by cultural ideals, others authentically personal experiences, and social interaction - Embracing change and adapting to a - Positive body image can promote well-being constantly evolving self and self-acceptance, while negative body FURTHER EXPLORATION: image can lead to anxiety, depression, and disordered eating behaviors - Consider how specific aspects of your 2. PHYSICAL CAPABILITIES AND physical self have influence your LIMITATIONS: experiences and self-perception - Our physical abilities and limitations have - Explore mindfulness practices to connect our experiences, activities, and sense of self- more deeply with your body and sensations efficacy  - Learn about body positivity and self- - Recognize the diversity of sexual identities acceptance movements and expressions, fostering empathy and - Investigate how cultural norms and media inclusivity representations impact body image THE SEXUAL SELF: EXPLORING A COMPLEX AND FUNDAMENTAL ASPECT OF IDENTITY - Encompasses more than just physical acts; it’s a multifaceted part of who we are, influencing our identity, feelings, beliefs, and behaviors. Understanding the sexual self is crucial for personal growth, healthy relationships, and overall well-being. KEY COMPONENTS OF THE SEXUAL SELF: Sexual orientation: the direction of our romantic or emotional attraction to others (e.g. heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, asexual) Sexual Identity: how we describe and understand our own sexuality, including gender identity, expression, and roles Sexual Values and Beliefs: personal convictions and expectations related to intimacy, consent, and sexual expression Sexual Knowledge and Attitudes: information and perceptions about sex, sexuality, and sexual health Sexual experiences: past and present experiences with physical intimacy, which can vary widely and influence self-perception Emotional Intimacy: the ability to share emotions and connect deeply with others, often intertwined with sexuality IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING THE SEXUAL SELF: - Enhances self-awareness and promotes healthy expression of sexuality - Promotes responsible sexual behavior and healthy relationships - Facilitates open and honest communication about sex and intimacy - Contributes to self-acceptance and well- being FURTHER EXPLORATION: - Consider how your own background, experiences, and cultural context have shaped your sexual self - Explore resources on topics like sexual orientation, gender identity, consent, and healthy relationships - Engage in respectful conversations with others about their experiences and perspectives on sexuality  SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6. Inventiveness Science – systematic and methodological activity of 7. Risk Taking building and organizing knowledge about how the 8. intellectual Honesty universe behaves through observation, experimentation or both. Comes from Latin word 9. Humility scientia, means “having knowledge”. 10. Responsibility Technology – part of scientific knowledge, laws, 3 MAJOR BRANCEHS and principles to produce services, materials, tools, and machines aimed at solving real world problems. - Social sciences - Formal sciences Science, Technology and Society – as problems - Natural sciences arise in science and technology continue to rise, the need to pay attention to their various interactions with various aspects of Science as a body of knowledge – systematized body of knowledge based on gathered facts, observation and experimentation Science as a product and a process – is an ever- changing body of knowledge. An ongoing process of investigating and thinking: a way of thinking that involves reasoning and a way of investigating that involves questions, observation, experimentation, and predictions. LIMITS OF SCIENCE – ethics and morality, mathematics, reason, why 1. Science doesn’t make moral judgement (ethics and morality) 2. Science doesn’t make aesthetic judgement (mathematics) 3. Science doesn’t tell you how to use scientific knowledge (reason) 4. Science doesn’t draw conclusions about SOCIAL SCIENCES supernatural explanations (why?) - Object of study: society 10 SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDES - It focuses primarily on the study of people 1. Belief history and culture - A scientist believes that everything that - Anthropology, Archaeology, Business happens in this world has cause or reason Administration, Communication, Criminology, Economics, Education, 2. Curiosity Government, Linguistics, International - A scientist shows interest and pays particular Relations, Political Science, Psychology, attention to objects or events. He asks Sociology, Geography, History, Law questions and seeks answers FORMAL SCIENCES 3. Objectivity - Logic, Mathematics, Theoretical Computer - a scientist of objectives if he does not allow his Science, Information Theory, System feelings and biases to influence his recording of Theory, Decision Theory, Statistics, observations, interpretation of data, and Linguistics formulations of conclusion NATURAL SCIENCES 4. Critical mindedness Pure Science 5. Open Mindedness - Science to uncover new information about - a scientist listens to and respects the ideas of the world (physics, chemistry, earth science, others. He accepts biology, mathematics)  - Biological Science: study of living things (Zoology, Botany, Physiology, Anatomy, Histology) - Physical Science: study of non-living things (Kinetics, Analytical Chemistry, Astronomy, Astrophysics) - Pure science addresses basic questions - Supports applied science - Restricted to abstract or theoretical concepts - For knowledge and research purposes Applied Science - Uses to discoveries of pure science to create practical solutions to existing problems. Applied theory/knowledge 3 TYPES OF EXPERIMENT - Solves specific problems suggest questions for pure science Controlled – experiment uses 1 or more control - Used in actual practice or to solve practical groups and experimental groups, manipulating a problems variable (anything you can change or control) - For problem solving purposes 3 TYPES OF VARIABLES - Also known as technology Controlled – constant and unchanged Physics – that deals with matter and energy and the interactions between them. (Kinetics, Nuclear Independent – change or alter Physics, Quantum Mechanics, Aeronautics, Solid Dependent – response to independent State Physics, Theoretical Physics, (changes/conclusion base on independent) thermodynamics, Mechanics) NATURAL OR QUASI-EXPERIMENT Chemistry – deals of with matter and composition FIELD EXPERIMENTS Aristotle – contribution: Modern Philosophy - Real world or immersion TECHNOLOGY CHEMISTRY LASER – Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Matter - anything that occupies space and has mass. Everything around you. Have properties. ICT – Information and Communication Technology CT– Computed Tomography INTENSIVE VS EXTENSIVE PROPERTY MRI– Magnetic Resonance Imaging Extensive – depend on amount of matter (mass, PET– Positron Emission Tomography length, volume, shape) Selective Breeding Intensive – do not depend on the amount of matter Food Preservation (color, taste, melting point, hardness) Superstition – cannot be verified by 100% true PHYSICAL PROPERTY because it is only based on observation and Mass – measure how much matter is in the object hypothesis (grams g, kilograms kg, pounds lbs) density x Scientific Method – the process of investigating volume whether it is a fact or not. Volume – amount of space that a substance occupies SCIENTIFIC METHOD (ml, liter l, ounce oz) mass / density Testing Hypothesis – should be a fair test. Density – amount of mass in a specific space (D=m/V) g/mL, g/cm3, kg/m3 Control group – part of experiment without the variables being tested (respondents without Chemical property – change in composition or intervention) chemical formula (rusting, burning, change in taste) Experimental group – contains the variable being Boiling Point – temperature in which liquid changes tested to gas (evaporation) Melting Point – temperature in which solid changes Organ system – group of organs into liquid (melting) Organism – a distinct living thing; classified into Malleability – capability of metal to be hammered unicellular or multicellular into thin sheets (gold, silver, tin, jewelries) Population - a group of organisms of the same Conductivity – ability to conduct heat and species, living in the same area electricity Community – interacting living populations, that Magnetic property – ability to attract materials live in the same area made of iron and steel Ecosystem – a community of living organisms, and Ductility – ability to be drawn to wires (Copper) their non-living parts of the environment (energy, soil, etc.) PHYSICAL VS CHEMICCAL CHANGES Biosphere or ecosphere – zone of life in the planet Physical earth - Color changes CELLS > TISSUES > ORGAN > ORGAN - Substance is not changed, just size or shape SYSTEMS > ORGANISM - Changing state - Dissolving CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE - Bending, crushing, mixing, cutting, etc. - Chemical or molecular makeup Chemical - Cellular makeup - Growth - Color changes - Reproduction - Fizzing - Metabolism - Foaming - Excretion - Heat - Definite form, size, and lifespan - Production of sound, light or odor - Sensitivity to stimuli - Change cannot be undone - Adaptation CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE - Movement - Chemical or molecular makeup Cell in Tagalog “sihay” meaning “silid ng buhay” - Cellular makeup MVEMJSUN – Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, - Growth Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune - Reproduction - Metabolism Magnitude – how strong the earthquake - Excretion Intensity – the damage of the earthquake - Definite from, size, and lifespan - Sensitivity to stimuli Mole – standard unit of water - Adaptation Fusion – joins - Movement Fission – Splits BIOLOGY Organization – biological organization is based on hierarchy BASIC COMPUTER Atom – smallest unit of matter (oxygen, helium) - Keyboard - Mouse Molecules – groups of atoms chemically bonded - Shortcut Keys together (DNA, chlorophyll, water, salt) - CPU (Central Processing Unit) Organelle – specialized part within a cell (chloroplast, nucleus,) Cell – basic unit/block of life. Robert Hooke first coined the term “cell” after he cut a piece of bark from an old oak tree in 1665. Tissue – group of specialized cells that perform a specific function Organ – group of tissues  PHILIPPINE HISTORY Diego Silang - Struggled against the Spanish rule in the Ilocos region Indonesians - The second group of people who migrated by sea to the PH Francisco Dagohoy – longest revolution Aetas-Iindonesians-Malay – Wave of Migration Francisco Makabulos – Revolution in Tarlac Theory Andres Bonifacio - Ama ng Katipunan, ama ng Aliping Saguiguilid - slaves and lived in the rebolusyon, the great plebian, armed struggle household of their master Emilio Jacinto - Utak ng Katipunan, kartilya Aliping Namamahay – mayroong sariling tahanan Apolinario Mabini - Utak ng rebolusyon/brains of Maharlika – Timawas – Alipin (Aliping the revolutiom Namamahay, Aliping Saguiguilid) Macario Sakay - President of the Tagalog Republic Umalohokan – town criers/announcer during PH Gregorio Del Pilar - Hero of the Tirad Pass precolonial history Graciano Lopez Jaena - First editor of La Baybayin/Alibata – ancient writing system used in Solidaridad the PH Marcelo H. del Pilar – second editor of La Barangay - smallest political unit Solidaridad Datu – head of the barangay Juan Luna - Greatest painter, Spolarium Baybayin – system of writing Jose Palma - Lyricist of national anthem Barter – exchange of goods Julian Felipe – composer of national anthem Ferdinand Magellan - Led an expedition to Spain to Mariano Trias - First vice president of PH Moluccas by sailing west Pedro Paterno - Peace of the Revolution Pedro de Valderrama - Officiated the first mass in PH Fr. Pedro Pelaez - Secularization movement Limasawa - First mass in PH take place Graciano L. Jaena - Greatest Filipino orator Villalobos Expedition - Spanish expedition Panday Pira - First Filipino Cannon maker responsible for naming the Archipelago Filipinas Gabriela Silang - Fearless leader that took over the Blood compact was forged in Bohol between leadership of the revolution movement in Ilocos Sikatuna and LEGASPI Teresa Magbanua - Visayan Joan of Arc Governor-General Narciso Claveria – ordered use Trinidad Tecson - Ina ng Biak na Bato of Spanish surnames of Filipinos Agueda Esteban – wife of Artemio Ricarte, bringing Governor-General Dela Torre – most loved ammunition and documents Governor-General Jose Basco – tobacco monopoly Gregorio de Jesus - Lakambini ng Katipunan Governor-General Izquierdo – GOMBURZA Melchora Aquino - Ina ng Katipunan Governor-General Despujol – deported Rizal in Marcela Agoncillo - Mother of the PH flag Dapitan Become PROVINCE OF SPAIN - Filipino Governor-General Polavieja – signed Rizal’s death reformists asked for the assimilation of the PH by warrant Spain (Katipunan – freedom) Governor-General Diego de los Rios - Last Spanish El Verdadero Decalogo - Set of principles of Governor-General of PH conduct was written by Apolinario Mabini which Polo y Servicios - System used by Spanish on served as a guide to the revolutionary movement forced labor. To be exempted, you need FALLA. Ang Himagsikan – Aguinaldo Enconmienda – Land ownership La Cartilla – Jacinto Tributo – buwis/tax Filipinas Dentro de Cien Anos – Rizal Galleon Trade – manila acapulo trade Jose dela Cruz - Huseng Sisiw Jose Corazon de Jesus – Huseng Batute Mariano Ponce – Naning, Tikbalang, Kalipulako Elpidio Quirino – first PH president from Ilocos (pen names) region Jose Rizal is to Dimasalang Diosdado Macapagal – Change Independence Day from July 4 to June 12 del Pilar is to Plaridel Corazon Aquino – first female PH president Juan Luna is to taga-ilog Proclamation #1081 – Martial Law Jose Jacinto is to pingkian Andres Bonifacio is to may pag-asa Pascual Poblete – nagtatag ng pahayagang El Grito del Pueblo Felipe De Jesus - Unang tunay na makata Pascual Poblete - Ama ng pahayagang tagalog Tomas Pinpin - Unang manlilimbag na Pilipino Pedro Bukaneg - Ama ng panitikang Ilokano Francisco Baltazar (Balagtas) - Father of Tagalog Poetry Alejandro Abadilla - Father of Modern Tagalog Poetry Amado Hernandez - Poet of the Workers Jose Ma. Panganiban - Memoria Fotografica Severino Reyes - Lola basyang Nick Joaquin - Hispanic filipino cultures Fray Juan Plasencia - Doctrina Christiana Juan Cris. Sotto – Father of Kapampangan Literature Fernando Ma. Guerrero – Poet of the Rervolution Treaty of Paris - Treaty officially ceded the PH to US (20 million dollars) Treaty of Tordesillas – Spain and Portugal Treaty of Biak-na-Bato - truce Treaty of Tydings-McDuffie – independence William Howard Taft - First American civil governor Wesley Merrit – first military governor Payne Aldrich Act - Passed by US Congress established a partial free trade in PH Underwood Simons Act – lifting all the original restrictions imposed on PH exports Bell Trade – US exploitation Treaty of General Relations – US July 4, 1946 – independence from US Claro M. Recto - The Great Dissenter Aquillino Pimentel – local government  CONWORLD Thomas Malthus – population growth will outpace food production, leading to famine and poverty Expansion – creation and multiplication of networks Global Village –easy access to travel, rise of mass Globalization – Manfred Steger (the expansion and media and global interconnectedness through intensification of social relations and consciousness technology across world time and across world space Global Cities Index – governance, human capital, Intensification – expansion, stretching, and economics acceleration of networks Meritocracy – leadership by people of talent Intensification of economic, political and social RULE OF THE: Ethnoscapes – flow of people (labor migrants, refugees) 2. People – democracy 3. Few - oligarchy Technoscapes – flows of technology (hardware, 4. Elites - aristocracy iPhone) 5. One man - monarchy Mediascape – flow of media (software, telenovelas) 6. None - anarchy Ideoscape – flow of ideas (religious missionaries) OTHER TYPES: Financescape – flow of money (laborers mining 1. Representative – republican silver) 2. Talented – meritocracy 3. SOLE executive – presidential Multinational – has home company and branches 4. Marcos – parliamentary company (Starbucks, Mcdonal’s) 5. Local authority – federalism Transnational – do not have subsidiaries but just 6. No private property – communism many companies (Coca-Cola, Nestle) Contemporary Global Governance Peacekeeping – primary function of United Nation (former League of Nations) General Assembly – main policy making and representative of all nations participate The Security Council – most powerful body, law enforcement, peace and aggression The Economic and Social Council – policy review, policy dialogue, development goals The International Court of Justice – disputes submitted voluntarily. Cannot try individuals UN Secretariat – civil service, bureaucrat (Antonio Guterres/head) Cold War – primarily a economic, political, and ideological conflict (US vs Soviet) Berlin Wall – tangible symbol of cold war. built in 1961 and fell in 1990 Asian Regionalism – Asian countries are not just richer, but closer. A product of between Asian countries. Interdependence. ASEAN – mutual respect for independence and sovereignty (China not member) APEC – Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, aims to pursue sustainable economic growth and prosperity.  LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL Paco Cemetery – inilibing Republic Act 1425 – Rizal Law Despujol – Dapitan Claro Recto – main proponent of the Rizal Law Polavieja – Patay Father Rufino Collantes – parish priest who Richard Kissling – sculptor of Rizal monument in baptized Rizal Luneta Father Pedro Casanas – godfather of Rizal El Filibusterismo - Angry man’s debate on a violent revolution Father Jose Bech – professor of Rizal Usman – black dog or Rizal Alipato – horse of Rizal Tio Manuel – athletic Tio of Rizal who encouraged him to develop his frail body nu means of physical exercise Sa Aking Mga Kababata – Rizal (age of 8) advocated the use of one’s native language Mi Primera Inspiration - The poem dedicated to his mother Companerismo – secret society of Filipino students in university of Santo Tomas Madrid – where he finished his medical degree Linguist – converse in several European countries (22 languages) To the Flowers of Heidelberg – wrote this poem while he was studying in Germany El Filibusterismo – the Reign of Greed Cabesang Tales – a victim of land grabbing of friars Laong Laan, Dimasala – Rizal’s pen names A La Juventud Filipina – youth as the future of the nation To the Young Women of Malolos – to praise the bravery of the women La Indolencia del Filipino – the rich natural resources encouraged Filipino’s get-by mentality (because lack of opportunity) Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas – Antonio Morga (annotation of it was made by Rizal) Francisco Rizal – son of Rizal and Josephine Bracken Gertrude Beckett – met in Germany Segunda Katigbak – first love Leonor Rivera – Maria Clara Pilosopo Tasyo - Paciano Kerida – lover Bagumbayan – executed Intramuros/Fort Santiago – exiled  ETHICS Ethics – discipline that deals with the morality of human acts, the science of all things behind reason Human Acts – intentional act Consequentialist – thinking about the results of your actions John Stuart Mill – utilitarianism (greatest good of the greater number/majority) Aristotle – virtue ethics (cultivating courage and honesty) Rene Descartes – I think therefore I am Ambivalence - Contradictory emotional or psychological attitude/uncertainty Thomas of Aquinas - There are truths that cannot be known by the human reason alone, but shall also be perceived with the help of the light of divine revelation Augustine – you can only find happiness through God The golden mean – advocates living a life of moderation Culture – sum total of learned beliefs, values, and customs Folkways – non-moral standards revolve around social rules, etiquette, and good manners (right vs rude) Mores – right vs wrong Taboos – right vs forbidden Laws – right vs illegal Ethnocentrism – my culture is superior Xenocentrism – my culture is inferior Relativism – respect Acculturation – learning other culture, remembering original culture Assimilation – learning other culture, forget original culture Enculturation – learning own culture Kohlberg – theory on moral development (principle – social contract – law and order morality – good boy attitude – self-interest – avoiding punishment) 3 stages of values development – cognitive, affective, psychomotor (the values should be understood, chosen, and acted upon) Values Education Framework (VEF) Principle of double effect – suggest mercy killing 1. Environment: First Language (L1); Language Acquisition; Second Language (L2): 2. Which statement is WRONG? 3. May we request everyone to put their cellphones in silent mode? Which is WRONG with the statement? 4.In which statements is e.g. correctly used? 5. One research finding in a study of Education graduates' performance in the Licensure Examination for Professional Teachers (LEPT) was this: There is no significant difference in the LEPT rating in the professional education of teacher education graduates and non-teacher education graduates. What does this mean? 6. Rainier always agrees to whatever his boss says, even when it actually contradicts with his personal belief and opinion. He is hoping to gain a promotion this year. What technique in impression management is he using? 7. When a public speaker examines the audience's interests, age, and maturity before drafting a speech, he is adhering to which of the following? 8. In 2009, Michael Osborn identified seven principles for effective communication. Which of these is achieved when jargon is avoided? 9. Occasionally, the committee argues on the budget of the company. Rewrite the misspelled word correctly. 10. Which of the following does NOT belong to Kachru's Outer Circle? 11. Upang maging buhay ang klase, napakahalaga ng pagkakaroon ng interaksyon hindi lamang sa pagitan ng guro at mag-aaral, bagkus ay sa kapwa mag-aaral din. Anong tungkulin ng wika ito? 12. Kinumusta ko siya subalit walang mga salitang namutawi sa kanyang bibig. Tanging pagpatak ng kanyang luha ang kanyang naging tugon, hudyat na may pinagdaraanan ang kaibigan ko. Anong uri ng fidbak ito? 13. Ponema ang tawag sa mga tunog ng isang wika. Kailan masasabing makabuluhan ang isang ponema? 14. Alin sa mga sumusunod na halimbawa ng salitang pinantig ang sumusunod sa tuntunin na ito ng pagpapantig?: Kapag may dalawang magkaibang katinig na magkasunod sa loob ng isang salita, maging katutubo o hiram man, ang una ay kasama sa patinig na sinusundan at ang pangalawa ay sa patinig na kasunod. 15. Piliin sa mga sumusunod ang payak na pangungusap. 16. Siya ay parang pinipit na luya. 17. Ano ang tawag sa wikang ginagamit nang mas nakararami sa isang lipunan? Ito rin ang wikang ginagamit upang lubos na magkaunawaan ang mga namumuhay sa isang komunidad. 18. Tumutukoy ito sa sitwasyon at pinangyayarihan ng proseso ng komunikasyon. 19. Sa modelong SPEAKING ni Dell Hymes, alin ang tinutukoy na dapat din ikonsider ang paraan ng pakikipag-usap? 20. Sa pagnanais na mapataas ang kalidad ng pananaliksik ng grupo ay nagsagawa rin sila ng pakikipanayam maliban pa sa talatanungan upang makumpleto na ang kanilang mga datos. Anong tungkulin ng wika ito? 21. Ang po at opo nating mga Pinoy ay walang direktang katumbas sa ibang banyagang wika. Anong katangian ng wika ang masasalamin dito? 22. Makapangyarihan talaga ang wika. Bilang guro gamitin ang kapangyarihang ito sa ikabubuti ng iyong mga mag-aaral. Gamit ang wika, malaki ang maiaambag mo tungo sa ikabubuti ng iyong mag-aaral. Anong kapangyarihan ng wika ito? 23. Nahirapan ang magkabilang panig na magkaintindihan dahil hindi pareho ang kanilang wika. Anong uri ng sagabal ito? 24. Ano ang ibig sabihin ng "malakas na ang bagwis"? 25. Anong tayutay ang linyang ito? Dalawampung bisig (sampung tao) ang nagtulong-tulong sa paglilipat ng bahay. 26. With the concept of "Art as Experience" in mind, which of the following represents an aesthetic experience? 27. Which of the following activities best reflects the idea of "Art as Form"? 28. In what way does "Art as experience" contribute to discussions about human identity, existence, and perseverance? 29. Considering the concept of "Art as form," which activity involves the active creation or generation of a tangible artistic output? 30. Evaluate Henri's artistic style, which is distinguished using harsh colors and flat surfaces. Given this description, what art movement is Henri most likely associated with? 31. Which of the following refers to an art style that captures the fleeting effects of natural light? 32. How can artists generate hybrid art forms? 33. What distinguishes fine art from craft? 34. Which of the following IS NOT a painting or drawing medium? 35. Vicente's painting depicts sunrise over Mount Arayat in the cubist style. What is his subject then? 36. Salvador Dalí's paintings, known for their dreamlike and fantastical elements, often feature melting clocks and distorted landscapes. Which criticism is best suited to discuss these surrealistic artworks? 37. Jenny is currently studying the Chinese influences on Spanish-period Catholic Churches. Which is she interested in? 38. Mark Rothko's artwork "Blue divided by blue" features different shades and tints of blue. How can we describe its color scheme? 39. Jesus Christ is often painted with a shining circle behind his head, but other people in the painting doesn't have such. Which Principle of Design is observable here? 40. The Sarimanok is the legendary bird that has become an ubiquitous symbol of Maranao art. It is depicted as a fowl with colorful wings and feathered tail, holding a fish on its beak or talons. The head is profusely decorated with scroll, leaf, and spiral motifs. What principles of design is featured? 41. The following are what personality theorists understand the Self to be, BUT NOT to include: 42. On the stages of development of the Self, what do I achieve as a teacher by being committed to honesty, honor, loyalty, and virtue? 43. Since the self is the foundation of all aspects of one's life, which of the following is all-embracing for what I am? 44. On recognized 4 personality types, how is a person categorized if he/she is relaxed, peaceful, quiet, empathetic to others, good at generalizing ideas, but tending to hide emotions? 45. What metaphor was used by Sigmund Freud to explain the different "parts" of the human person? 46. According to Socrates, what is the true self? 47. St. Augustine believed that happiness can only be found in: 48. According to Freud, which part of the psyche operates on the "pleasure principle"? 49. What did Charles Cooley's theory of the "Looking Glass Self" propose? 50. It is the part of the soul where it involves the satisfaction of the physical needs and pleasures and desires, objects, and situations. 51. For Carl Jung, the ultimate aim of every individual is to achieve a state of selfhood (similar to self- actualization, and in this respect, Jung (like Erikson) is moving in the direction of a more ________. 52. Teacher Helena is a Master Teacher 4, receiving a salary grade 21 which is about P62,449 (3rd tranche) each month. She lives her life in extremes, wherein every payday she will spend more than she needed and when she's broke, she borrows money from her colleagues. In Aristotle's teaching, living a life in moderation is doing things in consonance with reason. Which theory best describes the situation? 53. Jaden has very low self-esteem. She always sees herself incapable of doing things on her own and always relies on others. Which self is referred to according to Mead? 54. Sigmund Freud originated the concepts of the id, the ego, and the superego, three dimensions of the self that work together to contribute to an individual's behavior. Which of the following is a manifestation of the ego? 55. Which of the following explains the occurrence of day and night? 56. Which of the following is/are (a) natural factor/s that may disrupt the water cycle? 57. Which Law of Motion explains the movement of a boat by rowing? 58. Why do you tend to move forward when the car suddenly stops? 59. What can happen to global temperatures for several years after a volcanic eruption? 60. Which of the following does NOT help in controlling floods? 61. Tropical disturbances are classified as tropical depressions, tropical storms, or typhoons. How are these tropical disturbances classified? 62. Which of the following imply/ies that technology is a need rather than a want? 63. What can a smart device do? 64. To help PAGASA predict weather, the agency uses Doppler Radar. 65. Which of the following does NOT help in controlling floods? 66. Tropical disturbances are classified as tropical depressions, tropical storms, or typhoons. How are these tropical disturbances classified? 67. Which of the following imply/ies that technology is a need rather than a want? 68. What can a smart device do? 69. To help PAGASA predict weather, the agency uses Doppler Radar. What does Doppler Radar do? 70. Which role do internet technologies and internet of things play in the context of Industry 4.0? 71. What is the effect of increasing the land holdings of farmers and modernizing their equipment during the 19th Century? 72. How does technology provide people with happiness and pleasure? 73. A technology which can transplant cells is done with cells instead of organs by promoting the repair response of dysfunctional tissue. What is this technology which is also known as regenerative medicine? 74. Loucel is pregnant and she wants to know the fetal age of her baby and to check whether there are fetal and placental abnormalities. Which technology would help her? 75. A bag contains 5 red balls, 3 blue balls, and 2 green balls. If a ball is drawn at random, what is the probability of getting a red ball? 76. Which of the following is TRUE about the probability of an event A or P(A)? 77. If the variance of the distribution is 25, what is the standard deviation? 78. Evaluate 3^(2x) when x = 2. 79. There are cars and motorcycles in a parking lot. A man counted a total of 54 vehicles but found out that there are 144 wheels. How many motorcycles are there? 80. Seven less than twice a number is five. What is the number? 81. What are the missing terms in the series 5, 10, 20, _____, _____, 320? 82. Which of the following statement/s is/are TRUE about quadrilaterals? 83. Which of these weights is heaviest? 84. There are 15 boys and 33 girls in the class of I-Lioba. What is the ratio of the number of girls to the number of boys? 85. John is thrice as old as Emmanuel. Four years from now, John will only be twice as old as Emmanuel. How old is John now? 86. Joseph has more money than Mila but less than Billy. If the amounts held by Joseph, Mila, and Billy are x, y, and z respectively, which of the following is TRUE? 87. What is the simplified form of the expression (4m + 8n - 10p) - (3m - 5n + 13p)? 88. The first angle of the quadrilateral is 50°, the second is twice as the first, and the third is the same as the second, what is the measure of the 4th angle? 89. What kind of triangle is formed by the sides of the lengths 12, 16, and 20? 90. Which of these weights is heaviest? ANSWER KEY: 1. Language Contact 2. If only I had more time I could relax. 3. Replace 'their' with 'his/her'" 4. I only 5. The performance of teacher education graduates and non-teacher education graduates in the professional education component of the LEPT is the same. 6. Conformity 7. Consideration 8. Concreteness 9. Occasionally 10. China 11. Interaksyunal 12. Di-tuwiran 13. Kapag ito ay naidudugtong sa kang salita 14. sentro: sen-tro 15. Malaki ang naging epekto ng COVID-19 sa ekonomiya ng bansa. 16. Hiyanghiya siya 17. Lingua Franca 18. Konteksto 19. Keys 20. Interaksyunal 21. Ang wika ay kaugnay ng kultura 22. Ang wika ay humuhubog ng saloobin 23. Semantik 24. Maaari nang buhayin ang sarili 25. Sinekdote o pagpapalit-tawag 26. Humming the sound of the end-movie credits 27. Critiquing the composition of a photograph 28. By fostering a deeper understanding of the human condition 29. A community elder demonstrates traditional tattoo inking 30. Fauvism 31. Impressionism 32. By experimenting with supplies that aren't usually used in the creation of art. 33. Fine art is often created for aesthetic purposes, while craft is primarily utilitarian. 34. Clay 35. Landscape 36. Psychoanalytic 37. Context 38. Monochromatic 39. Emphasis 40. Unity 41. The body and soul 42. Ego-integrity 43. My being and becoming 44. Phlegmatic 45. Iceberg Metaphor 46. The soul 47. God 48. Id 49. The self is shaped by how we imagine others perceive us. 50. Appetitive soul 51. Humanist orientation 52. Golden Mean 53. I 54. Leonora wanted to borrow her mom's earrings but knew that her mom would be angry if she took it without asking permission, so she asked her mom if she could wear it. 55. Earth's rotation on its axis 56. Drying of ground water 57. Interaction 58. Because of inertia 59. Temperatures may decrease 60. Deforestation 61. Strength of accompanying winds 62. I, II, and III 63. I, II, and II 64. Detects the motion of rain and intensity of precipitation 65. They form the base to connect everyday items. 66. Greater productivity in farming 67. I, II, and IV 68. Stem Cell 69. Ultrasound 70. 1/2 71. 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1 72. 73. 81 74. 36 75. 6 76. 40, 160 77. 110° 78. Right 79. I and II 80. 2.5 kg 81. 11:5 82. 12 years old 83. Y < X < Z 84. m + 13n - 23p 85. I and II 86. 2.5 kg 87. 11:5 88. 12 years old 89. Y < X < Z 90. m + 13n - 23p